NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Suicidal

Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of willfully ending one's own life. Suicide is sometimes used as a noun for one who has committed or attempted the act. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Euthanasia (from Greek: ÎµÏ…Î¸Î±Î½Î±ÏƒÎ¯Î± -ÎµÏ… good, Î¸Î±Î½Î±Ï„Î¿Ï‚ death) is the practice of ending the life of an individual or an animal who is suffering from a terminal disease or a chronically painful condition in a painless or minimally painful way either by lethal injection, drug overdose, or by the withdrawal of medical support. ... A murder suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more other persons immediately before, or while killing himself. ... It has been suggested that Female suicide bomber be merged into this article or section. ... Ritual suicide is the act of suicide motivated by a religious, spiritual, or traditional ritual. ... Cult suicide is that phenomenon by which some religious groups, in this context often referred to as cults, have led to their membership committing suicide. ... Mass suicide occurs when a number of people kill themselves together with one another or for the same reason and is usually connected to a real or perceived persecution. ... A suicide pact describes the suicides of two or more individuals in an agreed-upon plan. ... An Internet suicide is a suicide pact made between individuals who meet on the Internet. ... A copycat suicide is defined as a duplication or copycat of another suicide that the person attempting suicide knows about either from local knowledge or due to accounts or depictions of the original suicide on television and in other media. ... Forced suicide is a method of execution where the victim is given the choice of committing suicide or facing an alternative they perceive as worse, such as suffering torture; having friends or family members imprisoned, tortured or killed; or losing honor, position or means. ... Suicide-by-cop is a suicide method in which someone deliberately acts in a threatening way towards a law enforcement officer, with the main goal of provoking a lethal response (e. ... Suicide has been part of the history of the world - people of all walks of life had committed suicide over the years. ... A list of famous people who have committed suicide. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... now. ... Kurt Cobains alleged suicide note. ... Suicide watch is the act of a prison officer making sure that a prisoner does not commit suicide because they show intentions of doing so. ... Various human cultures may have views on suicide not directly or solely linked to religious views of suicide. ... This page concerns suicide. ... Modern medical views on suicide consider suicide to be a mental health issue. ... There are a variety of philosophical views of suicide. ... There are a variety of religious views of suicide. ... For the 1987 film, see Right to Die (film) The term right to die refers to various issues around the death of an individual when that person could continue to live with the aid of life support, or in a diminished or enfeebled capacity. ... Wikipedia contains a list of crisis hotlines by country. ... The routine assessment of suicide risk is an important clinical skill. ... Various suicide prevention strategies have been used: Promoting mental resilience through optimism and connectedness. ... List of crisis hotlines by country USA - 1-800-784-2433 (1-800-SUICIDE) National Hopeline Network USA - 1-800-273-8255 (1-800-273-TALK) National Suicide Prevention Lifeline Links http://www. ... Modern medical views on suicide consider suicide to be a mental health issue. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language. ... Look up kill in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up life, living in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which can co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase. ...

The terminology & its implications

Suicide can be stigmatized or honoured, depending on cultural context and its apparent reasons.

Those experiencing suicidal ideation, or thoughts about fatally harming one's self, may struggle to be heard and understood. The person feeling suicidal may often be made to feel rejected and guilty by those to whom they have confided their thoughts and feelings. Sufferers are sometimes wary of mental health professionals, as they may feel that they lack empathy or might accuse them of trying to hurt the feelings of friends or family. A person feeling suicidal may also wish to avoid being seen as making suicide 'threats', fearing that they might be seen as attempting to manipulate others. This may lead to situations where a person commits suicide without telling friends or family of how they felt. ^{[citation needed]} Suicidal ideation is common medical term for the mere thoughts about and of plans of committing suicide, not the actual following through or act itself. ... Guilty is a Anarcho-punk album, by the band Oi Polloi. ... Mental health is a concept that refers to a human individuals emotional and psychological well-being. ...

Suicidal ideation can be described as a result from the experience of emotional pain outweighing the individual's coping strategies and resources for dealing with that pain. Some would claim that it can arise due to an individual's unwillingness to impose self-discipline and care about others more than him or herself; however, this idea ignores the ever-present emotional agony and feelings of immense hopelessness that many people with suicide ideology feel, and is sometimes used by family or others to instill shame or guilt in a person with suicidal thoughts ^{[citation needed]}, in order to avoid a suicide. It may work in some cases, but in others it may only cause a person to continue suffering for the sake of other people, without really addressing their own problems. ^{[citation needed]} The German Freudian psychoanalyst Karen Horney defined four so-called coping strategies to define interpersonal relations, one describing psychologically healthy individuals, the others describing neurotic states. ... Discipline is any training intended to produce a specific character or pattern of behaviour, especially training that produces moral or mental development in a particular direction. ... Shame is a psychological condition and a form of religious, political, judicial, and social control consisting of ideas, emotional states, physiological states and a set of behaviors, induced by the consciousness or awareness of dishonor, disgrace, or condemnation. ... Guilt is primarily an emotion experienced by people who believe they have done something wrong. ...

