Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683

The Ottoman Empire existed from 1299 to 1922 and, at the height of its power in the 16th century, it included nearly 20 million km² in Anatolia (Asia Minor), the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and much of south-eastern Europe, and the Caucasus. Download high resolution version (1636x1321, 455 KB)Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 (581K) From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923. ... Download high resolution version (1636x1321, 455 KB)Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 (581K) From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Sogut (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty... Events May 3 - Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Beyazid II. May 21 - Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481-1513) With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou was reverted... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Sogut (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty... Events Osman I declares the independence of the Ottoman Principality The County of Holland is annexed by the County of Hainaut April 1, 1299 Kings Towne on the River Hull granted city status by Royal Charter of King Edward I of England. ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ...

From its beginnings as a Seljuk vassal state (Uç Beyliği) in central Anatolia, the Empire over the years became an amalgamation of pre-existing polities, the Anatolian beyliks, brought under the sway of the ruling House of Osman. The hereditary rulers of these territories were known as beys and many of the continued to rule under the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultans. The term bey came to be applied not only to these former rulers but also to new governors appointed where the local leadership had been eliminated. The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq;in Turkish Selçuklu, in Persian سلجوقيان SaljÅ«qiyān ; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa;) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turkics and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th... Polity is a general term that refers to political organization of a group. ... Anatolian beyliks (also Turkmen beyliks, Tevâif-i mülûk (in Ottoman Turkish) are small Turkish emirates or muslim principalities governed by tribal beys, which were founded in several locations of Anatolia at the end of the 13th century. ... Bey is the Turkish word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ...

With the expansion of the Empire, the need for more systematic administrative organization arose. Over time a dual system of military and civil administration developed a kind of separation of powers with most higher executive functions carried out by the military authorities and judicial and basic administration duties carried out by civil authorities. Outside this system were various types of vassal and tributary states. Most of the areas ruled by the Ottomans were explicitly mentioned in the official full style of the sultan, including various lofty titles adopted to emphasize imperial rank and show the empire as being "successor-in-law" to conquered states. For example, in the early 16th century this was the full title held by the sultan: The separation of powers (or trias politica, coined by French political thinker Montesquieu) is a model for the governance of the state which requires the division of political power between an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary. ... The judiciary, also referred to as the judicature, consists of the system of courts of law for the administration of justice and to its principals, the justices, judges and magistrates among other types of adjudicators. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contests, of submission or allegiance. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

Sultan Hân N.N., Padishah, Hünkar, Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn;

Sovereign of the House of Osman, Sultan of Sultans, Khan of Khans, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe;

Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem;

Emperor of The Three Cities of Constantinople, Adrianople and Bursa, and of the Cities of Damascus and Cairo, of all Azerbaijan, of the Magris, of Barka, of Kairouan, of Aleppo, of Arabic Iraq and of Ajim, of Basra, of Al-Hasa, of Dilen, of Ar Raqqah, of Mosul, of Parthia, of Diyarbakir, of Cilicia, of the Vilayets of Erzurum, of Sivas, of Adana, of Karaman, Van, of Barbary, of Abyssinia, of Tunisia, of Tripoli, of Damascus, of Cyprus, of Rhodes, of Candia, of the Vilayet of the Morea, of the Marmara Sea, the Black Sea and also its coasts, of Anatolia, of Rumelia, Baghdad, Kurdistan, Greece, Turkistan, Tartary, Circassia, of the two regions of Kabarda, of Georgia, of the plain of Kypchak, of the whole country of the Tartars, of Kaffa and of all the neighboring countries, of Bosnia and its dependencies, of the City and Fort of Belgrade, of the Vilayet of Serbia, with all the castles, forts and cities, of all Albania, of all Eflak and Bogdania, as well as all the dependencies and borders, and many others countries and cities.

