NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sudra

Shudra or Sudra is the fourth Varna in the traditional four-section division in historic Indian society. Their assigned and expected role in post-Vedic India was that of laborers. The four Varnas are Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Shudra. The word Caste is derived from the Portuguese word casta, meaning lineage, breed or race. ... The Vedic Civilization is the Indo-Aryan culture associated with the Vedas. ... This page deals with the Hindu varna. ... Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is the title of the princely military order in the Vedic society. ... In the Hindu caste system, a Vaishya (Sanskrit vaiśya, female vaiśyā) is a member of the third of the four major castes of the varna system of traditional Indian society, comprising farmers, herders, merchants, and businessmen. ...

Origins

Whilst the origins of the other varnas can be traced to Indo-Aryan or even Proto Indo-European words, the root of the word is not clear at all. A threefold division of societies can be found in ancient Iran that matches the Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaisya varnas. Although linguistically related Nuristani people in neighboring Afghanistan have a class equivalent to the Shudras amongst them. [1] The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies Indo-European is originally a linguistic term, referring to the Indo-European language family. ... The Nuristani are an ethnic/religious group in the Nurestan Province of Afghanistan. ...

From Dasas and Dahyus

It has been proposed that the Shudras were same as Dasas and Dahyus, who are portrayed as enemies of the Aryans in the Vedas, and who it is said were enslaved by the Aryans^{[citation needed]}. But the latter groups are also encountered in the Avestan texts and no subjugation is mentioned, though enmity is. This is because the Dasa, Dasyus or Pani as they are sometimes referred to were Iranic. The Iranians proudly call themselves "Dahyu." Panini was a Pashtu Brahmin of Hinduism who came to India to learn Sanskrit^{[citation needed]}. So then this suggests that the Dasa were merely a tribe. The ancient texts of India betray no such subjugation by conquest resulting in servile group of people, but merely assume that the Shudras are part of society, even if not the most exalted. Luftwaffe Tornado ECR Deutsche Aerospace AG Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG Founded May 19, 1989 as Deutsche Aerospace AG, bundling space and aeronautic elements of Daimler-Benz (including Dornier Luftfahrt), Messerschmitt-BÃ¶lkow-Blohm (MBB), MTU MÃ¼nchen, and Telefunken Systemtechnik (TST) In 1992, the helicopter division was... Aryan ()is an English language word derived from the Indian Vedas and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, Ärya-, and/or the extended form aryÄna-. The Sanskrit and Old Persian languages both pronounced the word as arya- () and aryan. ... The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and are the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti forms of Hinduism. ... See Avesta Municipality for the Swedish town Yasna 28. ...

Etymology

There is no etymology of the word as well, it is mentioned in the purusha-sukta of Rig veda. The numerical strength of this varna is also not clear from the Vedic corpus as tasks attributed to Shudras later are done by Vaisys in the era represented by these texts. The Rig Veda ऋग्वेद (Sanskrit ṛc praise + veda knowledge) is the earliest of the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas. ...

Jati

The Jati which derived from the Sanskrit word for birth, is the full blown expansion of the theoretical and the original varnas carried to its extreme in the ages following the 'Vedic' period. Every Jati claimed to belong to some Varna. Jatis (the word literally means births) comprise the subcastes found within the four major castes, or varnas, of the Indian caste system. ... Jatis (the word literally means births) comprise the subcastes found within the four major castes, or varnas, of the Indian caste system. ... Varna (Bulgarian: Ð’Ð°Ñ€Ð½Ð°) is the third largest city in Bulgaria after Sofia and Plovdiv, with a population of 351,552 (as at January 10, 2006). ...

Local variations of Jati sub-castes exist within the Shudra caste. A sub-caste is a local endogenous group practicing a particular occupation, which may vary from place to place due to variations in language and occupations in various parts of India. Higher end Shudras can be land lords where as the lower end Shudras will be untouchable Dalits. Jatis (the word literally means births) comprise the subcastes found within the four major castes, or varnas, of the Indian caste system. ... In South Asias caste system, an untouchable, dalit, or achuta is a person outside of the four castes, and considered below them. ...