The perception of suicide is highly varied between the cultures, religions and legal and social systems of the world. It is considered a sin or immoral act in many religions, and a crime to help someone commit suicide in some countries. On the other hand, some cultures have viewed it as an honourable way to exit certain shameful or hopeless situations. Persons attempting or dying by suicide sometimes leave a suicide note. The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning to cultivate, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ... SiN is a computer game developed by Ritual Entertainment and published by Activision in late 1998. ... Morality is a complex of principles based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which an individual determines whether his or her actions are right or wrong. ... Various human cultures may have views on suicide not directly or solely linked to religious views of suicide. ... Alexander Hamilton defending his honour by obliging to duel Aaron Burr. ... Shame is a psychological condition and a form of religious, political, judicial, and social control consisting of ideas, emotional states, physiological states and a set of behaviors, induced by the consciousness or awareness of dishonor, disgrace, or condemnation. ... Kurt Cobains alleged suicide note. ...

Strictly, suicide is defined thus: the death of the person who commits suicide must be the central component and only intention of the act, rather than a secondary consequence of an act which is centrally motivated by religion, politics, etc. Death is the full cessation of vital functions in the biological life. ... Intent in law is the planning and desire to perform an act. ...

A suicide attack is an attack carried out on an enemy at the cost of the attacker's life. It is not suicide in the abovementioned sense. It has been suggested that Female suicide bomber be merged into this article or section. ...

Martyrdom usually escapes religious or legal proscription. Generally, there are only legal consequences when there is death and proof of intent. However, not all follow this narrower definition. Certainly, a suicide bomber knows that death will be part of the outcome of his or her actions. Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. ... Intent in law is the planning and desire to perform an act. ... A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who knows the explosion will cause his or her own death in addition to the attacks primary purpose (see suicide, suicide weapons). ...

Defined as above, acts of suicide are necessarily committed only by human beings. No other known healthy organism possesses both the will and the capability to intentionally terminate its own life for the sole sake of death. There is some dispute over this with cases being reported of dolphins in captivity bashing their heads against walls, or not coming up for air. However, there are organisms that intentionally end their lives due to sickness or as a suicide attack.^[1] Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... In biology and ecology, an organism (in Greek organon = instrument) is a living complex adaptive system of organs that influence each other in such a way that they function as a more or less stable whole. ... This article is about the dolphin mammal. ...

Causes of suicide

No single factor has gained acceptance as a universal cause of suicide. However, depression is a common phenomenon amongst those who commit suicide. Other factors that may be related are as follows (Note that this is not meant as a comprehensive list, but rather as a summary of notable causes) : Clinical depression is a state of sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ... A phenomenon (plural: phenomena) is an observable event, particularly something special (literally something that can be seen, derived from the Greek word phainomenon = observable). ...

Reasons that may not fall under the strict definition of suicide as laid out above: Look up Pain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... now. ... A funeral in Sarajevo, in 1992. ... Mental illness (or emotional disability, cognitive dysfunction) is a broad generic label for a category of illnesses that may include affective or emotional instability, behavioral dysregulation, and/or cognitive dysfunction or impairment. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Psychological trauma is a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a traumatic event. ... Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups. ... Disfigurement is the state of having ones appearance, especially that of ones face, deeply and persistently harmed by a medical condition, such as wounds (accidental or intentional), disease, or a birth defect. ... Substance abuse refers to the overindulgence in and dependence on a stimulant, depressant, chemical substance, herb (plant) or fungus leading to effects that are detrimental to the individuals physical health or mental health, or the welfare of others. ... World map showing population below national poverty line. ... Under a bridge. ... The word discrimination comes from the Latin discriminare, which means to distinguish between. To discriminate socially is to make a distinction between people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Finance addresses the ways in which individuals, business entities and other organizations allocate and use monetary resources over time. ... Compulsive gambling is an urge or addiction to gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop. ... Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... In business and accounting an asset is anything owned, whether in possession or by right to take possession, by a person or a group acting together, e. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... For other uses, see Debt (disambiguation). ... This article is about the issues and phenomena pertaining to human sexual function and behavior. ... Sexual orientation describes the direction of an individuals sexuality, often in relation to their own sex or gender. ... Unrequited love is love that is not reciprocated, even though reciprocation is deeply desired. ... In psychology, there are several models that attempt to explain and account for the trajectory of the breakup of a relationship. ... A copycat suicide is defined as a duplication or copycat of another suicide that the person attempting suicide knows about either from local knowledge or due to accounts or depictions of the original suicide on television and in other media. ...

A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who knows the explosion will cause his or her own death (see suicide, suicide weapons). ... Heavens Gate was the name of a UFO religion co-led by Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles (until her death). ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology [1] that holds that a nation is the fundamental unit for human social life, and takes precedence over any other social and political principles. ... Kamikaze pilot Hachiro Hosokawa during World War II. He survived the war, because he belonged to a covering fighter squadron. ... Selbstopfer (selbst+opfer, German for self-sacrifice) was a late-World War II German project to develop a smart weapon for attacking high-value targets such as bridges and command centers. ... The Kaiten (Japanese:å›žå¤©) was a torpedo modified as a suicide weapon, and used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the final stages of the Second World War. ...