History of Islamic monarchies Padishah, Badishah, or Badshah is a very prestigious title derived from the Persian word Padshah, which is based on the better-known title Shah, assumed by several Islamic monarchs, notably these rulers, the first three commanding major Muslim empires : the Shahanshah of Iran (Persia), also recognized... Shah is a Persian word for King, adopted in many languages, either actually used (in the Orient) as a princely style or to render oriental originals. ... Khagan, alternatively spelled Chagan, Qaqan etc. ... Look up Sovereign in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The adjective sovereign is used to refer to a state of sovereignty. ... Khan (sometimes spelled as xan, han, Polish chan) is a title meaning ruler in Mongolian and Turkish. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A prophet is a person who is believed to speak through divine inspiration. ... A lord is a male who has power and authority. ... The deepest visible-light image of the cosmos. ... Protector was the second submarine built by pioneering American naval engineer Simon Lake In science fiction, Protector is the title of a novel by American writer Larry Niven, featuring Pak Protectors. ... This is a list of cities that various groups regard as holy. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... This article is about the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. ... Jerusalem (31°46′N 35°14′E; Hebrew: (help· info) Yerushalayim; Arabic: (help· info) al-Quds) is an ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea at an elevation of 650-840 meter. ... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575 Edirne is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria; the city was known in English until after the First World War as Adrianople (see below, and also List of traditional Greek place names). ... Bursa (formerly known as Brusa or Prusa) is the capital of the Bursa Province in northwestern Turkey. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria. ... Although technically in Giza, The Great Pyramids have become a symbol of Cairo internationally Cairo (Arabic: القاهرة; transliterated: al-Qāhirah) is the capital city of Egypt (and previously the United Arab Republic) and has a metropolitan area population of approximately 15. ... The Arabic name Barka can refer to: the former Roman city of Barca, which later gave its Arabized name to Cyrenaica (eastern Libya) a city in Oman (sultanate on the Arabian pensinsula) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Kairouan (Kairwan, Al Qayrawan) is a city in Tunisia, about 160 kilometres south of Tunis. ... Old Town Aleppo viewed from the Citadel Aleppo is also the name of two townships in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... Location of Basra Basra (also spelled BaÅŸrah or Basara; historically sometimes written Busra, Busrah, and the early form Bassorah; Arabic: , Al-Basrah) is the second largest city of Iraq with an estimated population of c. ... Ash Sharqiyah, known as Eastern Province is the largest province of Saudi Arabia, located in the east of the country on the coasts of the Persian Gulf, and has borders with Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen. ... Ar Raqqah (ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ; also spelled Rakka), city in north central Syria, capital of the Raqqah province, located on the north bank of the Euphrates River, about 160 km east of Aleppo. ... Mosul (36°22′N 43°07′E; Arabic: , Kurdish: Mûsil, Syriac: ܢܝܢܘܐ NînÄ›wâ) is a city in northern Iraq. ... Parthian Empire at its greatest extent, c60 BCE. Parthia, or known in their native Iranian language as Ashkâniân [2] (also called the Arsacid Empire) was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and... Diyarbakir (Syriac: ܐܡܝܕ; Greek: Amida; Turkish spelling: Diyarbakır) is a city in Turkey, situated on the banks of the River Tigris. ... Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (Ki-LIK-ya) was a region, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. ... Vilâyet (also eyalet or pashaluk) was the Turkish name for the provinces of the Ottoman Empire. ... Erzurum (or Erzerum, Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. ... Sivas is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Karaman is a town in south central Turkey, located north of the Taurus Mountains, ca 100 km south of Konya. ... Van can mean: Van, a road vehicle. ... For other meanings, see Barbary Coast (disambiguation). ... This article needs cleanup. ... This page refers to Tripoli, the capital of Libya. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria. ... Main entrance to the medieval city of Rhodes Rhodes, Greek Ρόδος (pron. ... Candia is a town located in Rockingham County, New Hampshire. ... The Morea and surrounding states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The name Morea (Μωρέας) for Peloponnesos first appears in the 10th century in Byzantine chronicles. ... The Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara denizi, Modern Greek: Μαρμαρα̃ Θάλασσα or Προποντίδα) (also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea) is an inland sea that separates the Black Sea from the Aegean Sea (thus the Asian part of Turkey from its European part) by Bosporus and... Map of the Black Sea. ... Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ... Rumelia (or Roumelia) (in Turkish Rumeli, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire), a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... Location of Baghdad within Iraq Baghdad (Arabic: , from Persian بغداد , meaning given by God) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Province. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Türkistan (also spelled Turkistan or Turkestan) is a region in Central Asia, largely inhabited by Turkic people. ... Tartary or Great Tartary (Latin: Tartaria or Tataria Magna) was a name used by Europeans from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century to designate a great tract of northern and central Asia stretching from the Caspian Sea and the Urinal Mountains to the Pacific Ocean inhabited by Turkic and... Circassia, also known as Cherkessia in Russian, is a region in Caucasia. ... The Kabardino-Balkar Republic or Kabardino-Balkaria (Russian: ; Kabardian: Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ; Balkar: Къабарты-Малкъар Республика) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic), located in the northern Caucasus. ... Kypchaks (also Kipchaks, Qipchaqs) are an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. The western Kypchaks were also named Kuman, Kun and Polovtsian (pl. ... Tatars or Tartars is a collective name applied to the Turkic-speaking people of Europe and Asia. ... Theodosia (Russian: Феодосия; Ukrainian: Феодосія; Greek: Θεοδωσία; Crimean Tatar/Turkish: Kefe) is a port and resort city in southern Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of Crimea at coordinates 45. ... The Province of Bosnia was a key Ottoman province, the westernmost one, based on the territory of the present day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Dependency has a number of meanings: In project management, a dependency is a link amongst a projects terminal elements. ... Mayor Nenad Bogdanović Area 359. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Principality of Moldavia. ...

Military administration

The Ottoman Empire was, at first, subdivided into the sovereign’s sanjak and other sanjaks entrusted to the Ottoman sultan’s sons. Sanjaks were governed by sanjak beyis, military governors who received a flag or standard – a "sanjak" (the literal meaning) – from the sultan. As the Empire expanded into Europe, the need for an intermediate level of administration arose and, under the rule of Murad I (r. 1359-1389), a beylerbeyi or governor-general was appointed to oversee Rumelia. About the same time a beylerbeylik was established for Anatolia except for the Rum area around Amasya, then the seat of the Empire, which remained under the sultan’s direct control (usually through his grand vizier). Following the establishment of beylerbeyliks, sanjaks were relegated to second-order administration although they continued to be of the first order in certain circumstances such as newly conquered areas that had yet to be assigned a beylerbeyi. In addition to their duties as governors-general, beylerbeyis were the commanders of all troops in their province. This page is about districts of the Ottoman Empire; for a region in Serbia and Montenegro, see Sandžak. ... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Sultan Murad I (มู้หลัดที่หนึ่ง) Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr, the God-liked one) (1319 (or 1326) – 1389) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) Berlin joins the Hanseatic League. ... Events February 24 - Margaret I seizes Albert, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden June 28 - Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. ... Rumelia (or Roumelia) (in Turkish Rumeli, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire), a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ... Rum (originally Turkish for Rome) was an Ottoman province in northern Anatolia, founded following Bayezid Is conquest of the area in the 1390s. ... Ottoman houses and a pontic tomb in Amasya Amasya (formerly Amaseia or Amasia from Greek: Αμάσεια) is a town in northern Turkey, the capital of Amasya Province with approximately 80,000 inhabitants. ... A Vizier (وزير, sometimes also spelled Wazir) is an Arabic term for a high-ranking religious and political advisor, often to a king or sultan. ...

