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The Ley de Lemas (Spanish, Law of Lemmas) is a law dictating a voting system that employs an unusual open-list party-list proportional representation method. It is (or was) used in Argentina, Uruguay and Honduras. The Elections and Parties Series Democracy Representative democracy History of democracy Referenda Liberal democracy Representation Voting Voting systems Ideology Elections Elections by country Elections by calendar Politics Politics by country Political campaigns Political science Political philosophy Related topics Political parties Parties by country Parties by name Parties by ideology Ideologies...
Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems used in multiple-winner elections (e. ...
The mechanism is as follows:
- Each party (or coalition, if permitted) is formally termed a lema.
- Each lema might have several sublemas (candidates or lists of candidates).
- There are no primary elections. Each party can present several sublemas directly to the main election.
- The winning party is the one which got most votes (adding up the votes of its sublemas). Within this party, the winning sublema is the one which got most votes.
The actual composition of the sublemas can vary: it can be a pair of candidates (e. g. to be elected governor and vice-governor), or an ordered list of candidates to fill a legislative body. Once determined the votes for each lema and sublema, the count is done using a common method (e. g. d'Hondt). A primary election is an election in which registered voters in a jurisdiction select a political partys candidate for a later election (nominating primary). ...
The dHondt method is a highest averages method for allocating seats in party-list proportional representation. ...
History and use
The law was designed in 1870 by the Belgian professor Charles Borelli. The first legislative project supporting it was presented in Uruguay in 1875, but the system was adopted progressively by several modifications and innovations to the electoral law in 1910, 1934, 1935 and 1939. Uruguay still employs it, though the constitutional reform of 1996 has limited its scope.
Honduras has applied the Ley de Lemas in presidential elections.
In Argentina, a number of provinces employ or have employed a version of this electoral system: Chubut, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Misiones, Río Negro, Salta, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán. Provinces have complete freedom to elect local and national representatives using the method of their choice; the system propagates down to the municipal level (except in the hypothetical case of autonomous cities). Argentina consists of 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 federal district (Capital Federal *). Capital Federal * Buenos Aires Catamarca Chaco Chubut Córdoba Corrientes Entre Ríos Formosa Jujuy La Pampa La Rioja Mendoza Misiones Neuquén Río Negro Salta San Juan San Luis Santa Cruz Santa Fe Santiago...
An autonomous (subnational) entity is a subnational entity that has a certain amount of autonomy. ...
The lemas system has never been used in Argentina for a presidential election, though the idea was circulated before the 2003 election. Argentina held a presidential election on Sunday, April 27, 2003. ...
Jutification and criticism The Ley de Lemas presents itself as a solution to the problem of fiat selection of candidates performed behind closed doors by party factions. By allowing many candidates to run within the same party and leaving the decission to the citizenship, the system is supposed to end the practice of dark intra-party alliances and add transparency to the conflicts between internal factions. This helps the participation of independent candidates (not backed up by powerful party leaders). It also avoids primary elections (which, in the case of Argentina, have never been practiced widely and typically enjoy very low voter turnout). A primary election is an election in which registered voters in a jurisdiction select a political partys candidate for a later election (nominating primary). ...
Voter turnout is a measure of the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in any given election. ...
However, the system is not without criticism. The party-list proportional representation system works under the assumption that the citizens vote primarily for parties. However, citizens often place emphasis on individual candidates rather than the parties' perceived ideological platforms. The diversity of views allowed within a single party means that voters may end up giving their vote to a candidate they did not want.
Also, proportional representation system are (obviously) intended for multiple winners (for example, candidates to fill a legislative chamber); yet the Ley de Lemas has been used to elect governors and mayors.
Problems with the law in Argentina
In Santa Fe In the province of Santa Fe, where the Ley de Lemas was in force since 1991, it produced two instances of governor elections lost by candidates who had obtained considerably more votes than its immediate rival. In the 2003 elections, the Socialist candidate Hermes Binner (former mayor of Rosario) got 556,603 votes, against the Peronist candidate Jorge Obeid (former governor and mayor of Santa Fe City), who got 319,887 votes. Obeid, however, won the election thanks to the cumulative votes of the other Peronist sublemas. Santa Fe is a province of Argentina, located in the north of the country. ...
Hermes Juan Binner is an Argentine medical doctor and politician, born on 5 June 1943 in Rafaela, province of Santa Fe. ...
Rosario is the largest city of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, and the third most populous in the country, after Córdoba and Buenos Aires. ...
Santa Fe, is a city in northeastern Argentina, It is the capital of the Santa Fe Province, near the junction of the Parana and Salado rivers, opposite the city of Parana, to which Santa Fe is linked by a sub-fluvial tunnel inaugurated in 1973. ...
The proliferation of (mostly opportunistic) sub-lists for legislative posts reached outlandish levels, to the point that 1 voter in 51 was a candidate to some post in some sublema (about 40,000 candidates total).
The law was repealed on 30 November 2004, and replaced by compulsory primary elections followed by a closed-list main election, with proportional representation for legislative elections and first-past-the-post for the executive charges. The First Past the Post electoral system, is a voting system for single-member districts. ...
In Tucumán The Ley de Lemas makes it easy to postulate a myriad of candidates, even if they have little representativity, and in fact encourages political parties to do so. In the province of Tucumán, the 2003 election saw a total of 1,800 sublemas (for provincial and municipal executive and legislative posts). More than 50,000 citizens were candidates (1 in 23 eligible voters). As in Santa Fe, this confused the voters and diluted the legitimacy of the candidates, as well as making the vote count a extremely complicated process. Map of Argentina highlighting the province Tucumán is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. ...
There exist various methods through which the ballots cast at an election may be counted, prior to applying a voting system to obtain one or more winners. ...
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