Occupations

Though British tried to fit Indians based on traditional roles to any of the four castes, none of the castes always strictly followed any stereotypical roles assigned by the scriptures or Hindu law givers. This was especially true for Shudras. Manu Smriti declares that Shudra must serve other three twice born castes. This entailed the role as labourers and servants to higher caste members. However, big chunk of Shudras were independent occupational groups. Manu has several meanings: *Manu in Indo-European mythology was the first man, hero and first Holy King to rule this earth, see Manu (Hinduism), Germanic Mannus, Mannaz. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Shudras and North Indian society

It is commonly believed that the caste division is somewhat uniform in North Indian society compared to South Indian society. However some prominent rulers of North India were believed to have originated from the Shudra caste. Ex: The Nandas and Chandragupta Maurya. NANDA (formerly the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) is a professional organization of nurses to standardize nursing terminology that was founded in 1982 and develops and refines the nomenclature, criteria, and taxonomy of nursing diagnoses. ... Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Bindusara Maurya Reign: 322 BC-298 BC Place of birth: India Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: à¤šà¤¨à¥à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤—à¥à¤ªà¥à¤¤ à¤®à¥Œà¤°à¥à¤¯; Greek: Sandrocottus ) (ruled 322â€“298 BC) was the founder of the Mauryan Empire. ...

Sanskritisation is as true in North India as it is in South India. Many historically and politically significant social groups such as Khatri,Kayastha,Jats and Yadavs were also considered Shudra for various reasons.Caste status of Rajput,Bhumihar and even Brahmin is disputed according to scriptures and researchers which has connotations of their Shudra origin. Many people successfully changed their caste status during islamic invasion of india as well as during the British colonial period Sanskritization is a term coined by late M.N.Srinivas, the eminent sociologist from India, to define the process by which castes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek upward mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of the upper or dominant castes. ... In sociology, a group is usually defined as a collection consisting of a number of people who share certain aspects, interact with one another, accept rights and obligations as members of the group and share a common identity. ... Purushottam Das Tandon Punjabi Khatris are a community that originated from the Pothohar Plateau (Rawalpindi division) and surrounding regions of Punjab, Pakistan. ... KÄyastha or Kayasth is a Indo-Aryan clan (Maha-parivar) who were originally Brahmins of Aryavarta (Vedic India), but eventually came to be regarded in the Kaliyuga as Kshatriyas. ... ... Yadav is a Hindu caste which is referred to in ancient Hindu scriptures. ... Rajputs (anonymous, c. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This page deals with the Hindu varna. ...

Shudras and South Indian society

South Indian society makes more sense from feudal angle than caste angle. Here, both the dominant castes and weaker castes are classified under Shudras^{[citation needed]}. This caste model is also true for Bengal, Orissa, Assam . Hence the mapping of four varnas over these areas is incomplete. Feudalism comes from the Late Latin word feudum, itself borrowed from a Germanic root *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages which means fief, or land held under certain obligations by feodati. ... Bengal, known as BÃ´ngo (Bengali: à¦¬à¦™à§à¦—), Bangla (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾), BÃ´ngodesh (à¦¬à¦™à§à¦—à¦¦à§‡à¦¶), or Bangladesh (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾à¦¦à§‡à¦¶) in Bangla, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ... Orissa (Hindi: ) (2001 provisional pop. ... Assam (Assamese: à¦…à¦¸à¦®, Hindi: à¤…à¤¸à¤®; Ã”xÃ´m) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The caste system that made feudal families in all over South India an endogenous unit was readily accepted even though Brahmins didn't exactly give Kshatriya and Vaishya status to all the warrior and merchant communities. Mostly the Brahmins acquired land and until land reforms in twentieth century, were feudal lords. Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is the title of the princely military order in the Vedic society. ... In the Hindu caste system, a Vaishya (Sanskrit à¤µà¥ˆà¤¶à¥à¤¯ vaiÅ›ya) is a member of the third of the four major castes of the varna system of traditional Indian society. ... Land reform (also agrarian reform) is the government-initiated or government-backed transfer of ownership of (or tenure in) agricultural land. ...

