Stutthof (Sztutowo) was the first concentration camp built by the Nazi Germany regime outside of Germany. Built on September 2, 1939, it was located in a secluded, wet, and wooded area west of the small town of Stutthof (Sztutowo). The town was located in territory of the Free City of Danzig, 34 km east of the city of Danzig (Gdańsk). It was also the last camp liberated by the Allies, on May 9, 1945. More than 85,000 died in the camp out of as many as 110,000 people deported there. Piles of bodies in a liberated Nazi concentration camp in Germany Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (Konzentrationslager, abbreviated KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sztutowo ( German Stutthof) is a small town in county Nowy Dwór Gdański, Pomeranian Voivodship, Poland . ... Flag of Danzig The Free City of Danzig refers to either of two short-lived city-states which were centered on the present-day Baltic port known as GdaÅ„sk (German: Danzig). ... Motto: Nec temere, nec timide (No rashness, no timidness) Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Pomeranian Powiat city county Gmina GdaÅ„sk Established 10th century City Rights 1263 Government  - Mayor PaweÅ‚ Adamowicz Area  - City 262 km²  (101. ... A representation of the changes in territory controlled by Allies and Axis powers over the course of the war. ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

History

Camp

Museum of the concentration camp

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KL Stutthof

The Nazi authorities of the Free City of Danzig were compiling material about known Jews and Polish intelligence as early as 1936, and also reviewing suitable places to build concentration camps in their area. Image File history File links Stutthof_1. ... Image File history File links Stutthof_1. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

Originally, Stutthof was a civilian internment camp under the Danzig police chief. In November 1941, it became a "labor education" camp, administered by the German Security Police. Finally, in January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp. Sicherheitsdienst (SD) sleeve insignia. ...

The original camp (known as the old camp) was surrounded by barbed-wire fences. It comprised eight barracks for the inmates and a "kommandantur" for the SS guards, totalling 120,000 m². In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one. It was surrounded by electrified barbed-wire fences and contained thirty new barracks, raising the total area to 1.2 km². The   (German for Protective Squadron), abbreviated (Runic) or SS (Latin), was a large security and military organization of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany. ...

The camp staff consisted of SS guards and, after 1943, Ukrainian auxiliaries. In 1942 the first female prisoners and SS women arrived in Stutthof, including Herta Bothe. A total of over 130 women served in the Stutthof complex of camps spread across the Baltic coast of what is now Poland. 34 female guards, including Gerda Steinhoff, Rosy Suess, Ewa Paradies, and Jenny-Wanda Barkmann, have been identified today as having served in Stutthof. Starting in June 1944, the SS in Stutthof began conscripting women from Danzig and the surrounding cities to come to Stutthof and train as camp guards because of a severe guard shortage. Herta Bothe (born January 8, 1921 in Teterow, Mecklenburg, Germany) was a female Nazi concentration camp guard imprisoned for war crimes, but ultimately released. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ... Gerda Steinhoff, Front Row Center Gerda Steinhoff was a Nazi prison camp overseer born in Danzig-Langfuhr, on January 29, 1922. ... Ewa Paradies (December 17, 1920 - July 4, 1946) was a Nazi camp overseer. ... Jenny Wanda Barkmann was an SS-official at Nazi concentration camps. ...

A crematory and gas chamber were added in 1943, just in time to start mass executions when Stutthof was included in the "Final Solution" in June 1944. Mobile gas wagons were also used to complement the maximum capacity of the gas chamber (150 people per execution) when needed. In a February 26, 1942, letter to German diplomat Martin Luther, Reinhard Heydrich follows up on the Wannsee Conference by asking Luther for administrative assistance in the implementation of the Endlösung der Judenfrage (Final Solution of the Jewish Question). ...