Medical views on suicide

Modern medicine treats suicide as a mental health issue. Overwhelming suicidal thoughts are considered a medical emergency. Medical professionals advise that people who have expressed plans to kill themselves be encouraged to seek medical attention immediately. This is especially important if the means (weapons, drugs, or other methods) are available, or if the patient has crafted a detailed plan for executing the suicide. Special consideration is given to trained personnel to look for suicidal signs in patients. Depressive people are considered a high-risk group for suicidal behaviour. Suicide hotlines are widely available for people seeking help. However, the negative and often too clinical reception that many suicidal people receive after relating their feelings to health professionals (threats of institutionalization, simply increasing dosages of medication, the stigmatization of suicide as a topic of discussion, etc), often causes them to keep their suicidal thoughts to themselves. Mental health is a concept that refers to a human individuals emotional and psychological well-being. ... A medical emergency is an injury or illness that poses an immediate threat to a persons health or life which requires help from a doctor or hospital. ...

Methods

In countries where firearms are readily available, many suicides involve the use of firearms. In fact, just over 55% of suicides committed in the United States in 2001 were by firearm^[3]. Asphyxiation methods (including hanging) and toxification (poisoning and overdose) are fairly prevalent as well. Each comprised about 20% of suicides in the US during the same time period. Other methods of suicide include blunt force trauma (jumping from a building/bridge or stepping in front of a train for example), bloodletting (slitting one's wrist or throat), self-immolation, electrocution, car collision and intentional starvation. now. ... A firearm is a kinetic energy weapon that fires either a single or multiple projectiles propelled at high velocity by the gases produced by action of the rapid confined burning of a propellant. ... Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body. ... Suicide by hanging. ... For biological toxicity, see toxin and poison. ... A drug overdose occurs when a chemical substance (i. ... In medicine, blunt force trauma is a type of physical trauma caused by impact from a blunt object. ... ThÃch Quáº£ng Äá»©c pictured during his self-immolation. ... The term electrocution can mean either: accidental death or suicide by electric shock deliberate execution by electric shock, usually involving an electric chair See also Look up electrocution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A female child during the Nigerian-Biafran war of the late 1960s, shown suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition. ...

In the Warring States Period and the Edo period of Japan, samurai who disgraced their honor chose to end their own lives by harakiri (hara = stomach, kiri = cut) or seppuku, a method in which the samurai takes a sword and slices into his abdomen, causing a fatal injury. The cut is usually performed diagonally from the top corner of the samurai's writing hand, and has long been considered an honorable form of death (even when done to punish dishonor). Though obviously such a wound would be fatal, seppuku was not always technically suicide, as the samurai's assistant would stand by to cut short any suffering by quickly administering decapitation--sometimes as soon as the first tiny incision into the abdomen was made. Japanese samurai in armour, 1860s. ... Seppuku with ritual attire and second Seppuku (wiktionary:切腹, せっぷく, from the kanji cut and stomach) is a Japanese word that means ritual suicide by disembowelment. ... Seppuku with ritual attire and second (staged) General Akashi Gidayu preparing to commit Seppuku after losing a battle for his master in 1582. ... The abdomen is a part of the body. ... The Beheading of Cosmas and Damian, by Fra Angelico Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head), or beheading, is the removal of a living organisms head. ...

Suicide as a form of defiance and protest

Heroic suicide, for the greater good of others, is often celebrated. For instance, Mahatma Gandhi went on a hunger strike to prevent fighting between Hindus and Muslims, and, although he was stopped before dying, it appeared he would have willingly succumbed to starvation. For this, he earned the respect of many. This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... ThÃch Quáº£ng Ãá»©c , born LÃ¢m VÄƒn Tá»©c in 1897, was a Vietnamese Buddhist monk who burned himself to death at a busy Saigon intersection on June 11, 1963. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: àª®à«‹àª¹àª¨àª¦àª¾àª¸ àª•àª°àª®àªšàª‚àª¦ àª—àª¾àª‚àª§à«€; Romanized: mohandÄs karamcaá¹ƒd gÄndhÄ«, IPA pronunciation: ) (October 2, 1869 â€“ January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian Independence Movement. ... A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest or to achieve a goal such as a policy change. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Persian and Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†) is an adherent of Islam. ...

