NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Subcarpathian Ruthenia

Carpathian Ruthenia (Ukrainian Карпатська Русь, Karpats'ka Rus') or Carpatho-Ukraine or Carpathian Ukraine is a name for a small part of Central Europe that was a part of the Hungarian kingdom (since 1526 under Habsburg rule). It is located in western Ukraine and easternmost Slovakia, mostly in the Trans-Carpathian district (Ukrainian Закарпатська область, Zakarpats'ka oblast'). Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва) is an East Slavic language, one of three members of this language group, the other two being Russian and Belarusian. ... Historical lands and provinces in Central Europe Central Europe is the region of Europe between Eastern Europe and Western Europe. ... The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság) or Hungary (Magyarország) is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. ... Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ... Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and the Black Sea to the south. ... National motto: None Official language Slovak Capital Bratislava President Ivan Gašparovič Prime Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda Area - Total - % water Ranked 126th 49,035 km² Negligible Population - Total (2004) - Density Ranked 103rd 5,379,455 109/km² Independence January 1, 1993 (division of Czechoslovakia) Currency Slovak koruna Time zone - in summer CET... Zakarpattya or Transcarpathia (Закарпатська область, Zakarpats’ka oblast’ in Ukrainian) is an oblast (region) of Ukraine. ...

It is inhabited mainly by Ruthenian-speaking population (Ukrainians, Rusyns). Note that the places inhabited by Rusyns also span other adjacent regions of the Carpathian Mountains. The Ukrainians are a Slavic people of central-eastern Europe. ... Rusyns, also called Ruthenians, Ruthenes, Rusins, Rysins, Carpatho-Rusins, and Russniaks, are a modern group of ethnic groups that speak the Rusyn language and are descended from the Ruthenians that did not become Ukrainians in the 19th century. ... Places inhabited by Rusyns include or have included the following places inhabited by each of the smaller ethnicities: Lemko: Poland: Subcarpathian Voivodship Boyko: Poland: Subcarpathian Voivodship Ukraine: Zakarpattya region Slovakia: Presov region Hucul: Ukraine: Ivano-Frankivsk region, Chernivtsi region These can also be referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia but... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ...

Historic overview

The first Slavs came to the central part of Carpathian Ruthenia probably in the 6th century. A more dense Slavic population followed in the 8th century. Then, the western part of the territory was part of Great Moravia in the 9th century, and in the 10th and 11th century was a border region between the newly created Hungary and the Kievan Rus'. Since the mid-11th century part of the Kingdom of Hungary (counties Máramaros, Ugocsa, Bereg, Zemplén, Sáros and Ung). The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Great Moravia (Czech Velká Morava, Slovak Veľká Morava, Latin Magna Moravia) was a Slav state existing on the territory of present-day Moravia and Slovakia between 833 and the early 10th century. ... The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság) or Hungary (Magyarország) is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. ... Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Ру́сь, Kievskaya Rus in Russian; Київська Русь, Kyivs’ka Rus’ in Ukrainian) was the early, mostly East Slavic¹ state dominated by the city of Kiev (ru: Ки́ев, Kiev; uk: Ки́їв, Kyiv), from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság) or Hungary (Magyarország) is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. ... Ugocsa is the name of a historic administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. ... Bereg is the name of a historic administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. ... Zemplín (in Latin: Zemplinum, in German: Semplin, in Hungarian: Zemplén) is the name of a historic administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. ... Šariš (in Latin: comitatus Sarossiensis, in German: Scharosch, in Hungarian: Sáros) is a historic administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. ... Uzh county (in Latin: comitatus Unghvariensis, in Hungarian: Ung (vár)megye in Slovak also: Užský komitát/ Užská župa / Užská stolica) is the name of a historic administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. ...