First-order administrative units

From the mid-14th century until the late 16th century, only one new beylerbeylik (Karaman) was established. However, new conquests of Selim I and Suleyman I in the 17th century required a increase in administrative units. By the end of the latter half of the century there were as many as 42 eyalets, as the beylerbeyliks came to be known, at a given time. The chart below shows the administrative situation as of 1609 followed by eyalets that existed before 1609 but disappeared and eyalets created after 1609. This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Flag of Karaman according to the Catalan Atlas c. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Selim Bulut. ... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish Süleyman, (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was born at... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... // Events April 4 – King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 – Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ...

Eyalets in 1609

Sources: Ottoman Turkish is the variant of the Turkish language which was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire, containing extensive borrowings from Persian, which in turn had been permeated with Arabic borrowings. ... Turkish (Türkçe) is a Turkic language spoken natively in Turkey, Cyprus, Bulgaria, and other countries of the former Ottoman Empire, as well as by several million immigrants in the European Union. ... Abyssinia (Turkish: HabeÅŸ) was a Red Sea province of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and early 17th centuries. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea (Arabic البحر الأحمر al-Bahr al-Ahmar; Hebrew ים סוף Yam Suf; Tigrigna ቀይሕ ባሕሪ QeyH baHri) is a gulf or basin of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The Aegean Sea. ... Old Town Aleppo viewed from the Citadel Aleppo is also the name of two townships in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... Painting of Khair ad Din, founder of modern Algeria At about the time Spain was establishing its presidios in the Maghreb, the Muslim privateer brothers Aruj and Khair ad Din -- the latter known to Europeans as Barbarossa, or Red Beard--were operating successfully off Tunisia under the Hafsids. ... The Province of Anatolia (Turkish: Anadolu) was one of two the core provinces in the early years of the Ottoman Empire. ... Location of Baghdad within Iraq Baghdad (Arabic: , from Persian بغداد , meaning given by God) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Province. ... Basra Vilayet was a vilayet (province) of the Ottoman Empire. ... The Province of Bosnia was a key Ottoman province, the westernmost one, based on the territory of the present day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Bosnia and Herzegovina (also variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ Density  616,258  48. ... Nickname: Paris of the East, Pearl of the Danubeor Queen of the Danube Motto: Official website: www. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Diyarbakırs early Byzantine city walls stretch unbroken for 6 kilometres A busy food market in central Diyarbakır The 12th century Ulu Cami dominates the city skyline Diyarbakır (Kurdish: Amed or Diyarbekir; Syriac: ; Greek: Amida; Armenian: Ô±Õ´Õ«Õ¤ Amid) is a major city in the Kurdish dominated southeastern Turkey... (Eger is also German name for the city Cheb in the Czech Republic. ... shows the Location of the Province Erzurum Erzurum (or Erzerum, Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Theodosia (Russian: , Ukrainian: , Crimean Tatar: Kefe) is a port and resort city in Crimea, Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast. ... Nagykanizsa (German: Großkirchen) is a medium-sized city Zala County in southwestern Hungary. ... Flag of Karaman according to the Catalan Atlas c. ... Kars (Armenian: Ô¿Õ¡Ö€Õ½) is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of the Kars Province, formerly at the head of a sanjak in the Turkish vilayet of Erzurum. ... KahramanmaraÅŸ is the capital city of KahramanmaraÅŸ Province in southeastern Turkey. ... In 1879 Mosul Vilayet (province) was separated from Baghdad Vilayet. ... Cooling down the bread, in the background the Museum of ar-Raqqah Ar-Raqqah (الرقة, also spelled Rakka), is a city in north central Syria located on the north bank of the Euphrates River, about 160 km east of Aleppo. ... Sanli Urfa (in Turkish Şanlıurfa) is a city in eastern Turkey, and the provincial capital of Sanliurfa Province. ... Map of Rumelia as of 1801 Rumelia (or Roumelia) (in Turkish Rumeli, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire), a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ Density  616,258  48. ... Samtskhe-Javakheti is a region in southern Georgia, with Akhaltsikhe as its capital. ... Meskheti is a mountainous area and a province in the South-West of Georgia. ... Kirkuk city centre. ... Kirkuk city centre. ... Silistra Province (Turkish: Silistre Eyaleti), sometimes called Özi Province was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire along the Black Sea littoral and south bank of the Danube River in southeastern Europe. ... Ochakiv (Russian: ; Crimean Tatar/Turkish: Özi) is a town of 16900 inhabitants in Mykolaiv (Nikolaev) Oblast of southern Ukraine, located on a peninsula on the shores of the Black Sea, at the entrance to the estuary of the Dnieper, and opposite to Kinburn. ... The Crimean Khanate (Khanate of Crimea) was an independent Turkic state (khanate) founded in 1441 by Haci Giray Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan. ... Khan (sometimes spelled as xan, han, Polish chan) is a title meaning ruler in Mongolian and Turkish. ... Sivas is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. ... Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين FilastÄ«n or FalastÄ«n, Hebrew: פלשתינה, Palestina, see also Canaan, Land of Israel) is the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the banks of the Jordan River, plus various adjoining lands to the east and south. ... Eyalet of TemeÅŸvar The Province of TemeÅŸvar or Eyalet of TemeÅŸvar was a first-level administrative unit (eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire located in the Banat region of Central Europe. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Traditional Trabzon country house Location of Trabzon Province within Turkey Trabzon, formerly known as Trebizond, Τραπεζοῦς (Trapezus) in Classical Greek, and Τραπεζούντα (Trapezoúnda) in Modern Greek (see also List of traditional Greek place names), is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey (Lat (DMS) 41° 2 60N... Tripoli (Arabic طرابلس Trablos, academically transliterated Ṭarābulus) is the second-largest city in Lebanon. ... Tripolitania is a historic region of western Libya, centered on the coastal city of Tripoli. ... Ruins at the location of old city of Van. ...

