The Republic of the Sudan, or Republic of Sudan (in recent years the definite article has increasingly been dropped in common usage) is the largest country in Africa, situated in the northeast part of the continent. The capital is Khartoum. It borders Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. Definite Article is the title of British comedian Eddie Izzards 1996 performance released on video and CD. The video/DVD and CD performances were both recorded on different nights at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London, England. ... Khartoum (in Arabic, al-Khartûm: الخرطوم, meaning elephant trunk) is the capital of Sudan, at the point where the White Nile coming from Uganda meets the Blue Nile coming from Ethiopia. ... The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Miṣr or Maṣr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in north-eastern Africa. ... (Red Sea is also the name of a state in Sudan) Conshelf II in the Red Sea (Sudan) The Red Sea (Arabic البحر الأحمر Baḥr al-Aḥmar, al-Baḥru l-’Aḥmar; Hebrew ים סוף Yam Suf) is a gulf or basin of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... National motto: None Official languages Tigrigna, Arabic and English Capital Asmara President Isaias Afewerki Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 96th 121,320 km² Negligible Population  - Total (2002)  - Density Ranked 118th 4,298,269 37/km² Independence  - Limited  - Fully From Ethiopia  May 29, 1991  May 24, 1993 Currency Nakfa Time zone UTC... The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ityopiya, Amharic ኢትዮጵያ) is a country situated in the Horn of Africa. ... Kenya (pronounced as KEN-ya) is a country of East Africa, bordering Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and the Indian Ocean. ... The Republic of Uganda is a country in east central Africa. ... The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a nation in central Africa and the third largest country on the continent. ... The Central African Republic is a land-locked country in central Africa. ... The Republic of Chad (تشاد) is a land-locked nation in central Africa. ... The Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or Libya (Arabic: ليبيا) is a country in North Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, located between Egypt on the east, Sudan on the southeast, Chad and Niger on the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. ...

(Flag) (Coat of Arms)
National motto: Al-Nasr Lana (Arabic: Victory is Ours)
National anthem: Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan ("We Are the Army of God and of Our Land")
Capital	Khartoum 15° 00′ N, 30° 00′ E
Largest city	Khartoum
Official languages	Arabic
Government President	Authoritarian regime U. H. A. al-Bashir
Independence  - Date	From Egypt and the United Kingdom January 1, 1956
Area  - Total  - Water (%)	2,505,810 km² (10th) 5%
Population  - 2003 est.  - ? census  - Density	38,114,160 (32nd) unavailable 15/km² (195)
GDP (PPP)  - Total  - Per capita	2003 estimate 68,628 (61) 2,046 (126)
Currency	Sudanese dinar (SDD)
Time zone  - Summer (DST)	MSK (UTC+3) not observed (UTC+3)
Internet TLD	.sd
Calling code	+249

History

Main article: History of Sudan The history of Sudan is marked by its location between the largely Middle Eastern influences of Egypt and its close connections with the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa. ...

Three Kushite kingdoms called northern Sudan home in ancient times. These kingdoms were influenced by, and in turn influenced Pharoanic Egypt. For the son of Rama and Sita from Indian epic of Ramayana, go to Kush (hindu). ... Map of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was the civilization of the Nile Valley between about 3000 BC and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation it is the quintessential example of an hydraulic empire. ...

Although Christianity had been introduced into Sudan in the third or fourth centuries, around AD 640, Islam came to Sudan. A merchant class of Arabs established themselves as economically dominant in feudal Sudan. Important kingdoms in the next 1200 years include Makuria and the Kingdom of Sennar. Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ... Islam ( Arabic al-islām الإسلام,  listen?) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Makuria (to Arabs al-Mukurra or al-Muqurra) was a kingdom located in what is today Southern Egypt and the Sudan. ... A king of Sennar, 1821 Kingdom of Sennar was a former sultanate in the north of Sudan, which ruled a substantial area of northeast Africa between 1504 and 1821. ...

