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A subtitle can refer to one of two things: an explanatory or alternate title of a book, play or film, in addition to its main title, or textual versions of a film or television program's dialogue that appear onscreen. Image File history File links Derived from public domain images featured at: http://commons. ...
Film refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
As an additional title In books and other works, a subtitle is an explanatory or alternate title. For example, Mary Shelley used a subtitle to give her most famous novel, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus, an alternate title to give a hint of the theme. There are at least eight books in English that carry the subtitle Virtue Rewarded. Subtitles for plays were fashionable in the Elizabethan period, and Shakespeare parodied this vogue by giving Twelfth Night the pointless subtitle What You Will, implying that the subtitle can be whatever the audience wants it to be. In printing, subtitles often appear below the title in a less prominent typeface or following the title after a colon. Mary Shelley Mary Shelley (30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist, the author of Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus. ...
Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here:This article is about the 1818 novel. ...
This is a chronological list of books with the subtitle Virtue Rewarded. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Twelfth Night has at least three meanings: Twelfth Night (holiday), celebrated by some Christians Twelfth Night, or What You Will, a comedic play by William Shakespeare Twelfth Night (band), a progressive rock band This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the...
Some modern publishers choose to forgo subtitles when republishing historical works, such as Shelley's famous story, which is often now sold simply as Frankenstein.
Examples Home: A History of An Idea is a book published in 1986 by Canadian architect, professor and writer Witold Rybczynski. ...
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a 2003 film directed by Peter Weir and starring Russell Crowe as Jack Aubrey, with Paul Bettany as Stephen Maturin. ...
One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw is a book published in 2000 by Canadian architect, professor and writer Witold Rybczynski. ...
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is a movie of adventure and romance set in the Caribbean during the seventeenth century. ...
Film poster for Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace is a 1999 film by George Lucas starring Liam Neeson, Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, and Jake Lloyd. ...
The Goat, or, Who is Sylvia? is a play by Edward Albee, written in 2000 and premiering on Broadway in 2002 to a very mixed reception, although it received that years Tony Award for Best Play. ...
For the hit 1987 single by Depeche Mode, see the album Music for the Masses Film poster for Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb is a 1964 satirical film directed by Stanley Kubrick. ...
In films and television
 A French movie, Le Garçon sauvage, with German subtitles (
details)
 Production of teletext subtitles Subtitles are textual versions of the dialogue in films and television programmes, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. They can either be a form of written translation of a dialogue in a foreign language, or a written rendering of the dialogue in the same language - with or without added information intended to help viewers with hearing disabilities to follow the dialogue. Sometimes, mainly at film festivals, subtitles may be shown on a separate display below the screen, thus saving the film-maker from creating a subtitled copy for perhaps just one showing. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1594x1190, 257 KB)A screenshot from Le Garçon sauvage (Savage Triangle in the U.S.A.) (1951), a French movie with German subtitles as seen on arte. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1594x1190, 257 KB)A screenshot from Le Garçon sauvage (Savage Triangle in the U.S.A.) (1951), a French movie with German subtitles as seen on arte. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1594x1190, 257 KB)A screenshot from Le Garçon sauvage (Savage Triangle in the U.S.A.) (1951), a French movie with German subtitles as seen on arte. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
The process of subtitling Translation subtitling is very different from the translation of written text. When a film or a TV programme is subtitled, the translation subtitler watches the picture and listens to the audio (sometimes having access to a written transcript of the dialogue as well) sentence by sentence. He/she then writes subtitles in the target language that convey how it is said, rather than being an exact rendering of what is said, i.e. meaning is more important than form. This is due both to the fact that the dialogue must be condensed in order to achieve an acceptable reading speed (if there is not enough time to both read the subtitles and watch the programme, the whole purpose of subtitling is lost), and the fact that spoken language often contains unimportant verbal padding which is only confusing if kept in the written subtitles.
Similarly, subtitles in the same language as the dialogue are often (but not always) edited for reading speed and better readability. This is especially true if they cover a situation where many people are speaking at the same time, or speech is very unstructured, as the human brain has difficulty absorbing unstructured written text quickly.
