Students occupying Sheffield town hall over the introduction of higher education fees

Student activism is work done by students to effect political, environmental, economic, or social change. It has often focused on making changes in schools, such as increasing student influence over curriculum or improving educational funding. In some settings, student groups have had a major role in broader political events, as reflected in the article called youth activism. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 2121 KB) Sheffield Town Hall occupation against tuition fees 25/02/2004 File links The following pages link to this file: Freedom of speech ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 2121 KB) Sheffield Town Hall occupation against tuition fees 25/02/2004 File links The following pages link to this file: Freedom of speech ... For other articles with similar names, see Sheffield (disambiguation). ... Youth activism is best summarized as youth voice engaged in community organizing for social change. ...

National Histories

Germany

Procession of students at Wartburg Festival

In 1815 in Jena (Germany) the "Urburschenschaft" was founded. That was a Studentenverbindung that was concentrated on national and democratic ideas. In 1817, inspired by liberal and patriotic ideas of a united Germany, student organisations gathered for the Wartburg festival at Wartburg Castle, at Eisenach in Thuringia, on the occasion of which reactionary books were burnt. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1522x1150, 1071 KB) Der Zug der Studenten zur Wartburg 1817 Radierung von unbekanntem Künstler Mitte des 19. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1522x1150, 1071 KB) Der Zug der Studenten zur Wartburg 1817 Radierung von unbekanntem Künstler Mitte des 19. ... Jena is a town in central Germany on the River Saale. ... German Burschenschaften are a special type of Studentenverbindungen (student fraternities); they were founded in the 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas. ... A Studentenverbindung (the umbrella term that includes the Burschenschaften, Landsmannschaften, Corps, Turnerschaften, Sängerschaften, Catholic Corporations and Ferialverbindungen) is a German student corporation similar to fraternities in the US or Canada. ... Movement of the students on the Wartburg in 1817 The first Wartburg festival (German: Wartburgfest) on October 18, 1817 was an important event in German history that took place at the Wartburg castle at Eisenach. ... Wartburg in Eisenach Wartburg Castle is situated on a 1230-foot (410 m) precipitous hill to the southwest of and overlooking the town of Eisenach in Thuringia. ... Eisenach is a city in Thuringia, Germany. ... The Republic of Thuringia (German: Freistaat Thüringen) lies in central Germany and is among the smaller of the countrys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states), being eleventh in size with an area of 16,200 km² and twelfth most populous with 2. ...

In 1819 the student Karl Ludwig Sand murdered the writer August von Kotzebue, who had scoffed at liberal student organisations. Karl Ludwig Sand (d. ... August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (May 3, 1761 _ March 23, 1819), was a German dramatist. ...

In May 1832 the Hambacher Fest was celebrated at Hambach Castle near Neustadt an der Weinstraße with about 30 000 participants, amongst them many students. Together with the Frankfurter Wachensturm in 1833 planned to free students held in prison at Frankfurt and Georg Büchner's revolutionary pamphlet Der Hessische Landbote that were events that led to the revolutions in the German states in 1848. Procession to Hambach Castle The Hambacher Fest was a national democratic festival, similar to the Wartburg festival of 1817, celebrated at Hambach Castle near Neustadt an der Weinstraße (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), on May 27-May 30, 1832 with about 30 000 participants. ... Neustadt an der Weinstraße, otherwise known as Neustadt a. ... Contemporary illustration of the Wachensturm The Frankfurter Wachensturm on April 3rd 1833 was planned to free students held in prison at Frankfurt (Germany). ... Karl Georg Büchner (October 17, 1813 – February 19, 1837) was a German dramatist and writer of prose. ... Polish soldiers reading a German leaflet during the Warsaw Uprising A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). ... // Preliminaries Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a collection of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ...