In the 1960s, Buddhist monks, most notably Thích Quảng Đức, in South Vietnam drew Western attention to their protests against President Ngô Đình Diệm by burning themselves to death. Similar events were reported in eastern Europe, such as the death of Jan Palach following the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. In wars, there have been numerous reports of combatants performing suicidal acts in order to save other soldiers. Not everybody would count all these actions as suicides, as the person's death was clearly not the primary purpose. Opponents argue that these people would probably achieve a comparable result by spending the rest of their lives in active struggle. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... A monk is a person who practices asceticism, the conditioning of mind and body in favor of the spirit. ... ThÃch Quáº£ng Ãá»©c , born LÃ¢m VÄƒn Tá»©c in 1897, was a Vietnamese Buddhist monk who burned himself to death at a busy Saigon intersection on June 11, 1963. ... Official language Vietnamese Capital Saigon Last President Duong Van Minh Last Prime Minister Vu Van Mau Area - Total - % water 173,809 kmÂ² N/A Population - Total - Density 19,370,000 (1973 est. ... The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... NgÃ´ ÄÃ¬nh Diá»‡m â–¶(?) Â«ngoh dihn zih-ehmÂ» (January 3, 1901 â€“ November 2, 1963) was the first President of the Republic of Vietnam (1955â€“63). ... ThÃch Quáº£ng Äá»©c pictured during his self-immolation. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... Jan Palach (August 11, 1948 - January 19, 1969) was a Czech student who committed suicide in political protest by self-immolation. ... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Russian: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital Moscow Largest city Moscow Official language(s) None; Russian de facto Government Federation of Soviet Republics Establishment October Revolution - Declared 30 December 1922 - Recognized 1...

Hunger strikes have frequently been used as a form of protest by incarcerated persons, and result in death where neither side in the strike gives way. A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest or to achieve a goal such as a policy change. ...

Military suicide

In the desperate final days of World War II, many Japanese pilots volunteered for kamikaze missions in an attempt to forestall defeat for the Empire. Similarly in Germany; Luftwaffe squadrons were formed to smash into American B-17s during daylight bombing missions, in order to delay the highly probable Allied victory. The degree to which these pilots were engaging in heroic, selfless action or whether they faced immense social pressure is a matter of historical debate. The Japanese also built one-man "human torpedo" suicide submarines. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the use of images on this page may require cleanup, involving adjustment of image placement, formatting, size, or other adjustments. ... Kamikaze pilot Hachiro Hosokawa during World War II. He survived the war, because he belonged to a covering fighter squadron. ... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or (German: air force, literally Air Arm or Air Weapon, IPA: [luftvafÉ™]) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... A B_17 nicknamed Sally B in England in 2001 The B_17 Flying Fortress was the first mass_produced, four_engine heavy bomber. ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... CGI image of two frogmen with Siebe Gorman CDBA rebreathers riding a human torpedo. ... German UC-1 class World War I submarine A model of Gunter Priens Unterseeboot 47 (U-47), German WWII Type VII diesel-electric hunter-killer (SSK) submarine Inside of the Argonaute, showing the typical obstructed, tiny space of a post-WWII diesel attack submarine. ...

However, suicide has been fairly common in warfare throughout history. Soldiers and civilians committed suicide to avoid capture and slavery (including the wave of German and Japanese suicides in the last days of World War II). Commanders committed suicide rather than accept defeat. Behaviour that could be seen as suicidal occurred often in battle. For instance, soldiers under cannon fire at the Battle of Waterloo took fatal hits rather than duck and place their comrades in harm's way. The Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean War, Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg in the US Civil War , and the charge of the French cavalry at Sedan in the Franco-Prussian War were assaults that continued even after it was obvious to participants that the attacks were unlikely to succeed and would probably be fatal to most of the attackers. Japanese infantrymen usually fought to the last man, launched "banzai" suicide charges, and committed suicide during the Pacific island battles in World War II. In Saipan, Okinawa, civilians joined in the suicides. Suicidal attacks by pilots were common in the 20th century: the attack by U.S. torpedo planes at the Battle of Midway was very similar to a kamikaze attack. Argentinian fighter pilots made suicide attacks on British ships during the Falklands War in 1982. A small American Civil War-era cannon on a carriage A caun is any large tubular firearm designed to fire a heavy projectile over a considerable distance. ... Combatants France Anglo-Allied/ United Kingdom Prussian Dutch Commanders NapolÃ©on Bonaparte Michel Ney Duke of Wellington Gebhard von BlÃ¼cher Strength 73,000 67,000 United Kingdom 60,000 Prussian (48,000 engaged by about 18:00) Casualties 25,000 22,000 Map of the Waterloo campaign The Battle... Dutiful suicide is an act, or attempted act, of fatal self-violence at ones own hands done in the belief that it will secure a greater good, rather than to escape harsh or impossible conditions. ... Charge of the Light Brigade, Painting by Richard Caton Woodville (1825-1855) The Charge of the Light Brigade was an ill-advised cavalry charge, led by Lord Cardigan, which occurred during the Battle of Balaclava on October 25, 1854 during the Crimean War. ... Combatants United Kingdom France Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Strength 250,000 British 400,000 French 10,000 Sardinian 2,200,000 Russian Casualties 17,500 British 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease 110,000 killed, wounded and died... Map of Picketts Charge, July 3, 1863. ... Gettysburg may refer to: Places Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Gettysburg Battlefield, the National Military Park administered by the National Park Service. ... The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the northern states, popularly referred to as the U.S., the Union, the North, or the Yankees; and the seceding southern states, commonly referred to as the Confederate States of America, the CSA, the Confederacy... A Ford Taurus, a recognizable sedan. ... Combatants France Prussia allied with German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III Helmuth von Moltke Strength 500,000 550,000 Casualties 150,000 dead or wounded 284,000 captured 350,000 civilian [citation needed] 100,000 dead or wounded 200,000 civilian [citation needed] The Franco-Prussian War (July... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, or other means. ... Banzai is a Japanese word meaning (live for) ten thousand years. It is often associated with the actions of Japanese kamikaze pilots during World War II, when the word became a warcry of sorts for them. ... The Pacific Ocean has an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 islands; the exact number is unknown. ... Saipan (IPA: in English) is the largest island and site of the capital of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, a chain of 15 tropical islands in the western Pacific Ocean with a total area of 120 kmÂ² (46. ... This article is about the prefecture. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... A torpedo bomber is a bomber aircraft designed primarily to attack ships with torpedoes, but they could also carry out conventional bombings. ... Midway may refer to: Midway Atoll, an island in the Pacific Ocean Battle of Midway, a World War II battle fought on and around that island Midway (game), a board game by Avalon Hill based on the Battle of Midway Midway Campaign, a computer game, also by Avalon Hill Midway... Kamikaze pilot Hachiro Hosokawa during World War II. He survived the war, because he belonged to a covering fighter squadron. ... Argentina is a Spanish-speaking country in southern South America, situated between the Atlantic Ocean in the east. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with aerial warfare. ... Combatants United Kingdom Argentina Casualties 258 killed[1] 777 wounded 2 taken prisoner 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner The Falklands War was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. ...