Religious leader Muhammad ibn Abdalla, the self-proclaimed Mahdi (Messiah), attempted to unify the tribes of western and central Sudan in the 1880s. He led a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum in 1885, in which the British General Gordon was killed. The Mahdist state survived until being overwhelmed by an Anglo-Egyptian force under Lord Kitchener in 1898. Britain ran Sudan as two essentially separate colonies, the south and the north, until 1956. Muhammad Ahmad ibn as Sayyid Abd Allah (1844 - June 22, 1885) was a Muslim religious leader, a faqir, in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. ... The Mahdi (or Mehdi), in Islamic eschatology, is a man who will come at the end of the times. ... This article is about religious concept of Messiah. ... Khartoum (in Arabic, al-Khartûm: الخرطوم, meaning elephant trunk) is the capital of Sudan, at the point where the White Nile coming from Uganda meets the Blue Nile coming from Ethiopia. ... 1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Charles George Chinese Gordon (January 28, 1833 - January 26, 1885) was a British soldier and administrator. ... Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum PC, KBE, KCB, ADC ( June 24, 1850 - June 5, 1916) was a British Field Marshal and statesman. ... 1898 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1956 is a leap year starting on Sunday. ...

After independence the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a federal system, which led to a mutiny by southern army officers that sparked 17 years of civil war from 1955 to 1972. The First Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1955 to 1972 between the northern part of Sudan and a south that demanded more regional autonomy. ... 1955 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ...

Elections were held in April 1965 but Sudan had a series of governments that proved unable either to agree on a permanent constitution or to cope with problems of factionalism, economic stagnation, and ethnic dissidence. Much of the ethnic conflict is born of the North (Arab, Muslim) versus South (African, Christian and animistic) and has a strong economic element in that economic development while under British colonial rule was focused in the North. Dissatisfaction culminated in a second military coup on 25 May 1969. The coup leader, Col. Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiri, became prime minister, and the new regime abolished parliament and outlawed all political parties. May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise known as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Gafar Muhammad an-Numayri; born January 1, 1930) was a Sudanese dictator and political figure. ...

In 1972, the Addis Ababa Agreement led to a cessation of the north-south civil war and a degree of self-rule. This led to a ten-year hiatus in the civil war. In September 1983 President Nimeiri announced his decision to extend Islamic Shari'a punishments into the penal code, re-igniting the civil war. The Addis Ababa Accords were a series of compromises in 1972, aimed at appeasing the leaders of the insurgency in southern Sudan after the first Sudanese Civil War proved costly to the government in the South. ... Hiatus (derives from Latin : gap; cf. ... Sharia ( Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ... The Second Sudanese Civil War started in 1983, although it is most accurately a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. ...

After shortages of fuel and bread, a growing insurgency in the south, drought and famine, in 1984-5 another military coup led by Gen. Suwar al-Dahab restored a civilian government. However the civil war intensified in lethality and the economy continued to deteriorate. In 1989 General Umar al-Bashir became president and chief of state, prime minister and chief of the armed forces. The Criminal Act of 1991 instituted harsh punishments nationwide, including amputations and stoning. Omar al-Bashir Lieutenant General Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (born January 1, 1944) is the president of Sudan. ... Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or surgery. ...

The ongoing civil war has displaced more than 4 million southerners. Some fled into southern cities, such as Juba; others trekked as far north as Khartoum and even into Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, and other neighboring countries. These people were unable to grow food or earn money to feed themselves, and malnutrition and starvation became widespread. The lack of investment in the south resulted as well in what international humanitarian organizations call a "lost generation" who lack educational opportunities, access to basic health care services, and little prospects for productive employment in the small and weak economies of the south or the north. The Second Sudanese Civil War started in 1983, although it is most accurately a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. ... Juba is the capital of the state of Bahr al Jabal in southern Sudan. ... The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ityopiya, Amharic ኢትዮጵያ) is a country situated in the Horn of Africa. ... Kenya (pronounced as KEN-ya) is a country of East Africa, bordering Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and the Indian Ocean. ... The Republic of Uganda is a country in east central Africa. ... The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Miṣr or Maṣr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in north-eastern Africa. ...

In early 2003 a new rebellion began in the western province of Darfur, during which time the government committed terrible atrocities. In February 2004, the government declared victory over the rebellion but the rebels reported that they remained in control of rural areas and others reports indicated that widespread fighting was continuing. The Darfur conflict is an ongoing conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan, mainly between the Janjaweed, a government-supported militia recruited from local Arab tribes, and the non-Arab peoples of the region. ... Darfur - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

Peace talks between the southern rebels and the government made substantial progress in 2003 and early 2004, although skirmishes in parts of the south were reportedly continuing. The peace was consolidated with the official signing by both sides of the Naivasha treaty on January 9, 2005, pursuant to which the south will be granted autonomy for six years, to be followed by a referendum on independence. It is hoped that the treaty will finally mark the end of a decades-long war that has claimed millions of lives. January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Southern Sudan is a region of Sudan. ...