Canada

In Canada, several New Left student organizations emerged in the late 1950s and 1960s. There were several dominant New Left groups in Canada, the two main political organizations being the Student Union for Peace Action (SUPA) and the Company of Young Canadians (CYC). SUPA grew out of the pacifistic and moralistic Combined Universities Campaign for University Disarmament (CUCND) in 1964, expanded its scope of affairs to include grass-roots politics in disadvantaged communities and ‘consciousness raising’ to radicalize and raise awareness of the ‘generation gap’ experienced by Canadian youth. SUPA was a decentralized organization, rooted in local university campuses, and thus inherited the distinctly middle-class orientation of Canadian students. After SUPA disintegrated in late 1967, its members either moved to the CYC or became active leaders in the Canadian Union of Students (CUS), leading the CUS to assume the mantle of New Left student agitation. The organizations were marked by widespread intellectual debates. For example, with respects to the working class, the idea that the traditional ‘working class’ had been bought off and integrated into the system was widespread in these discussions, leaving the question of who now represented the most important actor in the struggle for a new and better socialist society. Indeed, SUPA fell apart over these debates over the role of the working class and the 'Old Left'.In 1968 Students for a Democratic University (SDU) was formed in McGill and Simon Fraser University. The SFU SDU was originally composed of former SUPA members and New Democratic Youth but also absorbed members from the campus Liberal Club and Young Socialists. SDU was prominent in the Administration Occupation of that year and the student strike in 1969. After the failure of the student strike SDU broke up. Some members joined the IWW and the Youth International Party. (Yippies) Other members helped form the Vancouver Liberation Front in 1970. The New Left is a term used in political discourse to refer to radical left-wing movements from the 1960s onwards. ...

Since the 1970's Public Interest Research Groups (PIRG's) have been created as a result of Student's Union referenda across Canada. Canadian PIRG's are unique from their American counterparts in that the projects are student directed and run. Public Interest Research Groups (also known as PIRGs) are volunteer-driven, non-profit organizations across the North American continent, originally based mostly out of University campuses, but today also having robust citizen memberships. ...

Eastern Europe and the post-Soviet Union states

During communist rule, students in Eastern Europe were the force behind several of the best-known instances of protest. The chain of events leading to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution was started by peaceful student demonstrations in the streets of Budapest, later attracting workers and other Hungarians. In Czechoslovakia, one of the most known faces of the protests following the Soviet-led invasion that ended the Prague Spring was Jan Palach, a student who committed suicide by setting fire to himself on January 16, 1969. The act triggered a major protest against the occupation. Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe variably defined. ... Combatants Soviet Union ÁVH Hungarian government, various nationalist militias Commanders Yuri Andropov Pál Maléter, Béla Király, Gergely Pongrátz, József Dudás Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 720 killed according to official... Nickname: Paris of the East, Pearl of the Danubeor Queen of the Danube Location of Budapest in Hungary Country Hungary County Pest Mayor Gábor Demszky (SZDSZ) Area    - City 525,16 km²  - Land n/a km²  - Water n/a km² Population    - City (2006) 1,695,000  - Density 3570/km... Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Russian: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem(s): The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital Moscow Largest city Moscow Official language(s) None; Russian de facto Government Federation of Soviet Republics  - Last President Mikhail Gorbachev  - Last Premier Ivan Silayev... People in a café watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar, Russian: пражская весна) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander Dubček came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... Jan Palach (August 11, 1948 - January 19, 1969) was a Czech student who committed suicide in political protest by self-immolation. ... Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of willfully ending ones own life. ... January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...

Student-dominated youth movements have also played a central role in the "color revolutions" seen in post-communist societies in recent years. The first example of this was the Serbian Otpor ("Resistance" in Serbian), formed in October 1998 as a response to repressive university and media laws that were introduced that year. In the presidential campaign in September 2000, the organisation engineered the "Gotov je" ("He's finished") campaign that galvanized Serbian discontent with Slobodan Milošević, ultimately resulting in his defeat. Color revolutions or Flower revolutions are the names given collectively to a series of related movements that have developed in post_communist societies in Eastern Europe and are possibly spreading elsewhere. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Otpor! (Cyrillic: ОТПОР!, in English: Resistance!) was a pro-democracy youth movement in Serbia which has been widely credited for leading the eventually successful struggle to overthrow Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević in 2000. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević   (IPA Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић) (20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia. ...