Prisoners

The first inmates imprisoned on September 2, 1939 were 150 Polish citizens, arrested on the streets of Danzig right after the outbreak of the war. The inmate population rose to 6,000 in the following two weeks, on September 15, 1939. September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Tens of thousands of people, perhaps as many as 110,000, were deported to the Stutthof camp. The prisoners were mainly non-Jewish Poles. There were also Polish Jews from Warsaw and Białystok, and Jews from forced-labor camps in the occupied Baltic states, which the Germans evacuated in 1944 as Soviet forces approached. Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Coordinates: , Country  Poland Voivodeship Masovia Powiat city county Gmina Warszawa Districts 18 boroughs City Rights turn of the 13th century Government  - Mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (PO) Area  - City 516. ... Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Podlachian Powiat city county Gmina BiaÅ‚ystok Established 14th century City Rights 1692 Government  - Mayor Tadeusz Truskolaski Area  - City 102 km²  (39. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania The Baltic states refer to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. ...

These totals are thought to be conservative, as it is believed that inmates sent for immediate execution were not registered.

The former prisoner of Stutthoff and Lithuanian writer Balys Sruoga later wrote a novel Dievų miškas (The Forest of Gods) describing the everyday life of this camp. Balys Sruoga (February 2, 1896, Biržai district, Lithuania - October 16, 1947, Vilnius, Lithuanian poet, playwright, critic and literature theorist. ...

When the Soviet army began its advance through Nazi-occupied Estonia in July and August 1944, the camp staff of Klooga concentration camp evacuated the majority of the inmates by sea to the Stutthof concentration camp. For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... This article deals with the Klooga concentration camp. ...

Conditions

Conditions in the camp were brutal. Many prisoners died in typhus epidemics that swept the camp in the winter of 1942 and again in 1944. Those whom the SS guards judged too weak or sick to work were gassed in the camp's small gas chamber. Gassing with Zyklon B began in June 1944. Camp doctors also killed sick or injured prisoners in the infirmary with lethal injections. More than 60,000 people died in the camp. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Epidemic typhus. ... Zyklon B label — Note that “Gift” translates as “poison” Zyklon B was the tradename of a pesticide ultimately used by Nazi Germany in some Holocaust gas chambers. ...

The Germans used Stutthof prisoners as forced laborers. Some prisoners worked in SS-owned businesses such as the German Equipment Works (DAW), located near the camp. Others labored in local brickyards, in private industrial enterprises, in agriculture, or in the camp's own workshops. In 1944, as forced labor by concentration camp prisoners became increasingly important in armaments production, a Focke-Wulf airplane factory was constructed at Stutthof. Eventually, the Stutthof camp system became a vast network of forced-labor camps; 105 Stutthof subcamps were established throughout northern and central Poland. The major subcamps were Thorn and Elbing. Another was Russoschin. Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG was a German manufacturer of military aircraft used by the Luftwaffe during World War II. Many of the companys successful fighter aircraft designs were slight modifications of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. ... Motto: Durabo (lat. ... ElblÄ…g (IPA: ; German: ) is a city in northern Poland with 127,892 inhabitants (2006). ...

Dr. Rudolf Spanner designed a process to produce soap from human fat in 1943-44 and that a limited quantity of the soap was produced in Danzig, partially from Stutthof victims' bodies. This story for some time was considered by some Holocaust researchers to be a myth with origins dating back to World War I.^[1] However, recent historical research confirmed the story as true[1] (see also Jewish soap legend). Rudolf Spanner was a German doctor at the Danzig Anatomical Institute during World War II. Spanner designed, on his own initiative, a process to produce soap from human fat in 1943-44 and a limited quantity of the soap was produced on his order to clean autopsy rooms. ... “Shoah” redirects here. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... During the Second World War some scientists from Nazi Germany experimented with soap made from human corpses. ...

Death march

The evacuation of prisoners from the Stutthof camp system in northern Poland began in January 1945. When the final evacuation began, there were nearly 50,000 prisoners, the overwhelming majority of them Jews, in the Stutthof camp system. About 5,000 prisoners from Stutthof subcamps were marched to the Baltic Sea coast, forced into the water, and machine gunned. The rest of the prisoners were marched in the direction of Lauenburg in eastern Germany. They were cut off by advancing Soviet forces. The Germans forced the surviving prisoners back to Stutthof. Marching in severe winter conditions and treated brutally by SS guards, thousands died during the march. The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ... Lębork (Kashubian/Pomeranian: Lãbórg; German Lauenburg) is a town (town 1341) on the rivers Leba and Okalica in Middle Pomerania region, north-western Poland with some 37,000 inhabitants. ...

