A Studentenverbindung (the umbrella term that includes the Burschenschaften, Landsmannschaften, Corps, Turnerschaften, Sängerschaften, Catholic Corporations, Wingolf and Ferialverbindungen) is a German student corporation somewhat comparable to fraternities in the US or Canada. An umbrella term is a word that provides a superset or grouping of related concepts, also called a hypernym. ... Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about: Burschenschaft German Burschenschaften (abbreviated: B! , plural: B!B! ) are a special type of Studentenverbindungen (student fraternities). ... A Landsmannschaft is a kind of Studentenverbindung. ... Corps (das ~ (n), [koːr] (), [koːrs] ()) are the oldest still-existing kind of Studentenverbindung, Germanys traditional university corporations; their roots date back to the 15th century. ... A Turnerschaft is a kind of Studentenverbindung, a German student corporation. ... Wingolf is an umbrella organisation of 36 student fraternities at 34 universities in Germany, Austria and Estonia. ... Corporation refers to all different kinds of fraternities and sororities worldwide. ... The terms fraternity and sorority (from the Latin words and , meaning brother and sister respectively) may be used to describe many social and charitable organizations, for example the Lions Club, Epsilon Sigma Alpha, Rotary International, Optimist International, or the Shriners. ...

Organization

Gothic corporation house of the K.St.V. Arminia Bonn at Bonn (1900– today)

A corporation in Germany, Austria, Switzerland or elsewhere in Europe consists of the active students, who study any academic subject at a university, and the already graduated Alte Herren (Elder Gentlemen or alumni) /Hohe Damen (High Ladies) that have once been active in the corporation. The active students usually reside in the corporation house, some kind of small dorm for the members of the corporation which also has common rooms for festivities. One of the many benefits of joining a corporation is the especially low pricing of the often rich rooms. Some argue that corporations actively try to get new members through these low-priced rooms who they then socialize to their traditions. Image File history File links Arminenhaus1900. ... Image File history File links Arminenhaus1900. ... Victoria Tower at the Palace of Westminster, London: Gothic details provided by A.W.N. Pugin San Sebastian Church in Manila, Philippines made entirely of steel. ... Historic Town Hall of Bonn (view from the market square). ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... Representation of a university class, 1350s. ...

The corporation is mostly financed by the Alte Herren. The latter are said to also take care of the students' careers, helping them in their subjects of study and in other areas of life, up to organizing good jobs and opportunities after graduation. In turn, the active students when becoming Alte Herren finance and help the then-actives. This alleged networking is seen as problematic by other students and most students' unions. A students union, student government, student leadership, student council, or students association is a student organization present in many elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, colleges and universities. ...

Corporations are organized under umbrella organisations; for example there is the Wingolfsbund (WB), the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen (CV), the Kartellverband Katholischer Studentenvereine (KV), Weinheimer Senioren-Convent (WSC), the Süddeutsche Kartell (SK), the Coburger Convent (CC), the Deutsche Burschenschaft (DB), the Verband der Vereine Deutscher Studenten (VVDSt) or the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (KSCV). Cartellverband The Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen or Cartellverband (CV) is a german umbrella organisation of catholic student fraternities (Studentenverbindung). ... The Weinheimer Senioren-Convent (abbreviation: WSC) is the second oldest association of German Studentenverbindungen. ... The Coburger Convent (abbreviation: CC) is a convent of 100 German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen, all of which are based on the principle of tolerance. ... The Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (abbreviation: KSCV) is the oldest association of German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen. ...

The term Phillister, in contrast to Couleuriker, is used for people who are not member of a Studentenverbindung and therefore not used to the students' traditions. Originally the term was used for all non-students. Couleuriker comes from the French word couleur (color), and is a term for members of all kinds of Studentenverbindungen due to the fact that normally members of Studentenverbindungen wear a ribbon (Farbenband) in the colors of their Studentenverbindung to show their affiliation.

History

The vast majority of the current corporations were founded in the early to mid-19th century, as does their tradition. This includes ideals of freedom, democracy and in some cases nationalism. Almost all corporations have a tendency towards conservatism. Beer, commercium songs and academic fencing also play a big role in many corporations. Prominent items in corporations' tradition is the Wartburg festival in 1817 (see Vormärz era) and the Hambach Fest. During the early 20th century many Burschenschaften expelled their Jewish members. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... For other uses, see Beer (disambiguation). ... Commercium songs are traditional academic songs that are usually being sung during commerciums and tablerounds. ... Academic fencing or Mensur fencing is the traditional kind of fencing practiced by some student corporations (Studentenverbindungen) in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and recently to a minor extent in Latvia and Flanders as well. ... Movement of the students on the Wartburg in 1817 The first Wartburg festival (German: Wartburgfest) on October 18, 1817 was an important event in German history that took place at the Wartburg castle at Eisenach. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ... Hambach is a city in Germany. ...