• Colin Imber. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The structure of Power. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.)
• Halil Inalcik. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600. Trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. (London: Weidenfield and Nicholson, 1973.)
• Donald Edgar Pitcher. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J.Brill,1972.)

Eyalets which had disappeared before 1609

• Abkhazia (Abhaz) (1578-?) (also called Sukhum [Sohumkale] or Georgia [Gürcistan] and included Mingrelia and Imeretia as well as modern Abkhazia – nominally annexed but never fully conquered)
• Akhaltsikhe (Ahıska) (c. 1603-?) (either split from or coextensive with Samtskhe)
• Dagestan (Dağıstan) (1578-?) (also called Demirkapı – assigned a serdar [chief] rather than a beylerbeyi)
• Dmanisi (Tumanis) (c. 1584-?)
• Ganja (Gence) (c.1588-1604)
• Gori (Gori) (c. 1588-?) (probably replaced Tiflis after 1586)
• Győr (Yanık) (1594-1598)
• Kakheti (Kaheti) (c. 1578-?) (Kakhetian king was appointed hereditary bey)
• Lorri (Lori) (c. 1584-?)
• Moldavia (Boğdan) (1595 only)
• Nakhichevan (Nahçivan) (c. 1603) (possibly never separate from Yerevan)
• Poti (Faş) (1579-?) (may have also been another name for Trabzon)
• Sanaa (San'a) (1567-1569) (temporary division of Yemen)
• Shemakha (Şamahı) (c. 1583) (may have also been another name for Shervan)
• Szigetvár (Sigetvar, Zigetvar) (c. 1596) (later transferred to Kanizsa)
• Shervan (Şirvan) (1578-1604) (overseen by a serdar [chief] rather than a beylerbeyi)
• Tabriz (Tebriz) (1585-1603)
• Tiflis (Tiflis) (1578-1586) (probably replaced by Gori after 1586)
• Wallachia (Eflak) (1595 only)
• Yerevan (Erivan) (1583-1604) (sometimes also included Van)
• Zabid (Zebid [Zebit]) (1567-1569) (temporary division of Yemen)

Official languages Abkhaz, Russian Political status De Facto Independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates 43°01′N 41°02′E President¹ Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister¹ Alexander Ankvab ¹ Separatist government Chairman of the Supreme Council² Temur Mzhavia Chairman of Cabinet of Ministers² Irakli Alasania ² Pro-Georgian Government in exile Independence  â€“ Declared... Mingrelia (Samegrelo in Georgian) is a historic province in the western part of the republic of Georgia, formerly also known as Odishi. ... Imereti is a historic province in Western Georgia, situated along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni river. ... Akhaltsikhe (old name - Lomsia and Ahıska) is a small city in southwestern Georgia, Mkhare (Province) of Samtskhe-Javakheti. ... The Republic of Dagestan (Russian: ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Dmanisi is a site in eastern Georgia approximately 85 km southwest of Tbilisi in the Mashavera River Valley. ... Ganja (Azerbaijani GÉ™ncÉ™) is Azerbaijans second largest city. ... Gori may refer to: Gori, Georgia Gori Province, Ottoman Empire Gori, Chad Gori River (India) Pietro Gori Giuseppe Gori Kathy Gori also: Gory Guerrero This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... GyÅ‘r (help· info) (German: Raab, Slovak: Ráb) is the most important city of Northwest-Hungary, the capital of GyÅ‘r-Moson-Sopron county and lies on one of the important roads of Central Europe, halfway between Budapest and Vienna. ... Kakheti is a province in Eastern Georgia. ... Lorri is one of the provinces (marz) of Armenia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Principality of Moldavia. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Poti is a city in the Samegrelo province in the west of the Republic of Georgia. ... History of Yemen. ... Shemakha coat of arms Shemakha (or Shemaha, Azeri: Åžamaxi, Russian: Шемаха) is a town in Azerbaijan, 70 miles west of Baku (40 38 N 48 40 E). ... Szigetvár is a town in Baranya County in southern Hungary. ... Historic region of Shervan or Shirvan and Arran after Gulistan Treaty of 1813 and was annexed by Russia; at the time it was Persian vassal khanate in Caucasus. ... Tabriz City Hall, built in 1895, by Arfaol molk, with the aid of German engineers. ... Tbilisi (Georgian თბილისი) is the capital city of the country of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) river, at 41°43′N 44°47′E. Tbilisi is still sometimes known by its former Turkish name of Tiflis. ... This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania. ... Yerevan (Armenian: ÔµÖ€Õ¥Ö‚Õ¡Õ¶ or ÔµÖ€Ö‡Õ¡Õ¶; sometimes written as Erevan; former names include Erebuni and Erivan) (population: 1,088,300 (2004 estimate) [1]) is one of the provinces in Armenia and the largest city and capital of Armenia. ... History of Yemen. ...