It could be debated if the people of South India really realized (when it comes to weaker castes) or cared (when it comes to dominant castes), their position in caste hierarchy. Also, most importantly whether many communities even think they were part of the caste system, since if one removes the Vedic part of Brahmanical Hinduism, there isn't much difference between Brahmin worship and native Dravidian worship. Young Indian brahmachari Brahmin A Brahmin (less often Brahman) is a member of the Hindu priestly caste. ... Dravidian may refer to: Dravidian languages, including the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada languages spoken especially in southern India and Sri Lanka. ...

Many South Indian communities had their own temples and priests. However, the universal education during British period and the Western concepts of community identity caused the developement of caste consciousness in South Indian society (the clan identities were present and those could be within the caste too). In Tamil Nadu it resulted in the dominant castes asserting themselves through the Dravidian movement against the caste system in general and Brahmins in particular. In Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh it resulted in dominant castes claiming higher caste positions. Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Self-Respect Movement is a movement that was called by Thanthai Periyar in Tamil Nadu state of India. ... Kerala ( (Anglicised) or (native); Malayalam: àµ‡à´•à´°à´³à´‚, â€” ) is a state on the tropical Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... KarnÄtakÄ (Kannada: à²•à²¨à²¾à³¯à²Ÿà²•) (IPA: / /) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Andhra Pradesh : (Telugu: à°†à°‚à°§à±à°° à°ªà±à°°à°¦à±‡à°¶à±, Urdu: Ø¢Ù†Ø¯Ú¾Ø±Ø§ Ù¾Ø±Ø¯ÛŒØ´, IPA: / /), is a state in South India. ...

Shudras outside of India

Shudra as a Varna is seen amongst the Hindus of Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bali in Indonesia. In Bali, Indonesia they form 97% of the practicing Hindu population (See Balinese caste system). During the historic period many people in Java, Cambodia and Champa (a region in Vietnam) were considered to be Shudras prior to their conversion to Buddhism and Islam. Bali is an Indonesian island located at , , one of the Lesser Sunda Islands. ... The Balinese caste system is a system of social organization similar to the Indian caste system. ... The term Java can refer to: In geography: Java (island), Indonesia, the most populous island in the world Javanese language, a language widely spoken on the island of Java Java coffee, a variety of coffee plant which originated on the island of Java, or a slang word for coffee Java... Rough location of Champas core territories. ...