After World War I and the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, it became part of Czechoslovakia. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... The Grand Trianon at Versailles, site of the signing The Treaty of Trianon was an agreement that regulated the situation of the new Hungarian state that replaced the Kingdom of Hungary, part of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy, after World War I. It was signed on June 4, 1920, at... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Czechoslovakia (Czech: Československo, Slovak: Česko-Slovensko/before 1990 Československo) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period). ...

In November 1938, under the First Vienna Award, which was a result of the Munich agreement, Czechoslovakia (and later Slovakia) was forced by Germany and Italy to cede southern third of Slovakia and southern Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary. The remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia received autonomy. 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The two Vienna Awards or Vienna Arbitration Awards or Vienna Arbitral Awards or Vienna Diktats or Viennese Arbitrals is the name of two arbitral awards (1938 and 1940), by which arbiters of the National Socialist Germany and of Fascist Italy tried to enforce territorial claims of the Revisionist Hungary ruled... The Munich Agreement was an agreement regarding the Munich Crisis between the major powers of Europe after a conference held in Munich in Germany in 1938 and concluded on September 29. ...

Following Adolf Hitler's seizure of the country in 1939, on March 15 the Carpatho-Ruthenia declared its independence as Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine with Avhustyn Voloshyn as the head of state and was immediately invaded and annexed by Hungary. On March 23 Hungary annexed some further parts of eastern Slovakia starting from the Carpatho-Ukraine. Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945), a German politician who was the founder of the Third Reich (1933-1945), is widely regarded as one of the most significant and reviled leaders in world history. ... 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ...

After World War II, in June 1945 a treaty ceding Carpatho-Ruthenia to the Soviet Union was signed between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. In 1946, the area was included into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... State motto: Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! Official language None. ...

The latter became the independent state of Ukraine in 1991, with Carpatho-Ruthenia as a part of that state. Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and the Black Sea to the south. ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Nomenclature

The region was officially called Subcarpathia (Kárpátalja) or North-Eastern Upper Hungary as part of Hungary; Subcarpathian Rus/Ruthenia/Russia or Subcarpathian Ukraine (Czech/Slovak Podkarpatská Rus, Ukrainian Підкарпатська Русь) or since 1927 also Subcarpathian Land (Země/Zem podkarpatskoruská, Země/Zem podkarpatskoruská) after Trianon until 1938 as part of Czechoslovakia; Carpatho-Ukraine from November 1938 to March 1939, autonomous within Czechoslovakia; Subcarpathia again when it was reannexed by Hungary 1939-1945; and since then, as part of the Ukrainian SSR and later by an independent Ukraine it is called Transcarpathia.

Alternative unofficial names used in Czechoslovakia before WWII were: Subcarpathia (Podkarpatsko), Carpathian Rus/Ruthenia/Russia (Karpatská Rus), Hungarian Rus/Ruthenia/Russia (Uherská/Uhorská Rus, rare). In a Ukrainian context, has been known as Transcarpathia or Transcarpathian Ukraine (Закарпаття, Закарпатська Україна, Zakarpattia, Zakarpats'ka Ukraina; Slovak: Zakarpatsko, Zakarpatská Ukrajina), after which the modern province Zakarpats'ka oblast' is named. Zakarpattya or Transcarpathia (Закарпатська область, Zakarpats’ka oblast’ in Ukrainian) or Kárpátalja in Hungarian is an oblast ( region) of Ukraine. ...

Ruthenians of Carpathian Ruthenia

The area of present-day Carpathian Ruthenia was probably settled by Slavic tribes in the 6th century. The Ruthene population was ethnically the same as the population of the areas north of the Carpathian Mountains. The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... (5th century — 6th century — 7th century — other centuries) Events The first academy of the east the Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Persia by the Persian Shah Khosrau I. Irish colonists and invaders, the Scots, began migrating to Caledonia (later known as Scotland) Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland founded by St. ... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ...