In late April 1945, the remaining prisoners were removed from Stutthof by sea, since Stutthof was completely encircled by Soviet forces. Again, hundreds of prisoners were forced into the sea and shot. Over 4,000 were sent by small boat to Germany, some to the Neuengamme concentration campnear Hamburg, and some to camps along the Baltic coast. Many drowned along the way. Shortly before the German surrender, some prisoners were transferred to Malmo, Sweden, and released to the care of that neutral country. It has been estimated that over 25,000 prisoners, one in two, died during the evacuation from Stutthof and its subcamps. Location Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE6 First Mayor Ole von Beust (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  755 km² (292 sq mi) Population 1,754,317 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 2,324 /km² (6,018... Motto: FrÃ¥n arbetarstad till kunskapsstad (eng: From industrial city to knowledge city) Location of Malmö in northern Europe Coordinates: , Country  Sweden Municipality Malmö Municipality County SkÃ¥ne County Province Scania (SkÃ¥ne) Charter 13th century Government  - Mayor Illmar Reepalu Area  - City 335. ...

Liberation

Soviet forces liberated Stutthof on May 9, 1945, and liberated about 100 prisoners who had managed to hide during the final evacuation of the camp. is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Trials

The Nuremberg Trials did not include staff of the Stutthof concentration camp. However, the Polish held four trials in Gdańsk against former guards and kapos of Stutthof, charging them with crimes of war and crimes against humanity. The first trial was held against 30 ex-officials and kapos of the camp, from April 25, 1946, to May 31, 1946. The Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court found all of them guilty of the charges. Eleven of them, including the former commander, Johann Pauls, were sentenced to death. The rest were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. The Süddeutsche Zeitung announces The Verdict in Nuremberg. ... Motto: Nec temere, nec timide (No rashness, no timidness) Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Pomeranian Powiat city county Gmina GdaÅ„sk Established 10th century City Rights 1263 Government  - Mayor PaweÅ‚ Adamowicz Area  - City 262 km²  (101. ... Kapo was a term used for certain prisoners who worked inside the Nazi concentration camps during World War II in various lower administrative positions. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Some of the sentences of the first trial:

• Johann Pauls: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Gerda Steinhoff: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Kapo Josef Reiter: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Wanda Klaff: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Erna Beilhardt: 5 years imprisonment
• Kapo Waclaw Kozlowski: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Jenny-Wanda Barkmann: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Kapo Fanciszek Szopinski: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Ewa Paradies: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Kapo Kazimierz Kowalski: 3 years imprisonment
• Jan Breit: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Kapo Tadeusz Kopczynski: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Elisabeth Becker: death sentence (executed on July 4, 1946)
• Werner Hoppe: 9 years imprisonment

The second trial was held from January 8, 1947, to January 31, 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. 24 ex-officials and guards of the Stutthof concentration camp were judged and found guilty. Ten were sentenced to death. is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gerda Steinhoff, Front Row Center Gerda Steinhoff was a Nazi prison camp overseer born in Danzig-Langfuhr, on January 29, 1922. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Josef (Pepi) Reiter (born January 8, 1959 in Niederwaldkirchen, Oberösterreich) is a retired judoka from Austria, who represented his native country at three consecutive Summer Olympics. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Wanda Klaff was a Nazi camp overseer. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jenny Wanda Barkmann was an SS-official at Nazi concentration camps. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ewa Paradies (December 17, 1920 - July 4, 1946) was a Nazi camp overseer. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Elisabeth Becker was born in Neuteich (Nowy Staw), Poland on 20 July 1923 to a German family. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...

The sentences of the second trial:

• Theodor Meyer: death sentence (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Ewald Foth: death sentence (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Karl Reger: 8 years imprisonment
• Eduard Zerlin: 12 years imprisonment
• Emil Wenzel: 10 years imprisonment
• Adalbert Wolter: 8 years imprisonment
• Karl Eggert: death sentence (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Wilhelm Vogler: 15 years imprisonment
• Paul Wellnitz: death sentence (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Kapo Alfred Nikolaysen: death sentence (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Hans Rach: death sentence (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Adolf Grams: 10 years imprisonment
• Josef Wennhardt: 8 years imprisonment
• Fritz Peters: death sentence (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Kurt Dietrich: death sentencee (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Hugo Ziehm: 3 years imprisonment
• Erich Thun: life imprisonment
• Albert Paulitz: death sentence (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Werner Wöllnitz: 10 years imprisonment
• Martin Stage: 8 years imprisonment
• Oskar Gottchau: 10 years imprisonment
• Karl Zurell: death sentence (executed on October 10, 1947)
• Walter Englert: 3 years imprisonment
• Johannes Görtz: 8 years imprisonment

The third trial was held from November 5, 1947, to November 10, 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. 20 ex-officials and guards were judged. 19 were found guilty, and one was acquitted. October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...

