Style of the monarchs of Scotland is about the styles and forms of address used by Scottish royalty, specifically the monarchs of Scotland from the earliest times until the present, including monarchs from the Pictish period to the British period. A Style is a form of address which by tradition or law precedes a reference to a person who holds a title or post, or to the office itself. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen of the UK Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by... Members of the British royal family A royal family is the extended family of a monarch. ... The Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) was first unified as a state by Kenneth I of Scotland (Kenneth MacAlpin) in 843. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ...

Earliest styles

The earliest styles are those given in sources which have come down to us mainly from Ireland. These sources, are generally reliable. For the earlier medieval period, Annals of Ulster (AU) and Annals of Tigernach (AT) derive from the Iona Chronicle, a chronicle kept in Scotland. The Annals of Innisfallen are not as reliable, and the forms given in that source, when in doubt, do not need to be trusted. Other sources used here are the Annals of Connacht (AC) and the Chronicon Scotorum (CS) The style almost always King's name, followed by patronymic, followed by title. The source of each style is given in brackets, followed by the year under which it follows (s.a. = sub anno); it is usually the year in which the king died. Until the eleventh century, there is no one fixed term for Scotland in Gaelic. Before tenth century, the kings the area now comprising modern Scotland are either "of Picts", "of Fortriu" or "of Alba", standardising after 900; but the rulers of Moray, not by historiographical tradition called "King", are called king in the sources; moreover, they are sometimes called "kings of Alba". The Annals of Ulster are a chronicle of medieval Ireland. ... The Annals of Tigernach (abbr. ... Generally a chronicle (Latin chronica) is historical account of facts and events in chronological order. ... The Annals of Inisfallen are a chronicle of the medieval history of Ireland. ... The Annals of Connacht, covering the years 1224 to 1544, are drawn from a manuscript compiled in the 15th and 16th centuries by at least three scribes, all believed to be members of the Clan Ó Duibhgeannáin. ... Chronicon Scotorum is an Irish chronicle. ... A patronymic, or patronym, is a component of a personal name based on the name of ones father. ... (10th century - 11th century - 12th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... ( 9th century - 10th century - 11th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ... Fortriu or the the Kingdom of Fortriu is the name given by historians for an ancient Pictish kingdom, and often used synonymously with Pictland in general. ... Alba is the ancient and modern Gaelic name (IPA: ) for the country of Scotland (also Alba in Irish, and in Old Gaelic Albu). ... The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray (Middle Irish: Muireb or Moreb; Medieval Latin: Muref or Moravia; Modern Gaelic:Moireabh) was a lordship in High Medieval Scotland that was destroyed by King David I of Scotland in 1130. ... Historiography is the study of the way history is and has been written. ...

Traditional Pictish period

• Domangurt mac Nissi ri Alban (AT 506)
• Comgall mac Domanguirt ri Alban (AT 537)
• Gabrain maic Domanguirt ríg Alban (AT 559)
• Cennalath, rex Pictorum (AU, s.a. 580)
• Bruidhe mac Maelchon, ri Cruithneach (AT, s.a. 581)
• Bruide mc. Maelcon rex Pictorum (AU584)
• Gartnad rex Pictorum (AT597)
• Cinedon filii Lugthreni', rex Pictorum. (AU631)
• Cined mac Luchtren, rex Pictorum. (CS631)
• Cinaed, rí Alban (AI 633)
• Cínaeth mac Luchtren, rex Pictorum (AT633)
• Tolorcan mac Ainfrith, rí Cruithne (AT656).
• Bruidhe mac Bile, rex Fortrend (AT693)
• Bruide m. Bili, rex Fortrend (AU693)
• Aengus mac Fergusa, rex Picctorum (AT736)
• Oengus m. Fergusso, rex Pictorum (AU736)
• Aengus rí Alban (AT 759)
• Aengus mac Fergusa, rex Pictorum (AT761)
• Oengus m. Fherghussa rex Pictorum (AU761)
• Bruidhi rí Fortrenn (AT 763)
• Bruide, rex Fortrenn (AU 763)
• Dub Tholargg rex Pictorum citra Monoth (AU782)
• Causantín mac Fergussa, ri Alban (AI 820)
• Custantin m. Fergusa, rex Fortreinn (AU820)
• Oengus m. Fergusa, rex Fortrenn (AU 834)
• Cináed mac Alpín, ri Alban (AI 858)
• Cinaedh m. Ailpin rex Pictorum (AU 858)