Today professional subtitlers usually work with specialised computer software and hardware, where the video is digitally stored on a hard disk, making each individual frame instantly accessible. Besides creating the subtitles, the subtitler usually also tells the computer software the exact positions where each subtitle should appear and disappear, although for most cinema film, and in some countries also for electronic media, this task is traditionally done by separate technicians. The end result is a subtitle file containing the actual subtitles as well as position markers indicating where each subtitle should appear and disappear. These markers are usually based on timecode if it is a work for electronic media (e.g. TV, video, DVD), and on film length (measured in feet and frames) if the subtitles are to be used for traditional cinema film. SMPTE timecode is a set of cooperating standards to label individual frames of video or film with a timecode defined by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. ...
The finished subtitle file is used to add the subtitles to the picture, either directly into the picture (open subtitles); embedded in the vertical interval and later superimposed on the picture by the end user with the help of an external decoder or a decoder built into the TV (closed subtitles on TV or video); or converted to tiff or bmp graphics that are later superimposed on the picture by the end user (closed subtitles on DVD). The vertical blanking interval (VBI) is an interval in a television or VDU signal that temporarily suspends transmission of the signal for the electron gun to move back up to the first line of the television screen to trace the next screen field. ...
This article is about TIFF, the computer image format. ...
BMP is an abbreviation for: Basic Multilingual Plane, the 16-bit base of the Unicode character set. ...
Subtitles vs. dubbing and lectoring The two alternative methods of 'translating' films in a foreign language are dubbing, in which other actors record over the voices of the original actors in a different language, and lectoring, a form of voice-over for fiction material where a narrator tells the audience what the actors are saying while their voices can be heard in the background. Lectoring is common for television in Russia, Poland and a few other East European countries, while cinemas in these countries show films dubbed or subtitled. In filmmaking, dubbing or looping is the process of recording or replacing voices for a motion picture. ...
A voice-over is a narration that is played on top of a video segment, usually with the audio for that segment muted or lowered. ...
The preference for dubbing or subtitling in various countries is largely based on decisions taken in the late 1920s and early 1930s. With the arrival of sound film, the film importers in Germany, Italy, France and Spain decided to dub the foreign voices, while the rest of Europe selected to display the dialogue as translated subtitles. The choice was largely due to financial reasons (subtitling is inexpensive and quick, while dubbing is very expensive and thus requires a very large audience to justify the cost), but during the 1930s it also became a political preference in Germany, Italy and Spain; an expedient form of censorship that ensured that foreign views and ideas could be stopped from reaching the local audience, as dubbing makes it possible to create a dialogue which is totally different from the original. The Rhodesia Herald of September 21, 1966. ...
Dubbing is still the norm and favoured form in these four countries, but the proportion of subtitling is slowly growing, mainly to save cost and turnaround-time, but also due to a growing acceptance among younger generations, who are better readers and increasingly have a basic knowledge of English (the dominant language in film and TV) and thus prefer to hear the original dialogue.
In the traditional subtitling countries, dubbing is generally regarded as something very strange and unnatural and is only used for animated films and TV programmes intended for pre-school children.
Subtitling is also an advantage for deaf people. International deaf accessibility symbol The word deaf can have very different meanings depending on the background of the person speaking or the context in which the word is used. ...
Live subtitles Live subtitling (live captioning) of news, sports events and live debates is becoming increasingly common, especially in the UK and the US, as a result of regulations that stipulate that virtually all TV eventually must be accessible for those with hearing disabilities.
Such subtitles, which need be displayed within 2-3 seconds of the audio they represent, are usually produced by specially trained, court stenographers, using stenotype or velotype keyboards. However, the most recent development is using specialised voice recognition software, into which an operator re-speaks the dialogue being heard. In the UK the re-speak technology has advanced so quickly that about 50% of all live subtitling is currently (2005) being done through re-speak. Shorthand is a writing method that can be done at speed because an abbreviated or symbolic form of language is used. ...
A stenotype or shorthand machine is a specialized keyboard or typewriter used by stenographers for shorthand use. ...
Velotype is the trademark for a type of keyboard for typing text, known as a syllabic chord keyboard. ...
Speech recognition technologies allow computers equipped with a source of sound input, such as a microphone, to interpret human speech, e. ...