Otpor has inspired other youth movements in Eastern Europe, such as Kmara in Georgia, that played an important role in the Rose Revolution, and Pora in Ukraine, the most important movement organising the demonstrations that led to the Orange Revolution. Like Otpor, these organisations have consequently practiced non-violent resistance and used ridiculing humor in opposing authoritarian leaders. Similar movements include KelKel in Kyrgyzstan, Zubr in Belarus and MJAFT! in Albania. Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe variably defined. ... Kmara flag Kmara (Georgian: კმარა) is a civic resistance movement in the republic of Georgia which undermined the government of Eduard Shevardnadze. ... Mikheil Saakashvili and his supporters marched on the parliament carrying roses as a symbol of nonviolence The Rose Revolution (Georgian: ვარდების რევოლუცია) refers to a peaceful 2003 revolution in the country of Georgia that displaced president Eduard Shevardnadze. ... The rising sun of Pora! symbolizes a new dawn Pora! (Ukrainian: ), meaning ITS TIME! in Ukrainian, is a civic youth organization in Ukraine espousing nonviolent resistance and advocating increased national democracy, in opposition to what they claimed was the authoritarian governing style of Ukraines president Leonid Kuchma. ... Orange-clad supporters of Viktor Yushchenko gather in Independence Square in Kiev. ... Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of applying power to achieve socio-political goals through symbolic protests, economic or political noncooperation, civil disobedience and other methods, without the use of physical violence. ... KelKel is a youth resistance movement in the republic of Kyrgyzstan. ... Zubr (Belarusian: ЗУБР) is a civic youth organization in Belarus in opposition to President Aleksandr Lukashenko. ... MJAFT! (Albanian for enough) is a nonpolitical organization in Albania that aims to raise awareness of the many political and social problems facing Albania. ...

Opponents of the "color revolutions" have accused the Soros Foundations and/or the United States government of supporting and even planning the revolutions in order to serve western interests. Supporters of the revolutions have argued that these allegations are greatly exaggerated, and that the revolutions were positive events, morally justified, whether or not Western support had an influence on the events. A Soros Foundation is one of a network of national foundations, mostly in Eastern Europe, which fund volunteer socio-political activity, created by George Soros and coordinated since early 1994 in a management team called the Open Society Institute. ...

France

In France, student activists have been extremely influential in shaping recent history. In May 1968 the University of Paris at Nanterre was closed due to problems between the students and the administration. In protest of the closure and the expulsion of Nanterre students, students of the Sorbonne in Paris began their own demonstration. The situation escalated into a nation-wide insurrection during which a variety of groups, including communists, anarchists, and right-wing libertarian activists, used the tension to advocate their own causes. A May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up, with the stereotypical silhouette of the General de Gaulle. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ... Nanterre is a French city, a suburb of Paris, and the prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine département. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ...   City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land area... Insurrection could refer to: * in a general sense, it means Rebellion * it is also a title of a Star Trek film, see Star Trek: Insurrection ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... See also Libertarianism and Libertarian Party Libertarian,is a term for person who has made a conscious and principled commitment, evidenced by a statement or Pledge, to forswear violating others rights and usually living in voluntary communities: thus in law no longer subject to government supervision. ...

The events in Paris were followed by student protests throughout the world. The German student movement participated in major demonstrations against proposed emergency legislation. In many countries, the student protests caused authorities to respond with violence. In Spain, student demonstrations against Franco's dictatorship led to clashes with police. A student demonstration in Mexico City ended in a storm of bullets on the night of October 2, 1968, an event known as the Tlatelolco massacre. Even in Pakistan, students took to the streets to protest changes in education policy, and on November 7 a college student was shot dead as police opened fire on a demonstration. The German student movement was a protest movement that took place during the late 1960s in Germany. ... The German Emergency Acts were passed on 30 May 1968 at the time of the Grand Coalition between the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. ... Francisco El Caudillo Franco. ... (Spanish: Ciudad de México, México D.F. or simply México, pronounced IPA: ) is the capital city of the nation of Mexico. ... October 2 is the 275th day (276th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 90 days remaining. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... A 1978 silkscreen poster by Rini Templeton and Malaquías Montoya created to commemorate the ten-year anniversary of the massacre. ... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ...

China

Students on Tianasquare in 1919

"The Unknown Rebel" — This famous photo, taken by Associated Press photographer Jeff Widener, depicts a lone protester whose actions halted the progress of a column of advancing tanks for over half an hour.