Politics

Main article: Politics of Sudan Sudan is a republic Government Country name: Conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan Conventional short form: Sudan Local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan (Arabic: جمهوريّة السّودان) Local short form: As-Sudan (Arabic: السّودان) Former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Data code: SU Capital: Khartoum Administrative divisions: 26 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah...

Sudan has an authoritarian government in which all effective political power is in the hands of President Omar Hassan al-Bashir. Bashir and his party have controlled the government since he led the military coup on June 30, 1989.

From 1983 to 1997, the Sudan was divided into five regions in the north and three in the south, each headed by a military governor. After the April 6, 1985 military coup, regional assemblies were suspended. The RCC was abolished in 1996, and the ruling National Islamic Front changed its name to the National Congress Party. After 1997, the structure of regional administration was replaced by the creation of 26 states. The executives, cabinets, and senior-level state officials are appointed by the president, and their limited budgets are determined by and dispensed from Khartoum. The states, as a result, remain economically dependent upon the central government. Khartoum state, comprising the capital and outlying districts, is administered by a governor. April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... The National Islamic Front is the political organization that controls Sudan. ... The National Congress is the only official political party of Sudan. ... Khartoum Khartoum (also Al Khartum) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ...

In December 1999, a power struggle climaxed between President al-Bashir and then-speaker of parliament Hassan al-Turabi, who was the NIF founder and an Islamist ideologue. Al-Turabi was stripped of his posts in the ruling party and the government, parliament was disbanded, the constitution was suspended, and a state of national emergency was declared by presidential decree. Parliament resumed in February 2001 after the December 2000 presidential and parliamentary elections, but the national emergency laws remain in effect. Al-Turabi was arrested in February 2001, and charged with being a threat to national security and the constitutional order for signing a memorandum of understanding with the SPLA. He was placed in a maximum-security prison and remains in custody. Dr. Hassan abd Allah al-Turabi (الدكتور حسن عبد الله الترابي in Arabic), commonly called Hassan al-Turabi (sometimes transliterated Hassan al-Tourabi) (حسن الترابي), is a political and religious leader in Sudan, who may have been instrumental in institutionalizing Islamic Sharia law in the northern part of the country. ... The Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) is a rebel group that was formed in 1983. ...

See Presidents of Sudan This page contains a list of presidents and other heads of state of Sudan. ...

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Sudan Sudans administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international boundary, and Egypt asserts its claim to the Halaib Triangle, a barren area of 20,580 km² under partial Sudanese administration that is defined by an administrative boundary which supersedes the treaty boundary of 1899. ...

Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbors and much of the international community due to what is viewed as its aggressively Islamic stance. For much of the 1990s, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia formed an ad-hoc alliance called the "Front Line States" with support from the United States to check the influence of the National Islamic Front government. During this period, Sudan supported anti-Uganda rebel groups such as the Lord's Resistance Army in retaliation for Ugandan support of the Sudan People's Liberation Army. Beginning from the mid-1990s Sudan gradually began to moderate its positions as a result of increased US pressure following the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings and the new development of oil fields previously in rebel hands. While Sudan also has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the Hala'ib Triangle. Since 2003, the foreign relations of Sudan have centered on the support for ending the Second Sudanese Civil War and condemnation of government support for militias in the Darfur conflict. The Republic of Uganda is a country in east central Africa. ... Kenya (pronounced as KEN-ya) is a country of East Africa, bordering Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and the Indian Ocean. ... The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ityopiya, Amharic ኢትዮጵያ) is a country situated in the Horn of Africa. ... The National Islamic Front is the political organization that controls Sudan. ... Labuje IDP camp near Kitgum Town The Lords Resistance Army (LRA), formed in 1987, is a rebel paramilitary group operating in northern Uganda, and as of April 2005 is engaged in an armed conflict against the Ugandan government. ... The Sudan Peoples Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) is a rebel group that was formed in 1983. ... Bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi The embassy in Kenya after the bombing On August 7, 1998, the United States embassies in the East African capital cities of Tanzania and Kenya, were severely damaged in nearly simultaneous truck bomb attacks. ... The Halaib Triangle is an area of land measuring 20,580 km&sup2 located on the Red Seas African coast, between the borders of Egypt and Sudan. ... The Second Sudanese Civil War started in 1983, although it is most accurately a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. ... The Darfur conflict is an ongoing conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan, mainly between the Janjaweed, a government-supported militia recruited from local Arab tribes, and the non-Arab peoples of the region. ...