This particular reference to suicide is also what leads to the everyday usage of the term when indicating a hopeless situation, often in business, such as "it would be suicide for us to go to market without a viable product."

Debate over suicide

There are arguments in favour of allowing an individual to choose between life and suicide. This view sees suicide as a valid option and a human right and argues that no being should be made to suffer unnecessarily. This view notes that suicide provides an escape from suffering in certain circumstances, such as incurable disease or mental illness, and old age. These theories are most commonly held in Continental Europe, where euthanasia and other such topics are discussed in parliament, and in some areas of the United States. There are a variety of philosophical views of suicide. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1069x750, 104 KB) Summary Four terminally-ill people chose to end their lives using this machine. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1069x750, 104 KB) Summary Four terminally-ill people chose to end their lives using this machine. ... For the 1987 film, see Right to Die (film) The term right to die refers to various issues around the death of an individual when that person could continue to live with the aid of life support, or in a diminished or enfeebled capacity. ...

This view rejects the belief that suicide is always or usually irrational, saying instead that it is a genuine, albeit severe, solution to real problems – a line of last resort that can legitimately be taken when the alternative is considered worse.

On the other hand, a young and healthy person, free from any major trauma in their past, in their opinion free from any mental disorders, and with a future even regarded as bright by observers, can come to the decision that they don't find life rewarding and that they wish to end their experience then and there. This is usually met with a negative reaction, and these persons are often persuaded from their feelings and beliefs, while others choose to disregard such pressures. Those who ultimately kill themselves under these circumstances might argue that going to heaven, or the "peace of nothingness" that comes with death, is much more appealing than the experiences they expect to have in this world. They may feel too eager for this better state of (non)existence to wait, especially during modern times in which the human lifespan is progressively increasing.

In the past, the Japanese were sometimes ordered by their superiors to commit seppuku, a form of ritual disembowelment suicide. This was expected as a matter of honour where staying alive committed a greater dishonour to their family. They may also have done it as a matter of free choice, also for the sake of honour, and it was considered better than being taken prisoner. Achieving a placid indifference to life or death was considered a state of enlightenment in certain Buddhist traditions. Seppuku with ritual attire and second (staged) General Akashi Gidayu preparing to commit Seppuku after losing a battle for his master in 1582. ... Disembowelment is evisceration, or the removing of some or all of vital organs, usually from the abdomen. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by...

Epidemiology

According to official statistics, about a million people commit suicide annually, more than those murdered or killed in war. ^[4]. As of 2001 in the USA, suicides outnumber homicides by 3 to 2 and deaths from AIDS by 2 to 1 ^[5] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x1751, 316 KB) Description: Title: de: SelbstmÃ¶rder Technique: de: Ã–l auf Leinwand Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Frankreich Current location (city): de: ZÃ¼rich Current location (gallery): de: Sammlung E. G. BÃ¼hrle Other notes: Source: The Yorck Project: DVD... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x1751, 316 KB) Description: Title: de: SelbstmÃ¶rder Technique: de: Ã–l auf Leinwand Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Frankreich Current location (city): de: ZÃ¼rich Current location (gallery): de: Sammlung E. G. BÃ¼hrle Other notes: Source: The Yorck Project: DVD... Édouard Manet (portrait by Nadar) Édouard Manet (January 23, 1832 - April 30, 1883) was a noted French painter. ... It is probable that the incidence of suicide is widely under-reported due to both religious and social pressures, and possibly completely unreported in some areas. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections in humans resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ...