Eyalets established 1609-1683

• Crete (Girid [Girit]) (1669/70- )
• Morea (Mora) (16??- ) (originally part of Aegean Archipelago Province)
• Podolia (Podolya) (1674-1699 only) (overseen be several serdars [chiefs] rather than a beylerbeyi)
• Sidon (Sayda) (1660- )
• Neuhäusl (Uyvar) (1663- )
• Oradea (Varad) (1661- )

// Prehistoric Crete Little is known about the rise of ancient Cretan society, because very few written records remain. ... The name Morea (Greek: Μωρέας or Μωριάς) was used to refer to the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Historical arms of Podilia The region of Podolia or Podilia is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, corresponding to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. ... Sidon, Zidon or Saida, (Arabic صيدا Ṣaydā; Hebrew צִידוֹן, Standard Hebrew Ẓidon, Tiberian Hebrew Ṣîḏōn) is the third-largest city in Lebanon. ... Nové Zámky (German: Neuhäusl or Neuhäusel, Hungarian: Érsekújvár, Turkish: Uyvar) is a town in southwestern Slovakia. ... County Bihor County Status County capital Mayor Petru Filip, since 2000 Area 111. ...

Eyalets established 1683-1864

19th century administrative reform

As the Ottoman Empire began to decline, the administrative structure came under pressure. After 1861 there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian mutasarrif, which had been created as a homeland for the Maronite Christians under European pressure. As part of the Tanzimat reforms, an Ottoman law passed in 1864 provided for a standard provincial administration throughout the empire with the eyalets becoming smaller vilayets governed by a vali or governor still appointed by the Porte but with new provincial assemblies participating in administration. The vilayets were subdivided into sanjaks and vassal states such as Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro remained separate from the provincial system. 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Mount Lebanon is the mountain range that extends across the whole country of Lebanon about 160 km (100 mi) parallel to the Mediterranean coast and rising to 3,090 m (10,131 ft). ... Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܶܐ in Syriac, Mawarinah in Arabic) are members of one of the Eastern Rites of the Catholic church. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... The Tanzimat was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that lasted from 1839 to 1876. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 As well as the provinces there were three tributary states (Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, and Moldavia) and Transylvania, a principality under the suzerainty of the Porte. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... Principality of Serbia and Vojvodina of Serbia and TamiÅ¡ Banat in 1849 Serbian Principality was a state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of First Serbian Uprising and Second Serbian Uprising between 1804 and 1816. ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ Density  616,258  48. ...

Vilayets in 1877

• Adana (Adana)
• Aegean Archipelago (Cezayir-i Bahr-i Sefid [Akdeniz Adaları])
• Aleppo (Haleb [Halep])
• Ankara (Ankara) (also called Angora)
• Aydin (Aydın)
• Baghdad (Bağdad [Bağdat])
• Basra (Basra)
• Beirut (Beyrut)
• Benghazi (Bingazi) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) (Bingazi Sancağı)
• Biga (Biga) (also called Kale-i Sultaniye) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) (Biga Sancağı)
• Bitlis (Bitlis)
• Bosnia (Bosna)
• Çatalca (Çatalca) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) (Çatalca Sancağı)
• Crete (Girit)
• Cyprus (Kıbrıs) (island with special status) (Kıbrıs Adası)
• Danube (Tuna)
• Dayr az-Zawr (Deyr-i Zor)
• Diyarbekir (Diyarbekır [Diyarbakır])
• Edirne (Edirne) (Also called Adrianople)
• Egypt (Mısır) (autonomous khedivate, not a vilayet) (Mısır Hidivliği)
• Erzurum (Erzurum)
• Hejaz (Hicaz)
• Herzegovina (Hersek)
• Hudavendigar (Hüdavendigar) (Also called Bursa)
• Istanbul (İstanbul) (Also called Constantinople)
• Izmit (İzmid [İzmit]) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) (İzmid Sancağı)
• Janina (Yanya)
• Jerusalem (Kudüs-i Şerif) (mutasarrifate, not a part of any vilayet) (Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı)
• Kastamonu (Kastamonu)
• Konya (Konya)
• Kosovo (Kosova)
• Mamuret-el-Aziz (Mamuret-ül Aziz [Mamuretülaziz]) (also called Kharput, now Elazığ)
• Mecca (Mekke) (autonomous sharifate, not a vilayet) (Mekke Şerifliği)
• Monastir (Manastır)
• Mosul (Musul) (from 1879)
• Mount Lebanon (Cebel-i Lübnan [Cebeli Lübnan]) (mutasarrifate of Beirut, not a vilayet) (Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı)
• Salonica (Selanik)
• Shkodër (İşkodra)
• Samos (Sisam) (island with special status) (Sisam Beyliği)
• Sivas (Sivas)
• Sofia (Sofya)
• Syria (Şam) (Also called Damascus)
• Tripolitania (Trablusu-Garb [Trablusgarp])
• Tunis (Tunus) (autonomous eyalet, ruled by hereditary beys) (Tunus Eyaleti)
• Van (Van)