References

External links

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | Caste | Four sections of varnas | Social groups of India | Dalit Hinduism (Sanskrit - SanÄtana (eternal) Dharma also known as Vaidika (Vedic) Dharma) is a religion or philosophy that originated from the Indian subcontinent and nearby surrounding areas. ... Åšruti (Sanskrit à¤¶à¥à¤°à¥à¤¤à¤¿, what is heard) is a canon of Hindu scriptures. ... The Vedas (Sanskrit à¤µà¥‡à¤¦) are an extremely large series of writings originating in Ancient India. ... The Upanishads (; Devanagari ) are part of the Hindu Shruti scriptures which primarily discuss meditation and philosophy and are seen as religious instructions by most forms of Hinduism. ... Åšrauta refers to the tradition of the Åšruti in Hinduism. ... Smriti (Sanskrit à¤¸à¥à¤®à¥„à¤¤à¤¿, that which is remembered) refers to a specific canon of Hindu religious scripture. ... Itihasa (Sanskrit: à¤‡à¤¤à¤¿à¤¹à¤¾à¤¸ - itihÄsa in IAST notation, literally meaning that which happened) is the word for History. ... The (Devanagari: ) is a Sanskrit epic attributed to the poet Valmiki and is an important part of the Hindu canon (smá¹›ti). ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ), is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... Bhagavad Gīta भगवद्गीता, composed ca the fifth - second centuries BC, is part of the epic poem Mahabharata, located in the Bhisma-Parva chapters 23–40. ... Purana (Sanskrit à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¾à¤£, purÄá¹‡a, meaning ancient or old) is the name of a genre (or a group of related genres) of Indian written literature (as opposed to oral literature). ... Sutra (à¤¸à¥‚à¤¤à¥à¤°) in Sanskrit is derived from the verb siv-, meaning to sew (these words, including English to sew and Latinate suture, all derive from PIE *syÅ«-). It literally means a rope or thread, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or a collection of such aphorisms... Agama (Sanskrit, IAST Ä€gama) literally means that which has come down, i. ... Tantra (Sanskrit: weave), tantric yoga or tantrism is any of several esoteric traditions rooted in the religions of India. ... The text in this article may be found in the Internet Archive at address stated in the template, predating the creation of this article on January 24, 2005 [1]. Category: ... Vedanta (VedÄnta, à¤µà¥‡à¤¦à¤¾à¤¨à¥à¤¤, pronounced as ) means the anta or culmination or essence of the Vedas. ... Look up avatar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... According to Advaita Vedanta, a philosophical branch of Hinduism, Ätman is the all-pervading soul of the universe. ... Brahm (à¤¬à¥à¤°à¤¹à¥à¤® in devanagari script) in the Vedantic (and subsequently Yogic) forms of Hinduism, is the signifying name given to the concept of the unchanging, infinite, immanent and transcendent reality that is the Divine Ground of all being in this universe. ... Kosas are five cases or sheaths which cover the Atman in Hinduism. ... Dharma (Sanskrit à¤§à¤°à¥à¤®) or Dhamma (PÄli) means Natural Law or Reality, and with respect to its significance for spirituality and religion might be considered the Way of the Higher Truths. ... Karma is a concept in Hinduism, based on the Vedas and Upanishads, which explains causality through a system where beneficial events are derived from past beneficial actions and harmful events from past harmful actions, creating a system of actions and reactions throughout a persons reincarnated lives. ... Moksha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Maya (illusion). ... Ishta-Deva, or Ishta Devata is a term from Hinduism that means chosen Deity or revered aspect of God by a devotee and is a widely held concept in Smartism. ... The Nataraja is one of the most famous images of Lord Shiva Murtis (singular Murti, also spelled Murthi or Murthy) refers to deities or images used by Hindus and also by some Mahayana Buddhists during worship as points of devotional and meditational focus. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... Illustration depicting the transmigration of the soul. ... According to the Indian school of Samkhya philosophy, the Tattva are a way of directly experiencing the 5 alchemical elements. ... In Hinduism, the Trimurti (also called the Hindu trinity) are three aspects of God, or Parabrahman, in Gods personae as Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. ... In early Hindu philosophy, turiya (also called caturtha) is a state of pure consciousness, or the experience of ultimate reality and truth. ... The guru-shishya tradition (also guru-shishya parampara or lineage) is a spiritual relationship found within traditional Hinduism which is centered around the transmission of teachings from a guru (teacher, ) to a Å›iá¹£ya (disciple, ). The term shishya roughly equates to the western term disciple, and in some parts of... Hindu philosophy (one of the main divisions of Indian philosophy) is traditionally seen through the prism of six different systems (called darshanas in Sanskrit) that are listed here and make up the main belief systems of Hinduism. ... Hinduism encompasses many movements and schools fairly organized within Hindu sects. ... Early Hinduism is a term used to designate the religious development of India before the historical period. ... Samkhya, also Sankhya, (Sanskrit: à¤¸à¤¾à¤‚à¤–à¥à¤¯ - Enumeration) is one of the schools of Indian philosophy. ... Nyaya (pronounced as nyÎ±:yÉ™) is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu philosophy - specifically the school of logic. ... Vaisheshika, also Vaisesika, (Sanskrit: à¤µà¥ˆà¤¶à¥†à¤·à¤¿à¤•)is one of the six Hindu schools of philosophy (orthodox Vedic systems) of India. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The main objective of the Purva (earlier) Mimamsa school was to establish the authority of the Vedas. ... Vedanta (VedÄnta, à¤µà¥‡à¤¦à¤¾à¤¨à¥à¤¤, pronounced as ) means the anta or culmination or essence of the Vedas. ... Tantra (Sanskrit: weave), tantric yoga or tantrism is any of several esoteric traditions rooted in the religions of India. ... Bhakti yoga is the Hindu term for the spiritual practice of fostering of loving devotion to God, called bhakti. ... A ritual is a formalised, predetermined set of symbolic actions generally performed in a particular environment at a regular, recurring interval. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Aarti, Ã£rti, arathi, or Ã£rati is a Hindu ritual, in which light from wicks soaked in ghee (purified butter) or camphor is offered to one or more deities. ... A bhajan or kirtan is a Hindu or Sikh devotional song, often of ancient origin. ... Darshan is a Sanskrit and Hindu (also used to some extent in Urdu) term meaning sight (in the sense of an instance of seeing something or somebody), vision, apparition, or a glimpse. ... In Hinduism, diksha is the ritual of initiation into the worship of some deity by a guru (diksha guru) who bestows mantra(s) and takes the karma of the initiate - at least in case of Vaishnava diksha, as per Hari Bhakti Vilasa 1. ... In Tibet, many Buddhists carve mantras into rocks as a form of devotion. ... A small prayer setup This article is about Hinduism. ... The company of the highest knowledge and Truth; the company of a Guru; contact with a person or an assembly of persons who listen to, talk about, and assimilate the Truth. ... Stotras are Hindu prayers that praise aspects of God, such as Devi, Siva, or Vishnu. ... Hindu wedding (vivah à¤µà¤¿à¤µà¤¾à¤¹ or shÄdÄ« à¤¶à¤¾à¤¦à¥€ in Hindi, panigrahana à¤ªà¤¾à¤£à¤¿à¤—à¥à¤°à¤¹à¤£ in Sanskrit, other terms are also used) ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Sanskrit, the language in which most holy Hindu ceremonies are conducted. ... In Hinduism, YajÃ±a à¤¯à¤œà¥à¤ž (Sanskrit yajÃ±Ã¡ worship, prayer, praise; offering, oblation, sacrifice) is a Vedic ritual of sacrifice performed to please the Devas, or sometimes to the Supreme Spirit Brahman. ... Guru - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... A saint is a term to refer to someone who is a holy person. ... Adi Shankara with the Four Disciples Adi Shankara (Åšankara, Shri Shankaracharya, Adhi Shankaracharya, Ä€di ÅšhankarÄcÄrya; the first Shankara in his lineage), reverentially called Bhagavatpada Acharya (the teacher at the feet of the Lord) (approximately 8th century, but see below) was the most famous advaita philosopher, who had a... Sri Ramanuja Acharya (traditionally dated 1017â€“1137 CE) was an Indian philosopher and is recognized as the most important saint of Sri Vaishnavism. ... Shri Madhvacharya,(1238-1317), was the chief