In order to minimise the unavoidable delay, live subtitles are usually displayed as scrolling text instead of being presented as one- or two-line subtitle blocks. It is unavoidable that live subtitling contains more errors than pre-produced subtitles, as there is no time to correct a typing error or a mishearing (the operator's or the computer's). However, the benefits for viewers with hearing disabilities are considered more important than error-free subtitles.
Live translation subtitling is rarely done. It usually involves a simultaneous interpreter who listens to the dialogue and quickly translates it aloud, while a stenographer types down the interpreter's words. The unavoidable delay, the unavoidable typing errors, the lack of editing, and the high costs, mean that the number of times live translation subtitling is regarded as necessary are very few. Letting the simultaneous interpreter speak directly to the viewers is usually both cheaper and quicker.
Closed subtitles Optionally-appearing subtitles are called "closed" subtitles. Subtitles that cannot be turned off are "open".
Closed captions is the American term for closed subtitles specifically intended for the hard-of-hearing. These are a transcription rather than a translation, and usually contain descriptions of important non-dialogue audio as well ("Car horn"). From the expression "closed captions" the word "caption" has in recent years come to mean a subtitle intended for the hard of hearing, be it "open" or "closed". In British English "subtitles" usually refers to subtitles for the hard-of-hearing (HoH), as translation subtitles are so rare on British cinema and TV; however, the term "HoH subtitles" is sometimes used when there is a need to make a distinction between the two. Closed captioning allows deaf, hard of hearing / hearing_impaired, and other people to read, through captions, a transcript of the audio portion of a video that they cannot hear. ...
SDH subtitles "SDH" is an American term introduced by the DVD industry. It's an acronym for "Subtitles for the deaf and hard-of-hearing", and refers to regular subtitles in the original language where important non-dialogue audio has been added, as well as speaker identification (useful when you can't tell from the picture alone who is saying what you see as subtitles). The only significant difference for the user between 'SDH" subtitles and "closed captions" is their appearance, as traditional "closed captions" are non-proportional and rather crude, while SDH subtitles usually are displayed with the same proportional font used for the translation subtitles on the DVD. However, closed captions are often displayed on a black band, which makes them easier to read than regular DVD subtitles. DVD's for the US market now sometimes have three forms of English subtitles: SDH subtitles, straight English subtitles intended for hearing viewers, and closed caption data that is decoded by the end-user’s closed caption decoder. High definition disc media (HD DVD, Blu-ray disc) uses SDH subtitles as the sole method as the discs cannot carry Line 21 closed captions. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ...
HD-DVD disc HD DVD (for High Density Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital optical media format which is being developed as one standard for high-definition DVD. HD DVD is similar to the competing Blu-ray Disc, which also uses the same CD sized (120 mm diameter) optical data...
A Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a next-generation optical disc format meant for high-density storage of high-definition video and data. ...
Subtitling as a practice In several countries or regions nearly all foreign language TV programs are subtitled, instead of dubbed, notably in: In Wales channel S4C provides subtitles in English for Welsh language programmes as well as subtitles in Welsh for deaf people. The Arab world The Arab world consists of twenty-three countries stretching from Western Sahara and Mauritania in the west to Oman in the east. ...
Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) has several main meanings: the social, political and cultural community of the Flemings, through its social and political organizations, its media, universities, ... ; some prefer to call this the Flemish community, other refers to this as the Flemish nation; a constituent governing institution of the federal Belgian...
Wallonia (French: Wallonie, German: Wallonien, Walloon: Walonreye, Dutch: Wallonië) or the Walloon Region (French: Région Wallonne, Dutch: Waals Gewest) is the predominantly French-speaking region that constitutes one of the three federal regions of Belgium, with its capital at Namur. ...
Quechua (Standard Quechua, Runasimi Language of People) is an Native American language of South America. ...
Cantonese (Traditional Chinese: 粵語; Simplified Chinese: 粤è¯]], Cantonese: Yuet6yue5; Mandarin pinyin: YuèyÇ”, lit. ...
Motto: (English: ) Anthem: (Transliteration: ) (English: ) Capital Skopje Largest city Skopje Official language(s) Macedonian 1 Government Parliamentary republic - President Branko Crvenkovski - Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Independence From Yugoslavia - Declared September 8, 1991 Area - Total 25,333 km² (149th) 9,779 sq mi - Water (%) 1. ...