However, because of geographical and political isolation from the main Ukrainian-speaking territory, the inhabitants developed some distinctive features. In addition, between the 12th and 15th centuries, the area had been colonized by groups of Vlach highlanders. They were assimilated into the local Slavic population, but strongly influenced the culture, making it more distinctive from the culture of other Ruthenian-speaking areas. Vlachs (also called Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs) are the Romanized population in Central and Eastern Europe, including Romanians, Aromanians, Istro-Romanians and Megleno-Romanians, but since the creation of the Romanian state, this term was mostly used for the Vlachs living south of the Danube river. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... Ruthenians is a name that has been applied to different ethnic groups at different times; for an explanation of the reasons for this, see Ruthenia. ...

In 19th and 20th centuries, Carpathian Ruthenia was a field of struggle between Ukrainian nationalist and pro-Russian activists. The former claimed the Carpatho-Ruthenians were part of the Ukrainian nation, while the latter claimed them to be a separate ethnicity and nationality, or part of the Russian ethnos.

The present-day inhabitants usually consider themselves Ukrainians or Rusyns. The Ukrainians are a Slavic people of central-eastern Europe. ... Rusyns, also called Ruthenians, Ruthenes, Rusins, Rysins, Carpatho-Rusins, and Russniaks, are a modern group of ethnic groups that speak the Rusyn language and are descended from the Ruthenians that did not become Ukrainians in the 19th century. ...

Ethnic minorities

Hungarians

Carpathian Ruthenia was a part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the First World War. At the beginning of the 20th century, the nobility and middle class was almost solely Hungarian-speaking. Following separation of Carpathian Ruthenia from Hungary, the Hungarian population decreased slightly; the Hungarian census of 1910 shows 185,433, the Czechoslovak census of 1921 shows 111,052, but much of this difference presumably reflects differences in methodology and definitions rather than such a large decline in the region's ethnic Hungarian (Magyar) or Hungarian-speaking population. Even according to the 1921 census, Hungarians still constituted about 18% of the region's total population. The Kingdom of Hungary is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ... The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the Windows of the Lodge of the Heralds. ... The middle class (or middle classes) comprises a social group once defined by exception as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry. ... The Hungarian language is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and in adjacent areas of Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Slovenia (all territories lost after World War I). ... Magyar may refer to: The Magyar language The Magyar people This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

On the eve of World War II, the First Vienna Award allowed Hungary to re-annex Carpathian Ruthenia. However, the end of the war was a cataclysm for the ethnic Hungarian population of the area: 10,000 fled before the arrival of Soviet forces. Many of the remaining adult men (25,000) were deported to the Soviet Union; about 30% of them died in Soviet gulags. As a result of war losses, emigration and extermination of Hungarian-speaking Jews, the Hungarian-speaking population of Carpathian Ruthenia decreased to from 161,000 in 1941 (Hungarian census) to 66,000 in 1947 (Soviet census); the low 1947 number is doubtless in part a result of Hungarians' fear to declare their true nationality. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... The First Vienna Award was the result of the First Vienna Arbitration of 2 November 1938, which took place in Vienna in the Belvedere Castle on the eve of World War II. By the award, arbiters from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy tried to achieve a non-violent way to... Soviet Union - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Gulag (from the Russian ГУЛАГ: Главное Управление Исправительно— Трудовых Лагерей, Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey, The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps) was the branch of the Soviet internal police and security service that operated the penal system of forced labour camps and associated detention and transit camps... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ...

As of 2004, about 170,000 (12-13%) inhabitants of Transcarpathia declare Hungarian as their mother tongue. 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Jews

See main article History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia. This article addresses the History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia. ...

Memoirs and historical studies provide much evidence that in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Rusyn-Jewish relations were generally peaceful. In 1939, census records showed that 80,000 Jews lived in the autonomous province of Ruthenia.

During the Holocaust 17 main ghettos were set up in cities in Ruthenia, from which all Jews were taken to Auschwitz for extermination. Almost all the Jews of Carpathian Ruthenia were killed and the handful who survived, were hidden by their neighbours. Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II, starting in 1941 and continuing through 1945. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ...