However, despite the enormous pressure brought to bear on the Studentenverbindungen in the years following the Nazi seizure of power (1933), many resolutely refused to expel Jewish members since to have done so would have been inimical to their founding ideals, and the values they continue to extol today.

Catholic corporations and other Christian corporations, originating from the mid of the 19th century, have been founded as a countermovement to Burschenschaften and Corps. They strictly refuse academic fencing as unethical. Their principles are (Lat.) religio, scientia and amicitia (catholic corporations) or other principles like Wingolfsbund's (Gr.) "Δί ένός πάντα" - "Di henos panta!" (all through christ). Academic fencing or Mensur fencing is the traditional kind of fencing practiced by some student corporations (Studentenverbindungen) in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and recently to a minor extent in Latvia and Flanders as well. ... A principle (not principal) is something, usually a rule or norm, that is part of the basis for something else. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      As a... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... For other uses, see Friendship (disambiguation). ...

Tradition

One part of the tradition is the academic fencing, which is a ritualized duel, but without the possibility for anyone to win. Unlike earlier times nowadays the chance of light injuries is smaller however still common. Typical injuries include facial scars. Fatal or serious injuries are nearly impossible. The fencing is seen as a ritual of fighting for the corporation and for their ideals. Academic fencing or Mensur fencing is the traditional kind of fencing practiced by some student corporations (Studentenverbindungen) in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and recently to a minor extent in Latvia and Flanders as well. ... A duel is a formalized type of combat. ... A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ...

Many student societies do not permit their members to fence though. Catholic and other Christian fraternities for instance, have been founded to antagonize academic fencing. However, they share some part of other formal traditions of the Corps and Burschenschaften. Academic fencing or Mensur fencing is the traditional kind of fencing practiced by some student corporations (Studentenverbindungen) in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and recently to a minor extent in Latvia and Flanders as well. ...

The traditional symbols (couleur) corporation members wear -coloured caps and ribbons- are seldom seen today at universities. Couleur (from french, in engl. ...

The most common kinds of Studentenverbindungen

Despite a wide variety of Studentenverbindungen, certain kinds are prevalent; the most common types are:

Caption: wc=wearing couleur; nc=not wearing couleur; pf=practicing academic fencing; fo=academic fencing optional; nf=not practicing academic fencing A Landsmannschaft is a kind of Studentenverbindung. ... The Coburger Convent der akademischen Landsmannschaften und Turnerschaften (abbreviation: CC) is a convent of 100 German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen, all of which are based on the principle of tolerance. ... Wingolf is an umbrella organisation of 36 student fraternities at 34 universities in Germany, Austria and Estonia. ... A Turnerschaft is a kind of Studentenverbindung, a German student corporation. ... The Coburger Convent (abbreviation: CC) is a convent of 100 German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen, all of which are based on the principle of tolerance. ...

Uncommon, but influential are the academical-technical engineering clubs ("Akademischer Verein") of the Hütte and Miltenberg-Wernigeroder Ring; the "Hütte" is the publisher of one of the major engineering compendiums in Germany. ^[1] Engineering is the applied science of acquiring and applying knowledge to design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ...

Are corporations racist, intlink|nationalist, chauvinist?

Most of the corporations consist of men only, fewer corporations are mixed-gender, and there are some corporations which consist of women only. In Austria, it is common for a men-only fraternity to sponsor a women-only sorority taking the same name with the prefix "Nova" (Latin for "New"). In Germany, there are also instances of fraternities helping fledgling sororities. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

Some of the traditional orientations as well as misbehaviour of a minority of the corporations regularly leads to prejudices about all of them being right-wing and chauvinist. The vast majority of the corporations see themselves as liberal and tolerant, whereas others are described rightly as deutschtümelnd (nationalistic). This includes supporting the idea of a greater Germany including all German speaking territories, such as Austria or South Tyrol. For example, the party ranks of the right wing Freedom Party of Austria to a large proportion consist of members of such corporations (whereas members of Catholic corporations are strongly represented within the Austrian People's Party or the Christian Democratic Union of Germany). Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... The Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen[1][2] (Italian: Provincia autonoma di Bolzano; German: Autonome Provinz Bozen; Ladin: Provinzia autonòma de Balsan), also called Alto Adige/Südtirol (Italian: Alto Adige; German: Südtirol; Ladin: Adesc Aut[3][4] or Sudtirol; English: Alto Adige or South Tyrol), is an... The Austrian Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, abbreviated to FPÖ) is a far-right political party in Austria. ... The Austrian Peoples Party (de:Österreichische Volkspartei, or ÖVP) is an Austrian political party. ... The Christian Democratic Union (CDU - Christlich-Demokratische Union) is a political party in Germany. ...