The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The Aegean Sea. ... Old Town Aleppo viewed from the Citadel Aleppo is also the name of two townships in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... Ankara or Angora was a Ottoman vilayet centered on the city of Ankara in north-central Anatolia, which includes most of ancient Galatia. ... Aydın is the capital city of Aydın Province in Turkey. ... Location of Baghdad within Iraq Baghdad (Arabic: , from Persian بغداد , meaning given by God) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Province. ... Basra Vilayet was a vilayet (province) of the Ottoman Empire. ... This article discusses the modern-day history of Lebanon. ... Benghazi (Arabic بنغازي, transliterated Banġāzī) is a seaport in Libya, Africa. ... This page is about districts of the Ottoman Empire; for a region in Serbia and Montenegro, see Sandžak. ... Biga is a term that has several meanings: The Latin word for chariot is biga. ... The Çanakkale seafront, with wooden horse from the 2004 film Troy Çanakkale, pronounced , is a town and seaport in Turkey, in Çanakkale Province, on the southern (Asiatic) coast of the Dardanelles (or Hellespont). ... This page is about districts of the Ottoman Empire; for a region in Serbia and Montenegro, see Sandžak. ... Bitlis is a city in Turkey, capital of Bitlis Province. ... The Province of Bosnia was a key Ottoman province, the westernmost one, based on the territory of the present day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Çatalca is a district of Istanbul Province. ... This page is about districts of the Ottoman Empire; for a region in Serbia and Montenegro, see Sandžak. ... // Prehistoric Crete Little is known about the rise of ancient Cretan society, because very few written records remain. ... The Danube Province (Turkish: Tuna Vilayeti) was a vilayet of the Ottoman Empire from 1864 to 1878. ... Suspension bridge of Deir ez Zor over the Euphrates River Dayr az-Zawr, also spelled Deir ez Zor , Deir al-Zur and other variants (Arabic:دير الزور, Armenian: Դէր Զօր or Ter Zor), is a city in north-eastern Syria on the Euphrates River and capital of Dayr az-Zawr governorate. ... Diyarbakırs early Byzantine city walls stretch unbroken for 6 kilometres A busy food market in central Diyarbakır The 12th century Ulu Cami dominates the city skyline Diyarbakır (Kurdish: Amed or Diyarbekir; Syriac: ; Greek: Amida; Armenian: Ամիդ Amid) is a major city in the Kurdish dominated southeastern Turkey... Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575 Edirne is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ... Khedive (from Persian for lord) was a title created in 1867 by the Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz for the then-governor of Egypt, Ismail Pasha. ... shows the Location of the Province Erzurum Erzurum (or Erzerum, Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. ... Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; Arabic: al-Ḥiǧāz) is a region in the northwest of present-day Saudi Arabia; its main city is Jeddah, but it is probably better-known for the holy city of Mecca. ... Approximate borders between Bosnia (marked light) and Herzegovina (marked dark) Note:A true border between Bosnia and Herzegovina does not exist, and the approximate borders are disputed. ... Bursa Bursa is the capital of the Bursa Province in northwestern Turkey. ... Bursa (formerly known as Brusa or Prusa) is the capital of the Bursa Province in northwestern Turkey. ... The location of Istanbul Province Maiden Tower and Historical Peninsula of Istanbul Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, and arguably the most important. ... İzmit (also known as Kocaeli; previously known as Ismid or Isnikmid) is a city in the northwestern part of Anatolia, Turkey. ... This page is about districts of the Ottoman Empire; for a region in Serbia and Montenegro, see Sandžak. ... Ioannina (Greek: Ιωάννινα, often Γιάννενα /janena/ or Γιάννινα /janina/); is a city in Epirus, north-western Greece, with a population of approximately 100,000 including suburbs. ... Jerusalem (31°46′N 35°14′E; Hebrew: (help· info) Yerushalayim; Arabic: (help· info) al-Quds) is an ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea at an elevation of 650-840 meter. ... Shows the Location of the Province Kastamonu Kastamonu is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Black Sea Region, to the north of the country. ... Konya is a city in Turkey, on the central plateau of Anatolia. ... Vilayet of Kosovo, 1875-1878 Vilayet of Kosovo, 1881-1912 The Province of Kosovo (Turkish: Kosova) was a vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Peninsula only roughly corresponding to the current region of Kosovo. ... Elazığ is a city in the Elazig Province of eastern Turkey. ... Elazığ is a city in the Elazig Province of eastern Turkey. ... Elazığ is a city in the Elazig Province of eastern Turkey. ... The Sharif of Mecca (الشریف المکة) was the traditional steward of the holy cities of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina (Madinah). ... Sharif is a traditional Arab tribal title given to those to serve as the protector of the tribe and all tribal assets, property, land, wells etc. ... Bitola-View of the old town Bitola (Macedonian Битола, Bulgarian Битоля, Albanian Manastir, Turkish Manastır, Greek Μοναστήρι - Monastiri, Serbian Bitolj/Битољ) is a city in the Republic of Macedonia. ... In 1879 Mosul Vilayet (province) was separated from Baghdad Vilayet. ... Mount Lebanon is the mountain range that extends across the whole country of Lebanon about 160 km (100 mi) parallel to the Mediterranean coast and rising to 3,090 m (10,131 ft). ... ... Shkodër Üsküdar, a district of Istanbul, was also known as Scutari. ... Samos (Greek Σάμος; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an island in southeastern Greece in the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Turkey. ... Sivas is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. ... Nickname: Motto: Official website: sofia. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria. ... Tripolitania is a historic region of western Libya, centered on the coastal city of Tripoli. ... Ruins at the location of old city of Van. ...