Many theories have been developed to explain the causes of suicide with no strong consensus with one. Nevertheless, from the known suicides, certain trends are apparent:

Gender and suicide: In the Western world, males die much more often than females by suicide, while females attempt suicide more often. Some medical professionals believe this is due to the fact that males are more likely to end their life through violent means (guns, knives, hanging, drowning, etc.), while women primarily overdose on medications. Others ascribe the difference to inherent differences in male/female psychology, with men having more of an operational mindset and women being more aware of social nuance. In any case, violent suicide attempts are much more likely to be successful. ^[6] Typically males die from suicide 3 to 4 times as often as females. The shield and spear of the Roman God Mars are often used to represent the male sex In heterogamous species, male is the sex of an organism, or of a part of an organism, which typically produces smaller, mobile gametes (spermatozoa) that are able to fertilise female gametes (ova). ... The mirror of the Roman Goddess Venus is often used to represent the female sex. ... 155 mm M198 howitzer USS Iowa (BB-61) fires a full broadside of nine 16/50 and six 5/38 guns during a target exercise near Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, 1 July 1984. ...

Excess male mortality from suicide is also evident from data from non-western countries. In 1979-81, the number of countries with a non-zero suicide rate was 74. Two of these reported equal rates for the sexes: Seychelles and Kenya. Three countries reported female rates exceeding male rates: Papua-New Guinea, Macao, French Guiana. The remaining 69 countries had male suicide rates greater than female suicide rates. ^[7] ...

Barraclough found that the female rates of those aged 5-14 equaled or exceeded the male rates only in 14 countries, mainly in South America and Asia. ^[8] South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ...

National suicide rates sometimes tend to be stable. For example, the 1975 rates for Australia, Denmark, England, France, Norway, and Switzerland, were within 3.0 per 100,000 of population from the 1875 rates (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1983; Lester, Patterns, 1996, p. 21). The rates in 1910-14 and in 1960 differed less than 2.5 per 100,000 of population in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, England & Wales, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and The Netherlands (Lester, Patterns, 1996, p. 22).

There are considerable differences between national suicide rates. Findings from two studies showed a range from 0.0 to more than 40 suicides per 100,000 of population. ^[9]

National suicide rates, apparently universally, show an upward secular trend. This trend has been well documented for European countries. ^[10] The trend for national suicide rates to rise slowly over time might be an indirect result of the gradual reduction in deaths from other causes. Falling death rates from causes other than suicide uncover hidden suicide predisposition. This uncovering effect is due to suicide, up to now, not being preventable. ^[11] ^[12] Consistent with this interpretation, between 1971 and 1991, the Australian male suicide rate was rising while the overall mortality rate for Australian males was falling ^[13]

There is a common belief, especially in the US, that Sweden has a higher rate of suicide than other countries; this is actually a myth, as Sweden has an average suicide rate. The myth was probably started because the secular government of Sweden started to measure suicide statistics openly before other countries did. President Eisenhower saw this as a chance to promote his political ideology, and maintained that the statistics showed Sweden was the country of "free love, high taxes and suicide" (none of this was particularly true at the time). Also, the dark, relatively cold climate of Sweden in the winter has added fuel to this myth. (see "Suicide and Season" below). In the academic fields of mythology, mythography, and folkloristics a myth is a sacred story concerning the origins of the world or how the world and the creatures in it came to have their present form. ... The term free love has been used since at least the nineteenth century to describe a social movement that rejects marriage, which is seen as a form of social bondage, especially for women. ...

Race and suicide. At least in the USA, Caucasians commit suicide more often than African-Americans do. This is true for both genders. Non-Hispanic whites are nearly 2.5 times more likely to kill themselves as blacks or Hispanics. ^[14] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Black, (noun, black or blacks; adjective, black people), refers to people who primarily come from the Equatorial regions of Africa, the African diaspora, and to a lesser degree various non-African people inhabiting Asia and the Pacific. ... The Hispanic world Hispanic (Spanish: Hispano) is a term denoting a derivation from Spain, her people and culture. ...

Age and suicide At least in the USA, males over 70 commit suicide more often than younger males. There is no such trend for females. Older non-Hispanic white men are much more likely to kill themselves than older men or women of any other group, which contributes to the relatively high suicide rate among whites. White men in their 20s, conversely, kill themselves only slightly more often than black or Hispanic men in the same age group.

Season and suicide People commit suicide more often during spring and summer. The idea that suicide is more common during the winter holidays (including Christmas in the northern hemisphere) is actually a myth.^[15] For other senses of this word, see winter (disambiguation). ... Christmas is a Christian holiday held on December 25 which celebrates the birth of Jesus. ... Insert non-formatted text here The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and population. ...

