Spacefilling model of substance P
tachykinin, precursor 1
Identifiers
Symbol	TAC1
Alt. Symbols	TAC2, NKNA
Entrez	6863
HUGO	11517
OMIM	162320
RefSeq	NM_003182
UniProt	P20366
Other data
Locus	Chr. 7 q21-q22

Substance P
Identifiers
CAS number	33507-63-0
PubChem	36511
MeSH	Substance+P
Properties
Molecular formula	C63H98N18O13S
Molar mass	1347.63 g/mol
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

In neuroscience, Substance P is a neuropeptide: a short-chain polypeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... Look up Hugo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... National Center for Biotechnology Information logo The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health. ... Swiss-Prot is a curated biological database of protein sequences created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute. ... Short and long arms Chromosome. ... Chromosome 7 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ... Image File history File links Substance_P.svg‎ Other versions Image:Substance P.png—space-filling model File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ... Drawing of the cells in the chicken cerebellum by S. Ramón y Cajal Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. ... A Neuropeptide is any of the variety of peptides found in neural tissue; e. ... Peptides are the family of molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various amino acids. ... Chemical structure of D-aspartic acid, a common amino acid neurotransmitter. ... A neuromodulator is a substance other than a neurotransmitter, released by a neuron at a synapse and conveying information to adjacent or distant neurons, either enhancing or damping their activities. ... Tachykinin peptides are one of the largest family of neuropeptides, found from amphibians to mammals. ...

It is an 11-amino acid polypeptide with the sequence: Arg Pro Lys Pro Gln Gln Phe Phe Gly Leu Met NH2. Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ...

Receptor

The endogenous receptor for Substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R). It belongs to the tachykinin receptor sub-family of GPCRs. Look up Endogenous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ... General Information Neurokinin 1 is a G protein coupled receptor found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. ... Tachykinin peptides are one of the largest family of neuropeptides, found from amphibians to mammals. ... In cell biology, G-protein-coupled receptors, also known as GPCR, seven transmembrane receptors, heptahelical receptors, or 7TM receptors, are a class of transmembrane receptors. ...

Functions

In the central nervous system, substance P has been associated in the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, reinforcement, neurogenesis, respiratory rhythm, neurotoxicity, nausea / emesis and pain. A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... A mood disorder is a condition where the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. ... In operant conditioning, reinforcement is an increase in the strength of a response following the presentation of a stimulus contingent on that response. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or manmade toxic substances ,which are called neurotoxins, alters the normal activity of the nervous system. ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Vomiting (or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth. ... “Hurting” redirects here. ...

Vomiting

The vomiting center in the brainstem contains high concentrations of substance P and its receptor, in addition to other neurotransmitters such as choline, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, and opioids. Their activation stimulates the vomiting reflex. Different emetic pathways exist, and substance P/NK1R appears to be within the final common pathway to regulate vomiting. ^[1] Vomiting (also throwing up or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. ... The brain stem is the stalk of the brain below the cerebral hemispheres. ... Choline is an organic compound, classified as an essential nutrient and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Dopamine is a phenethylamine naturally produced by the human body. ... Serotonin (pronounced ) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans. ... An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ...

Substance P antagonist (SPA) aprepitant is available in the market in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea / emesis. Aprepitant (brand name: Emendâ„¢) is a medication, that is used in the treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea / emesis. ... Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ...

Pain

Substance P is involved in the transmission of pain impulses from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system. It has been theorized that it plays a part in fibromyalgia. Capsaicin has been shown to reduce the levels of Substance P probably by reducing the number of C-fibre nerves or causing these nerves to be more tolerant. “Hurting” redirects here. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Fibromyalgia (FM or FMS) is a chronic syndrome (constellation of signs and symptoms) characterized by diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, fatigue, and a wide range of other symptoms. ... Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. ... C-fibers are unmyeliniated and as a result, have a slower conduction velocity, lower than 2 m/s. ...