States

Political map of Sudan

Main article: States of Sudan Download high resolution version (1050x1328, 209 KB)Political map of Sudan from 2000, from http://www. ... Download high resolution version (1050x1328, 209 KB)Political map of Sudan from 2000, from http://www. ... Anglo-Egyptian Sudan had eight mudiriyas, or provinces, which were ambiguous when created but became well defined by the beginning of the Second World War. ...

Sudan has 26 states or wilayat: Al Jazirah, Al Qadarif, Bahr al Jabal, Blue Nile, East Equatoria, Junqali, Kassala, Khartoum, Lakes, North Bahr al Ghazal, North Darfur, North Kurdufan, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sennar, South Darfur, South Kurdufan, Unity, Upper Nile, Warab, West Bahr al Ghazal, West Darfur, West Equatoria, West Kurdufan, and White Nile. A wilaya is an administrative subdivision of several countries, including Algeria, Morocco, Sudan, and Oman. ... Al Jazirah is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Al Qadarif is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Bahr al Jabal is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan, with an area of 22,956 km2. ... Blue Nile Blue Nile (An Nil al Azraq) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... East Equatoria East Equatoria (Sharq al Istiwaiyah) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Junqali is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Kassala is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Khartoum Khartoum (also Al Khartum) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Lakes (Al Buhayrat) Lakes (Al Buhayrat) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... North Bahr al Ghazal North Bahr al Ghazal (Shamal Bahr al Ghazal) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... North Darfur North Darfur (Shamal Darfur) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Shamal Kurdufan (Northern Kordofan) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Northern Northern (Ash Shamaliyah) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Red Sea Coast of Sudan Red Sea (Al Bahr al Ahmar) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... River Nile River Nile (Nahr an Nil) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Sennar Sennar is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... South Darfur South Darfur (Janub Darfur) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... South Kurdufan (Janub Kurdufan) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Unity (Wahda) Unity (Al Wahdah) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Upper Nile Upper Nile (Aali an Nil) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... Warab is the capital of the state of Warab in Sudan. ... West Bahr al Ghazal West Bahr al Ghazal (Gharb Bahr al Ghazal) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... West Darfur West Darfur (Gharb Darfur) is one of the 26 states of Sudan, and one of three comprising the Darfur region. ... West Equatoria West Equatoria (Gharb al Istiwaiyah) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... West Kurdufan (Gharb Kurdufan) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ... White Nile White Nile (An Nil al Abyad) is one of the 26 wilayat or states of Sudan. ...

Southern Sudan is an autonomous region intermediate between the states and the national government. Southern Sudan is a region of Sudan. ...

Geography

Map of Sudan

Main article: Geography of Sudan Map of Sudan from http://www. ... Map of Sudan from http://www. ... Map of Sudan The Red Sea in Sudan Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 30 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 2,505,810 km² land: 2. ...

Sudan is situated in Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea. It is dominated by the River Nile and its tributaries. With an area of 2,505,810 km², it is the largest country in the continent. The terrain is generally flat plains, though there are mountains in the east and west. The climate is tropical in the south; arid desert conditions in the north, with a rainy season from April to October. Soil erosion and desertification are environmental hazards (Red Sea is also the name of a state in Sudan) Conshelf II in the Red Sea (Sudan) The Red Sea (Arabic البحر الأحمر Baḥr al-Aḥmar, al-Baḥru l-’Aḥmar; Hebrew ים סוף Yam Suf) is a gulf or basin of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Miṣr or Maṣr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in north-eastern Africa. ... National motto: None Official languages Tigrigna, Arabic and English Capital Asmara President Isaias Afewerki Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 96th 121,320 km² Negligible Population  - Total (2002)  - Density Ranked 118th 4,298,269 37/km² Independence  - Limited  - Fully From Ethiopia  May 29, 1991  May 24, 1993 Currency Nakfa Time zone UTC... There is also Nile, a death metal band from South Carolina, USA. The Nile in Egypt Length 6 695 km Elevation of the source 1 134 m Average discharge 2 830 m³/s Area watershed 3 400 000 km² Origin Africa Mouth the Mediterranean Basin countries Uganda - Sudan - Egypt The...