In 1919 the May Fourth Movement when over 3000 students of Peking University and other schools gathered together in front of Tiananmen and held a demonstration was an essential step of the democatic revolution in China. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was carried by the student activists with other political groups who wanted to bring democracy to China. They ended in a brutal government crackdown which would later be called a massacre. These protests came from all of Beijing's 67 Universities. student protests at the May Fourth movement File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... student protests at the May Fourth movement File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Tianasquare. ... Image File history File links Tianasquare. ... Tank Man stops the advance of a column of tanks. ... A photograph (often just called a photo) is an image (or a representation of that on e. ... Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... Tank man stops the advance of a column of tanks. ... Tank Man stops the advance of a column of tanks. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Peking University (Traditional Chinese: 北京大學; Simplified Chinese: 北京大学; pinyin: Běijīng Dàxué), colloquially known in Chinese as Beida (北大, Běidà), was established in 1898, and is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in China. ... The Tiananmen The Gate of Heavenly Peace is the front entrance into the Imperial City A close-up of the rooftop The Tiananmen or Tiananmen (Simplified Chinese: 天安门; Traditional Chinese: 天安門; pinyin: Tiānānmén), is the main entrance to the Imperial City, the central part of Beijing, Peoples... The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken by Associated Press photographer Jeff Widener, depicts a lone protester, whose actions halted the progress of a column of advancing tanks until he was pulled into the crowd. ...

Indonesia

In Indonesia, university student groups have repeatedly been the first groups to stage street demonstrations calling for governmental change at key points in the nation's history, and other organizations from across the political spectrum have sought to align themselves with student groups.

During the political turmoil of the 1960s, right-wing student groups staged demonstrations calling for then-President Sukarno to eliminate alleged Communists from his government, and later demanding that he resign. Sukarno did step down in 1967, and was replaced by Army general Suharto. Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Haji Mohammad Soeharto (born June 8, 1921), more commonly referred to as simply Soeharto (Suharto in the English-speaking world), is a former Indonesian military and political leader. ...

Student groups also played a key role in Suharto's 1998 fall by initiating large demonstrations that gave voice to widespread popular discontent with the president. High school and university students in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Medan, and elsewhere were some of the first groups willing to speak out publicly against the military government. Student groups were a key part of the political scene during this period. For example, upon taking office after Suharto stepped down, B. J. Habibie made numerous mostly unsuccessful overtures to placate the student groups that had brought down his predecessor, meeting with student leaders and the families of students killed by security forces during demonstrations. Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta), formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... Yogyakarta (also Jogjakarta in pre-1972 spelling or Jogja) is a city and province of Indonesia on the island of Java. ... Location of Medan in Indonesia. ... Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (born June 25, 1936), more commonly known simply as Rudy Habibie or B J Habibie, was the third President of Indonesia, holding office from 1998 to 1999. ...

Further reading

• O'Rourke, Kevin. 2002. Reformasi: the struggle for power in post-Soeharto Indonesia. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-754-8.
  • Details the role of student groups in Suharto's fall, including first-hand discussion of events in Jakarta in 1997 and 1998.

Documentary Movie

• Student Movement in Indonesia, Jakarta Media Syndication, 1999.
• Indonesian Student Revolt. Don’t Follow Leaders, Offstream [1], 2001.

Iran

In Iran, students have been at the forefront of protests both against the pre-1979 secular monarchy and, in recent years, against the theocratic islamic republic. Both religious and more moderate students played a major part in Ruhollah Khomeini's opposition network against the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In January 1978 the army dispersed demonstrating students and religious leaders, killing several students and sparking a series of widespread protests that ultimately led to the Iranian Revolution the following year. On November 4, 1979, militant Iranian students calling themselves the Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran holding 52 embassy employees hostage for a 444 days (see Iran hostage crisis). An Islamic republic in its modern context has come to mean several things. ... Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini founded the Islamic Republic of Iran Imam/Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( ) (Persian: روح الله موسوي خمینی Arabic: روح الله الموسوي الخميني) (May 17, 1900?[1] – June 3, 1989) was a Shi`i Muslim cleric and marja, and the political leader of the 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi... Shah is an Iranian & Pakistani/Indian term in Persian language & Urdu (شاه), for a monarch (king or emperor), and has also been adopted in many other languages. ... Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (Persian: محمد رضا پهلوی , ،شاه ایران) (October 26, 1919, Tehran – July 27, 1980, Cairo), styled His Imperial Majesty, and holding the monarchial titles of Shāhanshāh (King of Kings) and Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), was the ruler of Iran from September 16, 1941 until the Iranian Revolution... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... Tehran (IPA: ; Persian: تهران, also transliterated as Teheran or Tehrān), population 7,160,094 (metropolitan: 14,000,000[citation needed]), and a land area of 658 square kilometers, is the capital city of Iran and the center of Tehran Province. ... A blindfolded American hostage is paraded by Iranian religious radicals. ...