Combination of homicide and suicide

Since crime just prior to suicide is often perceived as being without consequences, it is not uncommon for suicide to be linked with homicide. Motivations may range from guilt, to evading punishment, to insanity, to killing others as part of a suicide pact. A murder suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more other persons immediately before, or while killing himself. ... Etymology: Latin homicidium, from homo- human being + caedere- to cut, kill Homicide is the intentional or negligent killing of another human being by one or more persons. ... A suicide pact describes the suicides of two or more individuals in an agreed-upon plan. ...

Attempted suicide and parasuicide

Many suicidal people participate in suicidal activities which do not result in death. These activities fall under the designation attempted suicide or parasuicide. Generally, those with a history of such attempts are almost 23 times more likely to eventually end their own lives than those without.^[16] Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of intentionally ending ones own life. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Sometimes, a person will make actions resembling suicide attempts while not being fully committed, or in a deliberate attempt to have others notice. This is called a suicidal gesture (also known as a "cry for help"). Prototypical methods might be a non-lethal method of self-harm that leaves obvious signs of the attempt, or simply a lethal action at a time when the person considers it likely that he/she will be rescued or prevented from fully carrying it out. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A prototype is an original type, form, or instance of some thing serving as a typical example, basis, epitome, or standard for other things of the same category. ... Self-harm (SH) is deliberate injury to ones own body. ...

On the other hand, a person who genuinely wishes to die may fail, due to lack of knowledge about what they are doing; unwillingness to try methods that may end in permanent damage if they fail or harm others; or an unanticipated rescue, among other reasons. This is referred to as a suicidal attempt.

Distinguishing between a suicidal attempt and a suicidal gesture may be difficult. Intent and motivation are not always fully discernible since so many people in a suicidal state are genuinely conflicted over whether they wish to end their lives. One approach, assuming that a sufficiently strong intent will ensure success, considers all near-suicides to be suicidal gestures. This however does not explain why so many people who fail at suicide end up with severe injuries, often permanent, which are most likely undesirable to those who are making a suicidal gesture. Another possibility is those wishing merely to make a suicidal gesture may end up accidentally killing themselves, perhaps by underestimating the lethality of the method chosen or by overestimating the possibility of external intervention by others. Suicide-like acts should generally be treated as seriously as possible since if there is an insufficiently strong reaction from loved ones from a suicidal gesture, this may motivate future, more committed attempts.

In the technical literature the use of the terms parasuicide, or deliberate self-harm (DSH) are preferred – both of these terms avoid the question of the intent of the action. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Self-harm (SH) is deliberate injury to ones own body. ...

An important difference to note is that self-harm is not a suicide attempt. There is a non-causal correlation between self-harm and suicide; individuals who suffer from depression or other mental health issues are also more likely to choose suicide. DSH is far more common than suicide, and the majority of DSH participants are females aged under 35. They are usually not physically ill and while psychological factors are highly significant, they are rarely clinically ill and severe depression is uncommon. Social issues are key – DSH is most common among those living in overcrowded conditions, in conflict with their families, with disrupted childhoods and history of drinking, criminal behavior, and violence. Individuals under these stresses become anxious and depressed and then, usually in reaction to a single particular crisis, they attempt to harm themselves. The motivation may be a desire for relief from emotional pain or to communicate feelings, although the motivation will often be complex and confused. DSH may also result from an inner conflict between the desire to end life and the desire to continue living. See the article on self-harm for an in depth discussion. Look up depression in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Self-harm (SH) is deliberate injury to ones own body. ...

Distinction between suicide and attempted suicide

An important distinction has also been made (see Erwin Stengel, 'Suicide and Attempted Suicide') between those who kill themselves and did not mean to, and those who did not kill themselves but did mean to. Thus a 'Suicide' (noun) may either succeed or fail in his/her goal (i.e. succeed in killing himself/herself or not) and an 'Attempted Suicide' (noun) may either succeed or fail in his/her goal (e.g., succeed in 'making a cry for help' or fail and, in doing so, probably die).

This distinction, if correctly drawn, can have important ramifications for the treatment of people who are suicidal. Its definition is when one takes their own life, in other words when a person kills himself or herself. Some people are suicidal and there are many “symptoms” that we can be observant of that can assist us in picking out those who are contemplating suicide. Some of these include a person who has a number of problems in their life which they think have no solution, a person becoming abnormally violent, depressed, becoming drawn to themselves, etc. Some people turn to other means whilst trying to deal or overcome their irrational thoughts and behavior, this might include the consumption of drugs, alcohol, etc. and as a result, their problem only ends up getting worse than it originally was. Most people who try and commit suicide but fail in doing so, very often try again. This is why it is so important to identify these suicidal people before it’s too late ^{[neutrality disputed]}. Thinking about suicide is, actually, fairly common. At least 17% of high school students admitted seriously considering suicide in the past year, while less than 8% made an attempt ^[17].