Stimulating cellular growth

Substance P has been shown to stimulate cellular growth in cell culture ^[2], and it was shown that Substance P could promote wound healing of non-healing ulcers in humans. ^[3] It has also been shown to reverse diabetes in mice. ^[4] Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer. ...

Vasodilation

It also has effects as a potent vasodilator. This is caused by the release of nitric oxide from the endothelium. Its release can cause hypotension. Vasodilation is where blood vessels in the body become wider following the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the vessel wall. ... R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... The endothelium is the layer of thin, flat cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. ... In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. ...

Substance P in gastrointestinal infection

Entamoeba histolytica is a single-celled parasitic protozoan that infects the lower gastrointestinal tract of humans, producing symptoms of diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain.^[5][6] This protozoan was found to secrete serotonin^[7], as well as substance P and neurotensin.^[8] Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan, classified as an entamoebid. ... Protozoa (in Greek protos = first and zoon = animal) are single-celled creatures with nuclei that show some characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ... Abdominal pain can be one of the symptoms associated with transient disorders or serious disease. ... Serotonin (pronounced ) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans. ... Neurotensin is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is implicated in the regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin release and has significant interaction with the dopaminergic system. ...

Animals without substance P

Naked mole rats lack Substance P and do not feel pain when painful stimuli are administered to the skin.^[9][10] Binomial name Rüppell, 1842 Distribution of the Naked Mole Rat The Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus glaber), also known as the Sand Puppy, or Desert Mole Rat, is a burrowing rodent native to parts of East Africa and the only species currently classified in genus Heterocephalus. ... Look up Pain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

References

1. ^ Hornby PJ. Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis. Am J Med 2001;111:106S-12S
2. ^ Reid TW, Murphy C, Iwahashi C, Foster B, and Mannis M. Stimulation of epithelial cell growth by the neuropeptide substance P. J Cell Biochem 1993; 52:476-485
3. ^ Brown S, Lamberts D, Reid TW, Nishida T, Murphy C. Neurophilic and Anhidrotric Keratopathy Treated with Substance P and Insulinlike Growth Factor 1. Arch Ophthalmol 1997; 115:926-927
4. ^ Breakthrough sheds light on cause of diabetes - health - 15 December 2006 - New Scientist. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
5. ^ Steinitz H (1979). "[Chronic recurrent intestinal amebiasis in Israel (author's transl)]" (in German). Leber, Magen, Darm 9 (4): 175-9. PMID 491812. 
6. ^ Stark D, van Hal S, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J (2007). "Irritable bowel syndrome: a review on the role of intestinal protozoa and the importance of their detection and diagnosis". Int. J. Parasitol. 37 (1): 11-20. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.09.009. PMID 17070814. 
7. ^ McGowan K, Kane A, Asarkof N, et al (1983). "Entamoeba histolytica causes intestinal secretion: role of serotonin". Science 221 (4612): 762-4. PMID 6308760. 
8. ^ McGowan K, Guerina V, Wicks J, Donowitz M (1985). "Secretory hormones of Entamoeba histolytica". Ciba Found. Symp. 112: 139-54. PMID 2861068. 
9. ^ Park TJ, Comer C, Carol A, Lu Y, Hong HS, Rice FL (2003). "Somatosensory organization and behavior in naked mole-rats: II. Peripheral structures, innervation, and selective lack of neuropeptides associated with thermoregulation and pain". J Comp Neurol 465 (1): 104–20. DOI:10.1002/cne.10824. PMID 12926019. 
10. ^ Pepling, Rachel Sheremeta (January 7, 2004). Ugly Ducklings. Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved on 2007-08-14.

In zootomy, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Chemistry & Engineering News is a weekly chemistry trade magazine published by the American Chemical Society. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• http://www.fibromyalgiasupport.com/library/showarticle.cfm/id/3097 Dr. Jon Russell, M.D., Ph.D., Substance P is Key to Understanding Pain Process