See List of cities in Sudan This is a list of cities in Sudan: Atbara Babanusa Bentiu Bor Ed Damazin Delgo Dongola El Obeid Al Fashir Geneina Halaib Juba Kasala Khartoum Kotsi Kusti Malakal Nimule Nyala Omdurman Port Sudan Al Qadarif Sawakin Ed Dueim Sennar Suakin Tonj Al Ubayyid Wadi Halfa Waw (Wau) Categories: Lists...

Economy

Main article: Economy of Sudan Sudans primary resources are agricultural, but oil production and export are taking on greater importance since October 2000. ...

Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces formidable economic problems, starting from its low level of per capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at 6.1% in 2003.

Agriculture production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing 80% of the work force and contributing 39% of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - including the long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the Christian/animist south, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural prices - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years.

See Communications in Sudan, Transportation in Sudan Telephones - main lines in use: 75,000 (1995) Telephones - mobile cellular: 3,000 (1998) Telephone system: large, well-equipped system by regional standards, but barely adequate and poorly maintained by modern standards; cellular communications started in 1996 domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a... Railways: total: 5,311 km narrow gauge: 4,595 km 1. ...

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Sudan In Sudans 1981 census, the population was calculated at 21 million. ...

In Sudan’s 1993 census, the population was calculated at 26 million. No comprehensive census has been carried out since that time due to the continuation of the civil war. Current estimates from the CIA factbook as of 2004 estimate the population to be about 39 million. The population of metropolitan Khartoum (including Khartoum, Omdurman, and Khartoum North) is growing rapidly and ranges from 6-7 million, including around 2 million displaced persons from the southern war zone as well as western and eastern drought-affected areas.

Sudan has two distinct major cultures--Arab and black African--with hundreds of ethnic and tribal divisions and language groups, which makes effective collaboration among them a major problem.

The northern states cover most of the Sudan and include most of the urban centers. Most of the 22 million Sudanese who live in this region are Arabic-speaking Muslims, though the majority also use a traditional non-Arabic mother tongue--e.g., Nubian, Beja, Fur, Nuban, Ingessana, etc. Among these are several distinct tribal groups: the Kababish of northern Kordofan, a camel-raising people; the Ja’alin and Shaigiyya groups of settled tribes along the rivers; the seminomadic Baggara of Kordofan and Darfur; the Hamitic Beja in the Red Sea area and Nubians of the northern Nile areas, some of whom have been resettled on the Atbara River; and the Negroid Nuba of southern Kordofan and Fur in the western reaches of the country.

The southern region has a population of around 6 million and a predominantly rural, subsistence economy. This region has been negatively affected by war for all but 10 years since independence in 1956, resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructure development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2 million people have died, and more than 4 million are internally displaced or have become refugees as a result of the civil war and war-related impacts. Here the Sudanese practice mainly indigenous traditional beliefs, although Christian missionaries have converted some. The south also contains many tribal groups and many more languages are used than in the north. The Dinka--whose population is estimated at more than 1 million--is the largest of the many black African tribes of the Sudan. Along with the Shilluk and the Nuer, they are among the Nilotic tribes. The Azande, Bor, and Jo Luo are “Sudanic” tribes in the west, and the Acholi and Lotuhu live in the extreme south, extending into Uganda.