Administrative changes 1877-1918

Vilayets in 1918

• Adana
• Ankara
• Aydin
• Bitlis
• Diyarbekir
• Edirne
• Erzurum
• Hudavendigar (Bursa)
• Izmit
• Istanbul
• Konya
• Mamuret-el-Aziz (Elazığ)
• Sivas
• Trabzon
• Van

Second-order administrative units

The provinces were divided into sanjaks (also called livas) ruled by sancakbeys and were then subdivided into timars (fiefs held by timariots) and zeamets (also ziam; larger timars). Some, such as the Mutasarrifate (Sanjak) of Jerusalem, were not part of a province. Sanjak governors also served as military commanders of all of the timariot and zeamet-holding cavalrymen in their sanjak. Some provinces such as Egypt, Baghdad, Abyssinia, and Al-Hasa (the salyane provinces) were not subdivided into sanjaks and timars. This page is about districts of the Ottoman Empire; for a region in Serbia and Montenegro, see Sandžak. ... Bey is the Turkish word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ... A timariot (or timar holder; timarlu in Turkish) was an irregular cavalryman that served the Ottoman sultan and in return was granted a fief called a timar. ... Cavalry is also a common misspelling of the Biblical hill Calvary. ...

Government

See the article on state organisation of the Ottoman Empire for further information on the structure of power in the provinces. The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries. ...

Civil administration

Civil and judicial administration was carried out under a separate parallel system of small municipal or rural units called kazas administered by a qadi (kadı). Kazas in turn were subdivided into nahiyes. The qadis came from the ulema and represent the legal authority of the sultan. The civil system was considered a check on the military system since beys (who represented executive authority) could not carry out punishment without a sentence for a qadi. Likewiese, qadis were not permitted to personally effect punishemnt. In the areas of sharia and kanun law, qadis were responsible directly to the sultan. KAZA (Channel 54) is a Azteca America television station affiliate in the Los Angeles area. ... Qadi (قاضى) is an Arabic term meaning judge. ... The Ulema are Muslim scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies, responsible for interpreting the Sharia. ... Bey is the Turkish word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ... The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed. ... Kanun is the customary law of Albania and of Kosovo which is still enforced by clans in some parts of the country and it resembles the Italian vendetta. ...

Vassal or tributary states

As well as the provinces there were a number of tributary or vassal states usually on the periphery of the Empire that were under suzerainty of the Porte. There were various reasons direct control was not established in these areas. Some of these states served as buffer statess between the Ottomans and Christendom in Europe or Shi’ism in Asia. Their number varied over time but notable were the Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, Serbia, Circassia, and the Kurdish states. Other states such as Bulgaria, Serbia, and Bosnia were vassals before being absorbed into the Empire. Still others had commercial value such as Imeretia, Mingrelia, Chios, the Duchy of Naxos, and the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik). Areas such as holy cities and Venetian tributary areas of Cyprus and Zante were also not fully incorporated. Finally, some small areas such as Montenegro/Zeta and Mount Lebanon did not merit the effort of conquest and were not fully subordinated to the center. A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contests, of submission or allegiance. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater Powers that by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them. ... This medieval map, which abstracts the known world to a cross inscribed within an orb, remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography. ... It has been suggested that Misconceptions about the Shia be merged into this article or section. ... The Crimean Khanate (Khanate of Crimea) was an independent Turkic state (khanate) founded in 1441 by Haci Giray Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... For other uses, see Transylvania (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Circassia, also known as Cherkessia in Russian, is a region in Caucasia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Province of Bosnia was a key Ottoman province, the westernmost one, based on the territory of the present day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Imereti is a historic province in Western Georgia, situated along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni river. ... Mingrelia (Samegrelo in Georgian) is a historic province in the western part of the republic of Georgia, formerly also known as Odishi. ... Chios (Italian: Scio, Turkish: Sakız, Χίος; alternative transliterations Khios and Hios, see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. ... The Venetian Duchy of the Archipelago (also called Egeon Pelagos) was a maritime state created in the Aegean Sea in the aftermath the Fourth Crusade. ... Ragusan Republic, before 1808 Official languages Latin Established church Roman Catholic Church Capital and largest city Ragusa Head of state Knez (duke) Area less than 1,500 km² Population less than 200,000 Existed 14th century - 1808 The Republic of Ragusa, also known as the Republic of Dubrovnik, was a... // This is a list of cities that various groups regard as holy. ... I Have A Very Very Big Penis! The Most Serene Republic of Venice was a Venetian city-state in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. ... Zakynthos (Ζάκυνθος, also known as Zante), the third largest of the Ionian Islands, covers an area of 410 square kilometers and its coastline is roughly 123 kilometers in length. ... Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ Density  616,258  48. ... Zeta was one of the first Montenegrin states in the Middle Ages. ... Mount Lebanon is the mountain range that extends across the whole country of Lebanon about 160 km (100 mi) parallel to the Mediterranean coast and rising to 3,090 m (10,131 ft). ...