Recent years have seen several incidents when liberal students have clashed with the Iranian regime, most notably the Iranian student riots of July 1999. Several people were killed in a week of violent confrontations that started with a police raid on a university dormitory, a response to demonstrations by a group of students of Tehran University against the closure of a reformist newspaper. Akbar Mohammadi was given a death sentence, later reduced to 15 years in prison, for his role in the protests. In 2006, he died at Evin prison after a hunger strike protesting the refusal to allow him to seek medical treatment for injuries suffered as a result of torture. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The University of Tehran (دانشگاه تهران in Persian), also known as Tehran University, is the oldest and largest university of Iran. ... Akbar Mohammadi Akbar Mohammadi (in Persian: اکبر محمدی) (born 1972 - died July 30, 2006) was an Iranian student involved in 18th of Tir crisis in Tehran University. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... Evin Prison (زندان اوین) is a prison in Iran, located in the north of Tehran. ...

At the end of 2002, students held mass demonstrations protesting the death sentence of reformist lecturer Hashem Aghajari for alleged blasphemy. In June 2003, several thousand students took to the streets of Tehran in anti-government protests sparked by government plans to privatise some universities. [2] Dr. Hashem Aghajari defending his speech in court. ...

In the May 2005 Iranian presidential election, Iran's largest student organization, The Office to Consolidate Unity advocated a voting boycott. [3] After the election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, student protests against the government has continued. In May 2006, up to 40 police officers were injured in clashes with demonstrating students in Tehran. [4] At the same time, the Iranian regime has called for student action in line with its own political agenda. In 2006, President Ahmadinejad urged students to organize campaigns to demand that liberal and secular university teachers be removed. [5] The Iranian presidential election of 2005, the ninth presidential election in Iranian history, took place in two rounds, first on June 17, 2005, and then as a run-off on June 24. ... Look up Boycott in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...   (Persian: , IPA: , transcribed into English as Mahmud or Mahmood, Ahmadinezhad, Ahmadi-Nejad, Ahmadi Nejad, Ahmady Nejad) (born October 28, 1956) is the sixth president of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ...

The United States

In the United States, student activism is often understood as a form of youth activism that is specifically oriented toward change in the American educational system. Student activism in the United States dates to the beginning of public education, if not before. The best early historical documentation comes from the 1930s. The American Youth Congress was a student-led organization in Washington, DC, which lobbied the US Congress against racial discrimination and for youth programs. It was heavily supported by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Youth activism is best summarized as youth voice engaged in community organizing for social change. ... Educational oversight Secretary Deputy Secretary U.S. Department of Education Margaret Spellings Eugene W. Hickok National education budget $69. ... American Youth Congress (AYC) was an early youth voice organization composed of youth from all across the country to discuss the problems facing youth as a whole in the 1930s. ... Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was an American political leader who used her stature as First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945 to promote her husbands (Franklin D. Roosevelts) New Deal, as well as Civil Rights. ...

The 1960s saw student activists gaining increased political prominence. One highlight of this period was Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), a student-led organization that focused on schools as a social agent that simultaneously oppresses and potentially uplifts society. SDS eventually spun off the Weather Underground. Another successful group was Ann Arbor Youth Liberation, which featured students calling for an end to state-led education. Also notable was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which fought against racism and for integration of public schools across the US. These specific organizations closed in the mid-1970s. SDS Button Logo The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was, historically, a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations of the countrys New Left. ... Weatherman, also known as the Weather Underground Organization, was a US-based, self-described revolutionary organization of communist men and women formed by members of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), splintering that organization in the process. ... Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the primary institutions of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ...

In the early 1980s several formalized organizations brought neoliberal models of student activism to campuses across the nation, especially the Campus Outreach Opportunity League (C.O.O.L.). They claim large responsibility for identifying and championing the interest in service among higher education students. The term neoliberalism is used to describe a political-economic philosophy that had major implications for government policies beginning in the 1970s – and increasingly prominent since 1980 – that de-emphasizes or rejects positive government intervention in the economy, focusing instead on achieving progress and even social justice by... Community service refers to service that a person performs for the benefit of his or her local community. ... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ...