People

• Nuer tribe
• Baggara peoples
• Nuba peoples
• Dinka tribe
• Beja tribe
• Ababde tribe
• Chuluk
• Anjuak

(more with rough locations) The Nuer are one of the largest ethnic groups in southern Sudan and western Ethiopia. ... The Baggara or Baqqarah are a nomadic Bedouin people inhabiting the Darfur region of western Sudan and Chad. ... Nuba is a collective term used for the peoples who inhabit the Nuba Mountains, in Kordofan province, Sudan, Africa. ... The Dinka are a people of southern Sudan, inhabiting the swamplands of the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin. ... The Beja people are an ethnic group in the Sudan, but also in parts of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Egypt. ... The Ababda (or Ababde) (the Gebadei of Pliny, possibly the Troglodytes of classical writers), are a nomad tribe of African Bedouins, a subgroup of the Beja people; some still speak the Cushitic Beja language, while others speak Arabic. ...

• Ayuak S. Central
• Shililuk E.
• Toposa E.
• Didiga E.
• Latuga E.
• Acholi E.
• Madi E.
• Barit Juba City
• Kakua S.W.
• Zande S.W.
• many more

Culture

Main article: Culture of Sudan

• Music of Sudan
• List of writers from Sudan
• Islam in Sudan

Sudan has a rich and unique musical culture. ... African Writers (by country): This is a list of literary figures from the African continent, listed by country, including poets, novelists, childrens writers, essayists, and scholars, listed by country. ... Sudan is a religiously mixed country, although Muslims have dominated national government institutions since independence in 1956. ...

See also

• Military of Sudan
• List of cities in Sudan
• Lost Boys of Sudan (Docu-film)
• Human rights issues in Sudan
• Janjaweed
• Not the Sudan nuclear test by the US

The Sudan Peoples Armed Forces is a 60,000-member army supported by a small air force and navy. ... This is a list of cities in Sudan: Atbara Babanusa Bentiu Bor Ed Damazin Delgo Dongola El Obeid Al Fashir Geneina Halaib Juba Kasala Khartoum Kotsi Kusti Malakal Nimule Nyala Omdurman Port Sudan Al Qadarif Sawakin Ed Dueim Sennar Suakin Tonj Al Ubayyid Wadi Halfa Waw (Wau) Categories: Lists... Lost Boys of Sudan is a documentary film by Megan Mylan and Jon Shenk about two Sudanese boys who reached the United States after fleeing the civil war in their country. ... Human rights organizations have documented a variety of abuses and atrocities carried out by the Sudanese government over the past several years. ... Introduction The Janjaweed (variously spelled Janjawid, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, etc. ... The Sedan crater. ...

External links

• Arab Gateway - Sudan (http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/sudan.htm)
• BBC News Country Profile - Sudan (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/820864.stm)
• CIA World Factbook - Sudan (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/su.html)
• Library of Congress Country Study - Sudan (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html) data as of June 1991
• LookSmart - Republic of Sudan (http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us559898/us559899/us10065672/us559957/) directory category
• Open Directory Project - Sudan (http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Sudan/) directory category
• Yahoo! - Sudan (http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Sudan/) directory category
• AllAfrica.com - Sudan (http://allafrica.com/sudan/) news headline links
• Yahoo! News Full Coverage - Sudan (http://news.yahoo.com/fc?tmpl=fc&cid=34&in=world&cat=sudan) news headline links
• Sudan Emanciation & Preservation Network (SEPNET) (http://www.sepnet.org)
• European-Sudanese Public Affairs Council (http://www.espac.org/profile/profile.html)

Capitals Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Santa Cruz de Tenerife Area  – Total  – % of Spain Ranked 13th  7 447 km  1,5% Population  – Total (2003)  – % of Spain  – Density Ranked 8th  1 843 755  4,4%  247,58/km Demonym  – English  – Spanish Canary Islander canario/a Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982... Ceuta is a Spanish exclave in North Africa, located on the northernmost tip of Maghreb, on the Mediterranean coast near the Straits of Gibraltar. ... Melilla, known in Arabic as مليلة, and in Tamazight as Tamlit is a Spanish autonomous city on the coast of eastern Morocco, in North Africa. ... For other uses of the word, see Madeira (disambiguation) Madeira Islands location. ... Mayotte is an overseas collectivity of France at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique, in the Comoros Archipelago. ... Réunion is an island, as well as an overseas département (département doutre-mer, or DOM) of France, located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar. ... Saint Helena refers to both an island and administrative unit in the South Atlantic Ocean 2,800 km off the west coast of Angola, and to the British Overseas territory that includes it and the dependencies of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; this article describes both. ...