Germans

Gypsies

There are approximately 25,000 ethnic gypsies (Roma) in present-day Carpathian Ruthenia. Some estimates point to a number as high as 50,000 but a true count is hard to obtain as many Roma will claim to be Hungarian or Romanian when interviewed by Ukrainian authorities. The Rroma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies. ...

They are by far the poorest and least-represented ethnic group in the region and face intense predjudice. The years since the fall of the USSR have not been kind to the Roma of the region, as they have been particularly hard hit by the economic problems faced by peoples all over the former USSR. Some Roma in western Ukraine live in major cities such as Uzhhorod and Mukachiv, but most live in encampments on the outskirts of cities. These encampments are known as "taberi" and can house up to 300 families. These encampments tend to be fairly primitive with no running water or electricity. Uzhhorod (Ukrainian: and Russian: Ужгород, Hungarian: Ungvár, Slovak and Czech: Užhorod, German: Ungwar, Yiddish: Ungvir, Ingver, Yngvyr) is a city in Ukraine, at the border with Slovakia. ... Mukacheve (Мукачеве, Ruthenian: Мукачів (Mukachiv), Russian: Мукачево (Mukachevo), Hungarian: Munkács, Slovak and Czech: Mukačevo, German: Munkatsch, Yiddish: Munkacz) is a city in Zakarpattya region of southwestern Ukraine. ...

Western view on Ruthenia

For urbane European readers in the 19th century, Ruthenia, whether seen as at the far end of Slovakia, or in the distant corner of Ukraine or as a forgotten piece of Hungary, was one original of the 19th century's imaginary "Ruritania" the most rural, most rustic and deeply provincial tiny province lost in forested mountains that could be imagined. Conceived sometimes as a kingdom of central Europe, Ruritania was the setting of several novels by Anthony Hope, especially The Prisoner of Zenda (1894). National motto: None Official language Slovak Capital Bratislava President Ivan Gašparovič Prime Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda Area - Total - % water Ranked 126th 49,035 km² Negligible Population - Total (2004) - Density Ranked 103rd 5,379,455 109/km² Independence January 1, 1993 (division of Czechoslovakia) Currency Slovak koruna Time zone - in summer CET... Ruritania was an imaginary kingdom, in Central Europe, in three novels by the writer Anthony Hope: The Prisoner of Zenda (1894), The Heart of Princess Osra (1896), and Rupert of Hentzau (1898). ... Sir Anthony Hope Hawkins (February 9, 1863 _ July 8, 1933), better known as Anthony Hope was a British novelist, best remembered today for his short novel The Prisoner of Zenda (1894, set in the fictional kingdom of Ruritania, a prequel The Heart of Princess Osra (a collection of short... The Prisoner of Zenda is an adventure novel by Anthony Hope, first published in 1894. ...

Recently Vesna Goldsworthy, in Inventing Ruritania: the imperialism of the imagination (1998) has explored the origins of the ideas that underpin Western perceptions of the “Wild East” of Europe, especially of Ruthenian and other rural Slavs in the upper Balkans, but ideas that are highly applicable to Carpathian Ruthenia, all in all "an innocent process: a cultural great power seizes and exploits the resources of an area, while imposing new frontiers on its mind-map and creating ideas which, reflected back, have the ability to reshape reality."

Cities in Carpathian Ruthenia

Uzhhorod (Ukrainian: and Russian: Ужгород, Hungarian: Ungvár, Slovak and Czech: Užhorod, German: Ungwar, Yiddish: Ungvir, Ingver, Yngvyr) is a city in Ukraine, at the border with Slovakia. ... Mukacheve (Ukrainian: Мукачеве (Mukacheve), Ruthenian: Мукачів (Mukachiv), Russian: Мукачево (Mukachevo), Hungarian: Munkács, Slovak and Czech: Mukačevo, German: Munkatsch, Yiddish: Munkacz or Minkatsh) is a city in Zakarpattya region of southwestern Ukraine. ...