Vassalage or tribute took a number of forms. Some of it was within the eyelet system and included sancakbeys who were local to their sanjak or who inherited their position (e.g., Samtskhe, some Kurdish sanjaks), areas that were permitted to elect their own leaders (e.g., areas of Albania, Epirus, and Morea), or de facto independent eyalets (e.g., Algiers, Tunis, Tripolitania, and later Egypt). Outside the eyalet system were states such as Moldavia and Wallachia paid tribute to the Ottomans and over which the Porte had the right to nominate or depose the ruler, garrison rights, and foreign policy control. Some states such as Ragusa paid tribute for the entirety of their territory and recognized Ottoman suzerainty. Others such as the sharif of Mecca recognized Ottoman suzerainty but were subsidized by the Porte. There were also secondary vassals such as the Nogai Horde and the Circassians who were (at least nominally) vassals of the khans of Crimea, or some Berbers and Arabs who paid tribute to the North African beylerbeyis, who were in turn Ottoman vassals themselves. Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Epirus (Greek Ήπειρος, Ípeiros; see also List of traditional Greek place names), is a province or periphery in northwestern Greece, bounded by West Macedonia and Thessaly to the east, by the province of Sterea Ellada (Central Greece) to the south, the Ionian Sea and the Ionian Islands to the west and... The Morea and surrounding states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The name Morea (Μωρέας) for Peloponnesos first appears in the 10th century in Byzantine chronicles. ... Map of Algeria showing Algiers province Algiers (French Alger, (Arabic: ولاية الجزائر) El-Jazair, The Islands) is the capital and largest city of Algeria in North Africa. ... Tripolitania is a historic region of western Libya, centered around the coastal city of Tripoli. ... The Sharif of Mecca (الشریف المکة) was the traditional steward of the holy cities of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina (Madinah). ... The Nogai Horde was the Tatar horde that controlled the Caucasus Mountain region after the Mongol invasion. ... The term Circassians is term derived from the Turkic Cherkess, and is not the self-designation of any people. ... Khan (sometimes spelled as xan, han, Polish chan) is a title meaning ruler in Mongolian and Turkish. ... The Crimean Khanate (Khanate of Crimea) was an independent Turkic state (khanate) founded in 1441 by Haci Giray Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group indigenous to the Maghreb, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ...

Other states paid tribute for possessions that were legally bound to the Ottoman Empire but not possessed by the Ottomans such as the Habsburgs for parts of Royal Hungary or Venice for Zante. Other tribute from foreign powers included a kind of “protection money” sometimes called a horde tax (similar to the Danegeld) paid by Russia or the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was usually paid to the Ottoman vassal khans of Crimea rather than to the Ottoman sultan directly. The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ... Royal Hungary was the official name of the territory of present-day Slovakia, Burgenland, western Croatia and small adjacent territories between c. ... I Have A Very Very Big Penis! The Most Serene Republic of Venice was a Venetian city-state in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. ... Zakynthos (Ζάκυνθος, also known as Zante), the third largest of the Ionian Islands, covers an area of 410 square kilometers and its coastline is roughly 123 kilometers in length. ... Look up Horde on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Horde is a term derived from a Turkic word - ordu. ... The Danegeld was an English tax raised to pay off Viking raiders (usually led by the Danish king) to save the land from being ravaged by the raiders. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Khan (sometimes spelled as xan, han, Polish chan) is a title meaning ruler in Mongolian and Turkish. ... The Crimean Khanate (Khanate of Crimea) was an independent Turkic state (khanate) founded in 1441 by Haci Giray Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan. ...

Vassal states 1877-1922

• Principality of Bulgaria (Bulgaristan Prensliği) (1878-1908)
• Eastern Rumelia (Rumeli-i Şarki [Şarkî Rumeli]) (1878-1885) (de facto controlled by Bulgaria)
• Principality of Montenegro (Karadağ Prensliği) (→1878)
• Principality of Romania (Romanya Prensliği) (previously Principality of Wallachia-Moldavia [Eflâk-Boğdan Voyvodalığı]) (→1878)
• Principality of Serbia (Sırbistan Prensliği) (→1878)

The Treaty of San Stefano of March 3, 1878 provided for an independent Bulgarian state, which spanned over the geographical regions of Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia. ... Flag of Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia (Bulgarian: ; Ottoman Turkish: Rumeli-i Sarki; Modern Turkish: Sarki Rumeli, Greek Ανατολική Ρωμυλία) was an autonomous province in the Ottoman Empire from 1878 to 1885 (nominally to 1908). ... The history of Montenegro begins in the early Middle Ages, after the arrival of the Slavs into that part of the former Roman province of Dalmatia that forms present-day Montenegro. ... From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. ... Principality of Serbia and Vojvodina of Serbia and Tamiš Banat in 1849 Serbian Principality was a state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of First Serbian Uprising and Second Serbian Uprising between 1804 and 1816. ...

References and further reading

• Colin Imber. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.)
• "Illustrated Ottoman-Turkish Postmarks 1840-1929." At İstanbul Filateli ve Kültür Merkezi, A.Ş.
• Halil Inalcik. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600. Trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. (London: Weidenfield and Nicholson, 1973.)
• Paul Robert Magocsi. Historical Atlas of Central Europe. (2nd ed.) Seattle, WA, USA: Univ. of Washington Press, 2002)
• Nouveau Larousse illustré, undated (early 20th century), passim (in French)
• Donald Edgar Pitcher. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire. (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J.Brill,1972.) (Includes 36 color maps)
• Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German) (includes maps)
• WorldStatesmen Turkey; see also other present-day countries