Motto: None Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Official language(s) Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic - President Filip Vujanović - Prime Minister Milo Äukanović Independence - Formation 1356 - Recognition March 3, 1878 - Unification with Serbia July 20, 1917 - Independence June 3, 2006 - Recognised June 8, 2006...
Motto: Je Maintiendrai (Dutch: Ik zal handhaven, English: I Shall Uphold) Anthem: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe Capital Amsterdam1 Largest city Amsterdam Official language(s) Dutch2 Government Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy - Queen Beatrix - Prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende Independence Eighty Years War - Declared July 26, 1581 - Recognised January 30, 1648 (by Spain...
The Aymara are a native ethnic group in the Andes region of South America; about 2. ...
Quechua (Standard Quechua, Runasimi Language of People) is an Native American language of South America. ...
Motto: none Anthem: Bože Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878 - Serbia and Montenegro union...
Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia. ...
Sesotho is a language spoken in southern Africa. ...
Xhosa (IPA: ) is one of the official languages of South Africa. ...
Zulu (isiZulu in Zulu), is a language of the Zulu people with about 10 million speakers, the vast majority (over 95%) of whom live in South Africa. ...
National motto: Cymru am byth (Welsh: Wales for ever) Waless location relative to most of the British Isles (other parts of the UK shown on the map are in pink). ...
S4C (Sianel Pedwar Cymru - Channel Four Wales) is a Welsh-language television channel broadcasting in Wales, United Kingdom, which was established in response to demands for a channel to cater for the Welsh-speaking minority population in Wales. ...
In Wallonia (Belgium) films are usually dubbed, but sometimes they are played on two channels at the same time: one dubbed (on La Une) and the other subtitled (on La Deux). Wallonia (French: Wallonie, German: Wallonien, Walloon: Walonreye, Dutch: Wallonië) or the Walloon Region (French: Région Wallonne, Dutch: Waals Gewest) is the predominantly French-speaking region that constitutes one of the three federal regions of Belgium, with its capital at Namur. ...
Subtitles as a source of humor Occasionally, movies will use subtitles as a source of humour. - In Austin Powers in Goldmember, Japanese dialogue is subtitled using white type that blends in with white objects in the background. An example is when white binders turn the subtitle "I have a huge rodent problem" into "I have a huge rod".
- In The Impostors one character speaks in a foreign language, while another character hides under the bed. Although the hidden character cannot understand what is being spoken, he can read the subtitles. Since the subtitles are overlaid on the film, they appear to be reversed from his point of view. His attempt to puzzle out these subtitles enhances the humour of the scene.
- The movie Airplane! and its sequel feature two inner-city African Americans speaking in barely comprehensible jive, with English subtitles. However, the movie viewer can sense that the subtitles do not match the context of the speech; when they talk in sexually explicit slang, inaccurate sanitized text appears below.
- The Carl Reiner comedy The Man with Two Brains also features comedic use of subtitles. After stopping Dr. Michael Hfuhruhurr (Steve Martin) for speeding, a German police officer realises that Hfuhruhurr can speak English. He asks his colleague in their squad car to turn off the subtitles, and indicates towards the bottom of the screen, commenting that "This is better - we have more room down there now".
- In the opening credits of Monty Python and the Holy Grail the Swedish subtitler switches to English and promotes his country, until the introduction is cut off and the subtitler "sacked". In the DVD version of the same film, the viewer could choose, instead of hearing aid and local languages, lines from Shakespeare's Henry IV, part 5 that vaguely resemble the lines that are actually being spoken in film, if they are "people who hate the film".
- In Scary Movie 4, there is a scene where the actors speak in faux Japanese (nonsensical words which mostly consist of Japanese company names), but the content of the subtitles is the "real" conversation.
- In Not Another Teen Movie the nude foreign exchange student character Areola speaks lightly accented English, but her dialogue is subtitled anyway. Also, the text is spaced in such a way that a view of her bare breasts is unhindered.
- Simon Ellis' 2000 short film Telling Lies juxtaposes a soundtrack of a man telling lies on the telephone against subtitles which expose the truth. [1]
Austin Powers in Goldmember is a 2002 comedy film. ...
The Impostors is a 1998 farce motion picture written and directed by Stanley Tucci, starring Oliver Platt, Stanley Tucci, Alfred Molina, Tony Shalhoub, Steve Buscemi, and Billy Connolly. ...