Most corporations, like Corps, Landsmannschaften and Turnerschaften allow members with any skin colour, nationality and religion. Christian corporations may be restricted to a specific confession or Christian belief. Many Burschenschaften restrict membership to people from German heritage. Connections between corporations and right-wing organisations are a constant issue for many (left-wing) students' unions and Antifa organisations in Germany and Austria. Corps (das ~ (n), [koːr] (), [koːrs] ()) are the oldest still-existing kind of Studentenverbindung, Germanys traditional university corporations; their roots date back to the 15th century. ... A Landsmannschaft is a kind of Studentenverbindung. ... A Turnerschaft is a kind of Studentenverbindung, a German student corporation. ... A students union, student government, student leadership, student council, or students association is a student organization present in many elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, colleges and universities. ... The word Antifa derives from Antifaschismus, German for anti-fascism. It refers to individuals and groups that are dedicated to fighting fascism. ...

See also

Fraternities

• K.St.V. Askania-Burgundia Berlin, member of KV
• K.St.V. Arminia Bonn, member of KV
• K.A.V. Lovania Leuven, affiliated with CV
• Corps Austria Frankfurt am Main, member of KSCV
• Corps Hannovera Göttingen, member of KSCV
• Corps Suevia Freiburg, member of KSCV
• Alte Prager Landsmannschaft Hercynia zu Frankfurt, member of CC

The Roman Catholic fraternity Askania-Burgundia is the founding fraternity of the Kartellverband katholischer deutscher Studentenvereine (KV). ... Coat of Arms of the K.St. ... K.A.V. Lovania Leuven is a catholic academic fraternity, founded in 1896 at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Louvain, Belgium. ... Cartellverband The Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen or Cartellverband (CV) is a german umbrella organisation of catholic student fraternities (Studentenverbindung). ... Coat of arms Corps Austria is a member Corps of the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband, the oldest association of student fraternities in Germany and Austria. ... The Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (abbreviation: KSCV) is the oldest association of German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen. ... Couleur of Corps Hannovera Göttingen Bismarck 1836 The Corps Hannovera Göttingen is one of the oldest German Student Corps, a Studentenverbindung or student corporation founded 18 January 1809 at the Georg August University of Göttingen. ... The Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (abbreviation: KSCV) is the oldest association of German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen. ... The Corps Suevia Freiburg is one of the oldest German Student Corps, a Studentenverbindung or student corporation founded by 13 students of the University of Freiburg im Breisgau (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität) on June 21, 1815. ... The Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (abbreviation: KSCV) is the oldest association of German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen. ... The Coburger Convent (abbreviation: CC) is a convent of 100 German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen, all of which are based on the principle of tolerance. ...

Umbrella organizations of fraternities

• Deutsche Burschenschaft (DB)
• Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen (CV)
• Coburger Convent der akademischen Landsmannschaften und Turnerschaften (CC)
• Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (KSCV)
• Weinheimer Senioren-Convent (WSC)
• Katholiek Vlaams Hoogstudentenverbond (KVHV)
• Nationalistische Studentenvereniging (NSV)
• Verband der Wissenschaftlichen Katholischen Studentenvereine Unitas (UV)

Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about: Burschenschaft German Burschenschaften (abbreviated: B! , plural: B!B! ) are a special type of Studentenverbindungen (student fraternities). ... Cartellverband The Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen or Cartellverband (CV) is a german umbrella organisation of catholic student fraternities (Studentenverbindung). ... The Coburger Convent der akademischen Landsmannschaften und Turnerschaften (abbreviation: CC) is a convent of 100 German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen, all of which are based on the principle of tolerance. ... The Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (abbreviation: KSCV) is the oldest association of German and Austrian Studentenverbindungen. ... The Weinheimer Senioren-Convent (abbreviation: WSC) is the second oldest association of German Studentenverbindungen. ... The Nationalistische Studentenvereniging (NSV) (Nationalist Student Association) is Flemish nationalist student organization with chapters in Antwerp, Brussels, Ghent, Leuven, West-Flanders and Hasselt. ...

References

• Rolf-Joachim Baum (Hrsg.), „Wir wollen Männer, wir wollen Taten!“ Deutsche Corpsstudenten 1848 bis heute, Siedler-Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88680-653-7
• Edwin A. Biedermann, „Logen, Clubs und Bruderschaften“, Droste-Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-7700-1184-8, 350 Seiten,
• Manfred Studier: Der Corpsstudent als Idealbild der Wilhelminischen Ära - Untersuchungen zum Zeitgeist 1888 bis 1914, Abhandlungen zum Studenten- und Hochschulwesen, Band 3, Schernfeld 1990, ISBN 3-923621-68-X
• Jonathan Green: Armed and Courteous, Financial Times magazine, 3. Januar 2004, S.16. online (JPG-Scans)
• R.G.S. Weber: The German Corps in the Third Reich Macmillan London, German edition: Die Deutschen Corps im dritten Reich SH-Verlag ISBN 3-89498-033-8

The Financial Times (FT) is a British international business newspaper. ...

External links

• Umbrella organisation of convents in Germany, German
• fzs (the national German Students' Unions Organisation, left-wing) on Verbindungen (corporations), German
• Reportage in English language on German Corps (NOTE: .jpg-scans only)