American society saw an increase in student activism again in the 1990s with the ushering in of the neoliberal community service policies of Bill Clinton. The popular education reform movement has led to a resurgence of populist student activism against standardized teaching and testing, as well as more complex issues, including rallying against the military/industrial/prison complex and the influence of the military and corporations in education. There is also increased emphasis on ensuring that changes that are made are sustainable, by pushing for better education funding and policy or leadership changes that engage students as decision-makers in schools. Major contemporary campaigns include work for better funding of public schools, against increased tuitions at colleges or the use of sweatshop labor in manufacturing school apparel (e.g. United students against sweatshops), and for increased student voice throughout education planning, delivery, and policy-making (e.g. SoundOut and The Roosevelt Institution). The term neoliberalism is used to describe a political-economic philosophy that had major implications for government policies beginning in the 1970s – and increasingly prominent since 1980 – that de-emphasizes or rejects positive government intervention in the economy, focusing instead on achieving progress and even social justice by... Community service refers to service that a person performs for the benefit of his or her local community. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Populism is a political ideology or rhetorical style that holds that the common person is oppressed by the elite in society, which exists only to serve its own interests, and therefore, the instruments of the State need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and instead used for the... The term public school has two contrary meanings: In England, one of a small number of prestigious historic schools open to the public which normally charge fees and are financed by bodies other than the state, commonly as private charitable trusts; here the word public is used much as in... United Students Against Sweatshops. ... The Roosevelt Institution is a student think tank, the first of its kind. ...

Current activities

Modern student activist movements vary widely in subject, size, and success, with all kinds of students in all kinds of educational settings participating, including public and private school students; elementary, middle, senior, undergraduate, and graduate students; and all races, socio-economic backgrounds, and political perspectives. Popular issues include youth voice, student rights, school funding, drug policy reform, anti-racism in education, tuition increases (in colleges), supporting campus workers' struggles, and many other areas. For more information, see youth activism. Youth voice is a fairly common neologism to refers to the distinct ideas, opinions, attitudes, knowledge, and actions of young people as a collective body. ... In 1969, the United States federal courts ruled that, Students do not shed their constitutional rights. ... Drug policy reform is a term used to describe proposed changes to the way most governments respond to the socio-cultural reality of psychoactive substance use. ... Anti-racism refers to beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. ... Youth activism is best summarized as youth voice engaged in community organizing for social change. ...

Criticisms

Numerous critics of student activism have identified the flaw of developing large categorizations based in the inherent oversimplification of singling out the role of individual recipients of educational processes as agents of change a larger society to which they belong; by isolating individuals as students without acknowledging their multiple other identities, activist movements tend to disenfranchise the very oppressions they sought to challenge and/or transform. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Oppression is the negative outcome experienced by people targeted by the arbitrary and cruel exercise of power in a society or social group. ...

Another contemporary challenge of student activism comes from the late Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, who identified the crisis of the "pure activist" who operates without critical reflection Paulo Freire (Recife, Brazil September 19, 1921 - São Paulo, Brazil May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and influential theorist of education. ...

"The leaders [should not] treat the oppressed as mere activists to be denied the opportunity of reflection and allowed merely the illusion of acting, whereas in fact they would continue to be manipulated - and in this case by the presumed foes of the manipulation." 1

Thus Freire believed that by devoiding activism of learning, organizers may actually perpetuate the very problems they sought to address.

See also

• International Students Day
• LGBT Student Movement
• Town and gown
• Youth voice

Amnesty International flyer International Students Day is an international observance of student activism, held annually on November 17. ... The origin of the LGBT student movement can be linked to other progressive and activist movements from the mid-Twentieth Century. ... Town and gown is a term used to describe the two communities of a university town; town being the non-academic population and gown the university community, especially in traditional seats of learning such as Oxford and Cambridge. ... Youth voice is a fairly common neologism to refers to the distinct ideas, opinions, attitudes, knowledge, and actions of young people as a collective body. ...