propounder of the Dvaita or dualistic school of Hindu philosophy, one of the three influential Vedanta philosophies. ... Sri Thakur Gadadhar Chattopadhyaya Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (Bangla: à¦¶à§à¦°à§€à¦°à¦¾à¦®à¦•à§„à¦·à§à¦ž à¦ªà¦°à¦®à¦¹à¦‚à¦¸) (February 18, 1836 - August 16, 1886) was a Bengali saint. ... The affectionate term Holy Mother refers to Sarada Devi (1853-1920), Ramakrishnas wife and spiritual counterpart. ... Swami Vivekananda, whose pre-monastic name was Narendranath Dutta (January 12, 1863 - July 4, 1902) is considered one of the most famous and influential spiritual leaders of the Vedanta philosophy. ... Narayana Guru It has been suggested that the section Sri Narayana Guru from the article Ezhava be merged into this article or section. ... Sri Aurobindo Sri Aurobindo (Bangla: à¦¶à§à¦°à§€ à¦…à¦°à¦¬à¦¿à¦¨à§à¦¦, Sri Ã”robindo Sanskrit: à¤¶à¥à¤°à¥€ à¤…à¤°à¤µà¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤¦ SrÄ« Aravinda) (August 15, 1872â€“December 5, 1950) was an Indian nationalist, scholar, poet, Hindu mystic, evolutionary philosopher, yogi and guru. ... For a place-name in Azerbaijan see Ramana (settlement). ... Swami Sivananda Saraswati (1887-1963), as he is known under his monastic name, was born Kuppuswamy in Pattamadai, Tamil Nadu, India. ... Swami Chinmayananda (à¤¸à¥â€à¤µà¤¾à¤®à¥€ à¤šà¤¿à¤¨à¥â€à¤®à¤¯à¤¾à¤¨à¤¨à¥â€à¤¦) (1916 - August 3, 1993) was born Balakrishna Menon (Balan) in Ernakulam, Kerala in a very devout Hindu family. ... Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (1927 - 2001), affectionately known as Gurudeva, was born in Oakland, California on January 5th, 1927. ... Bhagwan Shree Swaminarayan Bhagwan Swaminarayan (April 2, 1781 - 1830) was born Ghanshyam Maharaj to a brahmin family in the village of Chhapaiya, Uttar Pradesh, India. ... A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (September 1, 1896â€“November 14, 1977) was born Abhay Charan De, in Kolkata, West Bengal. ... Baba Lokenath Brahmachari or simply Baba Lokenath was a semi-legendary Hindu saint and philosopher in Bengal. ... Hinduism encompasses many movements and schools fairly organized within Hindu denominations. ... Vaishnavism is one of the principal divisions of Hinduism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Shaktism is a denomination of Hinduism that worships Shakti, or Devi -- the Hindu name for the Great Mother -- in all of her forms whilst not rejecting the importance of masculine and neuter divinity. ... Smartism, (or Smarta Sampradaya, Smarta Tradition), is a denomination of the Hindu religion. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This is a List of Hindu deities. ... Hindu mythology is a term used by modern scholarship for a large body of Indian literature that details the lives and times of legendary personalities, deities and divine incarnations on earth interspersed with often large sections of philosophical and ethical discourse. ... yugas (DevnÄgari: à¤¯à¥à¤—) In Hindu philosophy the cycle of evolution of life is divided into four yugs (epochs or eras): Satya Yuga or Krita Yuga Treta Yuga Dvapara Yuga Kali Yuga // The spiritual states of civilization in each yuga In Hindu tradition, the world goes through a continuous cycle of... The Satya Yuga, also called Sat Yuga, Krta Yuga and Krita Yuga in Hinduism, is the Yuga (Age or Era) of Truth, when humankind is governed by gods, and every manifestation or work is close to the purest ideal and mankind will allow intrinsic goodness to rule supreme. ... The Treta Yuga is the second Yuga in the four yugas. ... Dvapara Yuga is the third out of four yugas, or ages, in the religion of Hinduism. ... Kali Yuga is also the title of a book by Roland Charles Wagner. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This page deals with the Hindu varna. ... Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is the title of the princely military order in the Vedic society. ... In the Hindu caste system, a Vaishya (Sanskrit à¤µà¥ˆà¤¶à¥à¤¯ vaiÅ›ya) is a member of the third of the four major castes of the varna system of traditional Indian society. ... In South Asias caste system, a Dalit; often called an untouchable; is a person of shudra; the lowest of the four castes. ...

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