Airplane! is an American comedy film, first released on June 27, 1980, produced and directed by Jim Abrahams, David Zucker and Jerry Zucker, and starring Robert Hays, Julie Hagerty, Leslie Nielsen, Robert Stack, Lloyd Bridges, Peter Graves, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Lorna Patterson. ...
African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ...
African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called African American English, Black English, Black Vernacular, or Black English Vernacular (BEV), is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language. ...
Carl Reiner (born March 20, 1922) is an American actor, film director, producer, writer and comedian. ...
The Man with Two Brains is a 1983 US film directed by Carl Reiner and starring Steve Martin and Kathleen Turner. ...
Steve Martin (right) with Scooter, on The Muppet Show Stephen Glenn Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American comedian, writer, producer, actor, musician, and composer. ...
Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a comedy film from 1975. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Scary Movie 4 is a sequel to Scary Movie 3 that is directed by David Zucker, written by Craig Mazin and Pat Proft, and produced by Robert K. Weiss. ...
Not Another Teen Movie is a film released in 2001 by Sony Pictures. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
Simon Ellis is a songwriter and music producer who began his music career as a member of the band Ellis, Beggs and Howard which led him to being the musical director of various bands in the United Kingdom and world tours such as East 17 and the Spice Girls. ...
This article is about the year 2000. ...
Controversy One recent controversy about the necessity of subtitles involved the Mel Gibson movie The Passion of the Christ. All the dialogue in this film was in Aramaic, Latin and Hebrew instead of modern English. Gibson initially intended not to include subtitles, in the belief that the audience already knew the story, but the distributors ordered him to include them, arguing that audiences would refuse to watch a film whose dialogue was entirely untranslated. Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson (born January 3, 1956) is an Academy Award–winning American born Australian reared actor, director and producer best known for acting in the Mad Max movie series, the Lethal Weapon series, acting in and directing the Academy Award–winning Braveheart and directing the 2004 blockbuster The...
The Passion of the Christ (2004) is a film about the last twelve hours of the life of Jesus Christ, known to Christians as the Passion. It was directed by Mel Gibson. ...
Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ...
Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
Hebrew (עִבְרִית, ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Subtitle formats
A video player is a kind of media player for playing back digital video data from media such as optical discs (for example, DVD, VCD), as well as from files of appropriate formats such as MPEG, AVI, RealVideo, and QuickTime. ...
Subrip is a Microsoft Windows optical character recognition program which rips DVD subtitles and their timings as a text file, and the name of the subtitle format used by this software. ...
VobSub is a tool that rips subtitles from VOB files. ...
SubStation Alpha (or Sub Station Alpha), abbreviated SSA, is a file format that allows for more advanced subtitles than the conventional SRT and similar formats. ...
SubStation Alpha (or Sub Station Alpha), abbreviated SSA, is a file format that allows for more advanced subtitles than the conventional SRT and similar formats. ...
SMIL (pronounced smile) is an abbreviation for the Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language. ...
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a consortium that produces standards—recommendations, as they call them—for the World Wide Web. ...
RealNetworks NASDAQ: RNWK is a provider of Internet media delivery software and services based in Seattle, United States. ...
RealPlayer is a media player, created by RealNetworks, that plays a number of multimedia formats including MP3, MPEG-4, QuickTime, as well as multiple generations of proprietary RealAudio and RealVideo codecs. ...
MPEG-4 Part 17, or MPEG-4 Timed Text is the text based subtitle format for MPEG-4. ...
Ogg Writ is a text-phrase codec used with the Ogg encapsulation format. ...
For media - DVB subtitles
- Teletext
- Philips Overlay Graphics Text
A BBC Ceefax page from the 10th September 1999. ...
See also A commonly-used symbol indicating that a program or movie is closed-captioned. ...
In filmmaking, dubbing refers to the recording of voices for a movie. ...
A dubtitle is a subtitled program where the subtitle track is a transcription of the dialogue spoken on the dubbed soundtrack. ...
Opening credits of School Rumble with karaoke fansub subtitles. ...
Subtitle is a rock band based in Höör (Sweden). ...
Supertitles or surtitles are commonly used in opera or other musical performances. ...
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