Traditional Scottish period

• Domnall m. Caustantin, ri Alban (AU 900)
• Custantin m. Aedha ri Alban (AU 952)
• Mael Coluim m. Domnaill, ri Alban (AU 954)
• Dub m. Mael Coluim, ri Alban (AU 967)
• Culen m. Illuilb, ri Alban (AU 971)
• Amhlaim m. Ailuilbh, .i. ri Alban (AU 977)
• Amlaim mac Illuilb, rí Alban (AT 977)
• Cinaedh m. Mael Cholaim, ri Alban (AU 995)
• Cináeth mac Mail Cholaim, rí Alban (AT 995)
• Constantin mac Cuilindaín rí Alban (AT 997)
• ri Alban, .i. Cinaedh m. Duibh (AU 1005)
• Finnloech m. Ruaidhri, ri Alban (AU 1020)
• Mael Colaim mac Mael-Brighdi mac Ruaidrí, rí Alban (1029)
• Mael Coluim m. Cinaedha, ri Alban (AU 1034)
• Donnchad m. Crinan, rí Alban (AU 1040)
• Donncadh mac Crínan, aird-rí Alban (AT 1040)
• M. Beathadh m. Finnlaich airdrigh Alban (AU 1058)
• Mac Bethadh mac Findlaich, aird-rí Alban (AT 1058)
• Lulach, rí Alban (AT 1058)
• Mael Snechtai m. Lulaigh ri Muireb (AU 1085)
• Mael Coluim ri Alban (AU 1085)
• Mael Coluim m. Donnchadha airdri Alban
• Mael Colaim mac Donnchadha, rí Alban (1093)
• Donnchadh m. Mael Coluim ri Alban (AU 1094)
• Domnall mac Donnchada, rí Alban (AT 1099)
• Etgair ri Alban (AU 1107)
• Alaxandair m. Mael Choluim ri Alban (AU 1124)
• Oenghus m. ingine Luluigh (ri Moréb) (AU 1130)
• Dabid, rí Alban (AT 1152)
• Dabid mac Mail Colaim, rí Alban & Saxan (AT 1153)
• Mael Coluim Cennmor, mac Eanric, ardri Alban, in cristaidhe as ferr do bai do Gaidhelaibh re muir anair (AU 1165)
• Ri Alban, Uilliam Garm (AU 1214)
• Uilliam, ri Alban (AU 1214)
• Roibert a Briuis, mormaer ... righ n-Alban (AU 1302 = 1306)
• Roberd a Briuis mormaer ... rig a nAlbain (AC 1306)
• Edubart Mor Ri Saxan & Bretan & Alban & Duice na Gascune & tigerna na hErend (AC 1307)
• Roibeat a Briuis, ri Alban (AU 1314)
• Righ Alban .i. Semus Sdibard (AC 1499)

Medieval Charter styles

The Poppleton Manuscript preserves a grant supposedly made by King Nechtan to the monastery of St. Brigid at Abernethy, c. early sixth century: The Poppleton Manuscript is the name given to the fourteenth century codex compiled, probably, by Robert of Poppleton, a Carmelite friar who was the Prior of Hulne, near Alnwick. ... Grant may refer to. ... Nechtan nepos (grandson or nephew) of Irb or Uerb, was king of the Picts from 597 to c. ... Monastery of St. ... Saint Brigid of Ireland Saint Brigid of Ireland (Bridget, Bridgit, Brigit; in English St. ... Abernethy is a village in Perthshire, Scotland, situated eight miles south east of Perth. ... (5th century — 6th century — 7th century — other centuries) Events The first academy of the east the Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Persia by the Persian Shah Khosrau I. Irish colonists and invaders, the Scots, began migrating to Caledonia (later known as Scotland) Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland founded...