Organizations

• ACTivist Magazine
• APIRG (The Alberta Public Interest Research Group)
• ALL CITY NYC
• At The Table
• Australian Student Environment Network asen.org.au
• Campus Activism
• Campus Antiwar Network
• Center for Student Developed Education Policy
• Fairtrade NUS Campaign
• The Freechild Project
• Funders Collaborative on Youth Organizing
• Idealist on Campus, a program of Action Without Borders/Idealist.org
• Industrial Workers of the World - accepts unemployed & students as members
• ItsTeens Online Network for Advice and Youth Voice
• Living Wage Action Coalition
• National Youth Rights Association
• No Frontiers
• North American Students of Cooperation
• NYPIRG (the New York Public Interest Research Group)
• Parisar, a forum of progressive students
• People & Planet (UK's biggest student campaigning network)
• Progressive U
• The Roosevelt Institution, a network of student think tanks
• Soundout.org Student Activism Map
• Students For a Democratic Society
• Students for Justice in Palestine
• Student Environmental Action Coalition
• Student/Farmworker Alliance
• Student Labor Action Project
• Students for Global Democracy
• Students for Sensible Drug Policy
• United States Student Association
• United Students Against Sweatshops
• The Youth Innovation Fund

The Australian Student Environment Network (ASEN) is the national network of many campus environment collectives in Australia. ... The Campus Antiwar Network (CAN) describes itself as an independent, democratic, grassroots network of students opposing the occupation of Iraq and military recruiters in our schools. ... The Freechild Project logo The Freechild Project (or Freechild) is an international non-governmental program founded in August 2001 in Olympia, Washington, USA by community organizing activists from the youth voice, youth-led media, and youth rights communities. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Action Without Borders is an international nonprofit organization founded in 1995 and currently runs the Idealist. ... NYRA logo The National Youth Rights Association is the largest Youth Rights group in the United States, with several thousand members. ... The North American Students of Cooperation (NASCO) is an association of cooperatives, started in 1968. ... The current logo of NYPIRG, the New York Public Interest Research Group. ... People & Planet, often abbreviated to P&P, is the largest student network in the UK campaigning to alleviate world poverty, defend human rights and protect the environment. ... SDS Button Logo The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was, historically, a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations of the countrys New Left. ... Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) is a name that refers to a number of autonomus student groups in the US and internationally who are working toward peace and justice in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. ... The Student/Farmworker Alliance (SFA) is a national network of students and youth organizing in direct partnership and solidarity with farmworkers to eliminate sweatshop conditions and modern-day slavery in the fields. ... Students for Sensible Drug Policy (SSDP) is a Washington, DC-based non-profit advocacy organization founded in 1998 by a small group of students, including Shawn Heller of George Washington University, David Epstein of American University, and Kris Lotlikar. ... United Students Against Sweatshops. ...

Further reading

• Guide to Social Change Led By and With Young People Olympia, WA: CommonAction, 2006.
• Student activists become more media-savvy by David Linhardt, The New York Times (NYTimes.com).
• History of Student Activism from Campus Compact.
• Brax, Ralph S. "The first student movement." Port Washington, NY : Kennikat Press, 1980.
• Carson, Claybourne. "In Struggle, SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960's." Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press., 1981
• Cohen, Robert. "When the old left was young." New York : Oxford University Press, 1993.
• Fletcher, Adam. "Meaningful Student Involvement Series." The Freechild Project, 2004.
• Kreider, Aaron ed. "The SEAC Organizing Guide." Student Environmental Action Coalition, 2004.
• Loeb, Paul. "Generation at the Crossroads: Apathy and Action on the American Campus." New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press, 1994.
• McGhan, Barry. "The Student Movement: Where do you stand?" Time Magazine, 1971.
• Sale, Kirkpatrick. "SDS: Ten Years Towards a Revolution." New York, Random House, 1973.
• Students for a Democratic Society. "Port Huron Statement." Author, 1962.
• Students for a Free Tibet.

(http://www.studentsforafreetibet.org/

• Vellela, Tony. "New Voices: Student Activism in the 80s and 90s." Boston, MA: South End Press, 1988.
• What Kids Can Do. "More Than Service: Philadelphia Students Join a Union to Improve Their Schools." Author, 2002.
• What Kids Can Do. "Taking Democracy In Hand: Youth Action For Educational Change in the San Francisco Bay Area.
• Manabu Miyazaki; Toppamono: Outlaw. Radical. Suspect. My Life in Japan's Underworld (2005, Kotan Publishing, ISBN 0-9701716-2-5)

Manabu Miyazaki is also the name of a Japanese wildlife photographer. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections - Vietnam Era Ephemera This collection contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. They reflect the social environment and political activities of the youth movement in Seattle during that period.