The sentences of the third trial:

• Karl Meinck: 12 years imprisonment
• Gustav Eberle: 10 years imprisonment
• Harry Müller: 4 years imprisonment
• Alfred Tissler: 5 years imprisonment
• Otto Schneider: 10 years imprisonment
• Johann Lichtner: 5 years imprisonment
• Ernst Thulke: 5 years imprisonment
• Otto Welke: 10 years imprisonment
• Willy Witt: 10 years imprisonment
• Heinz Löwen: 5 years imprisonment
• Erich Stampniok: 5 years imprisonment
• Richard Timm: 4 years imprisonment
• Adolf Klaffke: 10 years imprisonment
• Hans Möhrke: 4 years imprisonment
• Hans Tolksdorf: acquitted and released
• Nikolaus Dirnberger: 4 years imprisonment
• Friedrich Tessmer: 4 years imprisonment
• Erich Jassen: 10 years imprisonment
• Johann Sporer: 4 years imprisonment
• Nikolai Klawan: 3 years imprisonment

The fourth and final trial was also held before a Polish Special Criminal Court, from November 19, 1947, to November 29, 1947. 27 ex-officials and guards were judged, 26 were found guilty, and one was acquitted. is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... November 29 is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...

Sentences of the fourth trial:

• Christof Schwarz: 3 years imprisonment
• Albert Weckmüller: 15 years imprisonment
• Kurt Reduhn: 10 years imprisonment
• Walter Ringewald: 7 months imprisonment
• Hermann Link: 5 years imprisonment
• Richard Wohlfeil: 7 months imprisonment
• Waldemar Henke: 5 years imprisonment
• Anton Kniffke: 3 years imprisonment
• Kapo Franz Spillmann: acquitted and released
• Gustav Brodowski: 7 months imprisonment
• Johann Wrobel: 7 months imprisonment
• Ernst Knappert: 7 months imprisonment
• Martin Pentz: 5 years imprisonment
• Horst Köpke: 10 years imprisonment
• Bernard Eckermann: 7 months imprisonment
• Rudolf Berg: 10 years imprisonment
• Josef Stahl: 10 years imprisonment
• Johann Pfister: 5 years imprisonment
• Johannes Wall: 5 years imprisonment
• Leopold Baumgartner: 7 months imprisonment
• Willi Buth: life imprisonment
• Richard Akolt: 3 years imprisonment
• Fritz Glawe: 10 years imprisonment
• Emil Lascheit: 10 years imprisonment
• Gustav Kautz: 5 years imprisonment
• Emil Paul: 7 months imprisonment
• Erich Mertens: 5 years imprisonment

References

1. ^ The Soap Myth. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Jewish soap legend
• List of Nazi-German concentration camps
• List of subcamps of Stutthof
• World War II atrocities in Poland

During the Second World War some scientists from Nazi Germany experimented with soap made from human corpses. ... are marked with pink, while major concentration camps of are marked with blue. ... The following is a list of subcamps of Stutthof concentration camp complex. ... This article details the war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against ethnic Poles during World War II. Three million non-Jewish Polish citizens perished during the course of the war, most of them civilians, killed by the actions of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. ...

External links

• Stutthof National Museum
• KL Stutthof monography (Polish)
• SS personnel serving at Ravensbrück
• SS personnel serving at Stutthof
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia entry
• brief facts and photos of the camp (The accuracy of the statements in this link are dubious, for instance the allegation it makes regarding the meaning of R.J.F. is completely untrue. See the link below for further info.)
• "The Soap Allegations"

Coordinates: 54°19′44″N, 19°09′14″E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...