• Latin: Nectonius magnus filius Uuirp rex omnium prouiciarum Pictorum^[1]
  • English: "Great Nechtan, son of Uurp, King of all the provinces of the Picts"

In the Scottish period, the charter styles vary at first, but later become formulaic. Here are some examples from the early charter period. The Roman numeral which follows is the number given to the charter in Archibald C. Lawrie's Early Scottish Charters: Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905): The system of Roman numerals is a numeral system originating in ancient Rome, and was adapted from Etruscan numerals. ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ...

• Machbet filius Finlach et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum (Lawrie, V.)
  • English: "Macbethad son of Findláech and Gruoch daughter of Bodhe, King and Queen of the Scots". Source is the Registrum of the Priory of St Andrews, and the document is a Latin translation from an earlier Gaelic document, so the "rex Scottorum" style not reliable.

• Malcolmus Dei gratia Scottorum basileus (X)
  • "Máel Coluim by the Grace of God, High King of the Scots".

• Edgarus Dei gratia Rex Scottorum (XVII: 1095)
  • "Edgar by the Grace of God, King of the Scots".

• Alexander Dei gratia Rex Scottorum (XXVII)
  • "Alexander by the Grace of God, King of the Scots"

• David Dei gratia Rex Scotiae (LXIX)
  • "David by the Grace of God, King of Scotland".
• David Dei gratia Rex Scottorum (CIV)
  • "David by the Grace of God, King of the Scots".

From David I onwards, the royal style is either "rex Scottorum" or "rex Scotiae". King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I the Saint) (1084 – May 24, 1153), was King of Scotland from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). ...

From the late Middle Ages to the Act of Union

In the late Middle Ages the styles "rex Scottorum" and "rex Scotiae" were used interchangeably. Similarly, the Monarchs of England could be referred to as the "king of the English" as indeed Edward II of England was in the Declaration of Arbroath (1320). King of the Scots was used in "The Declaration of the Clergy in favour of Robert the Bruce" (1334), as it was in the charter by which Edward Balliol ceded the southern counties of Scotland to England. However, in many other documents King of Scotland was the preferred style, inluding "The Letter of the Magnates of Scotland to the King of France" (1308), "The Settlement of Succession on Robert the Bruce" (1315), the Treaty of Corbeuil (1326), the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton (1328), the Papal Bull authorising the anointing of Scottish Kings (1329) and the Treaty of Berwick (1357). This remained the case until the last three monarchs of Scotland, William II of Scotland (William III of England) & Mary II of Scotland (Mary II of England), and Queen Anne, who became Anne of Great Britain following the Act of Union. The Kingdom of England was first unified as a state by Athelstan of Wessex. ... Edward II, (April 25, 1284 – September 21, 1327), of Caernarvon, was King of England from 1307 until deposed in January, 1327. ... Edward Balliol (c. ... Prior to the Treaty of Edinbugh-Northampton, Edward II claimed he adhered to a truce, but he allowed English privateers to attack Flemish vessels trading with Scotland. ... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ... William III of England (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, Stadtholder of the United Netherlands from 28 June 1672, King of England and King of... Mary II (30 April 1662–28 December 1694) reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689, and as Queen of Scotland (as Mary II of Scotland) from 11 April 1689 until her death. ... Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. ...

Your Grace

Notes

1. ↑ , Anderson, Kings, (1973), p. 249

References

• Anderson, Marjorie O., Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1973)
• Lawrie, Archibald C., Early Scottish Charters: Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905):

External links

• Annals of Tigernach
• Annals of Ulster
• Chronicon Scotorum
• Gaelic Notes on the Book of Deer