Most countries have introduced special facilities such as “the lifeline” which is aimed at helping those who are at the brink of suicide. ^{[citation needed]} There are also workshops, which are being carried out and have the same aim.

Impact of suicide on family and friends

It is estimated that an average of six people are affected for each suicide in the United States^[18]. However, this may grossly underestimate the number of people who are affected. For example, the suicide of a child may leave the school and their entire community left to make sense of the loss.

As with any death, family and friends of a suicide victim feel grief associated with loss. However, these "survivors" are often overwhelmed with psychological trauma as well, given that most suicides are unforseeable and sudden. This trauma can leave survivors feeling guilty, angry, remorseful, helpless, and confused. It can be especially difficult for survivors because many of their questions as to why the victim felt the need to take his or her own life are left unanswered. Moreover, survivors often feel that they have failed or that they should have intervened in some way. Given these complex sets of emotions associated with a loved one's suicide, survivors usually find it difficult to discuss the death with others, causing them to feel isolated from their own network of family and friends and often resulting in reluctance to form new relationships as well. ^[19]. A funeral in Sarajevo, in 1992. ... Psychological trauma is a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a traumatic event. ... Guilt is primarily an emotion experienced by people who believe they have done something wrong. ... It has been suggested that Irrational anger be merged into this article or section. ... People feel remorse when reflecting on their actions that they believe are wrong. ... Look up Confusion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Confusion can have the following meanings: Unclarity or puzzlement, e. ...

"Survivor groups" can offer counseling and help bring many of the issues associated with suicide out into the open. They can also help survivors reach out to their own friends and family who may be feeling similarly and thus begin the healing process. In addition, counseling services and therapy can provide invaluable support to the bereaved. There are also online support groups that provide a forum for discussion amongst survivors of suicide (see Support Groups for Survivors section below).

As well as providing counseling for the grief-stricken, survivor groups have also attempted to change the language used to describe suicide. Believing that the term "commit" attaches criminal implications to suicide, they have pushed for alternative terms that remove this meaning including "attempting" suicide, or "died by" suicide^{[citation needed]}.

Suicide in Literature

Suicide has been used as a dramatic plot element in a number of literary works, such as The Virgin Suicides, The Sorrows of Young Werther, Madame Bovary, The Sound and the Fury, The Hours, Anna Karenina, Miss Julie, A Long Way Down, Hamlet, Brave New World, The Bell Jar, Demons, Everything is Illuminated, A Perfect Day for Bananafish, Umberto D, The Awakening, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Death of a Salesman, All My Sons, Groundhog Day, The Count of Monte Christo, Million Dollar Baby, Macbeth, 'night, Mother, Stranger in a Strange Land, The Shawshank Redemption, The Juggler, Chushingura, Burmese Days, The Great Gatsby, The Myth of Sisyphus Veronika Decides to Die, The Driver's Seat and Survivor. Robert E. Howard wrote several poems, including The Tempter, about suicide. The Virgin Suicides is a 1993 novel by American writer Jeffrey Eugenides. ... The Sorrows of Young Werther (German, Die Leiden des jungen Werther, originally published as Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) is a loosely autobiographical novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, first published in 1774. ... Madame Bovary book cover For the film, see Madame Bovary (film) Madame Bovary is a novel by Gustave Flaubert that was attacked for obscenity by public prosecutors when it was first serialised in La Revue de Paris between 1 October 1856 and 15 December 1856, resulting in a trial in... The Sound and the Fury is a Southern Gothic novel written by American author William Faulkner, which makes use of the stream of consciousness narrative technique pioneered by European authors such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. ... The Hours is a novel written by Michael Cunningham. ... Anna Karenina (ÐÐ½Ð½Ð° ÐšÐ°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð½Ð°) is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy first published in 1877. ... Miss Julie (Swedish: FrÃ¶ken Julie) is an 1888 play by August Strindberg which deals with class, love/lust and the interaction between the two. ... A Long Way Down is a fictional novel written by British author Nick Hornby, published in 2005. ... A detail of the engraving of Daniel Maclises 1842 painting The Play-scene in Hamlet, portraying the moment when the guilt of Claudius is revealed. ... Book cover of Brave New World. ... The Bell Jar book cover The Bell Jar is Sylvia Plaths only novel, which was originally published under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas in 1963. ... Pevear and Volokhonsky translation of Demons The Possessed, also known as The Devils or The Demons is a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky. ... Everything Is Illuminated is a novel by Jonathan Safran Foer published in 2002. ... A Perfect Day for Bananafish is a well known short story written by J. D. Salinger. ... Umberto D: Vittorio de Sica (1952) It is possible to read into Umberto D (de Sica 1952) a sense of the moment of neorealism coming to its end. ... The Awakening is a novel by Kate Chopin, published in 1899. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Gaius Julius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12, 100 BC â€“ March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. ... Cover to the Penguin Group edition. ... All My Sons (1948) VHS All My Sons is the name of a 1947 play by Arthur Miller, a 1948 movie based on the play, and a 1986 made-for-TV movie, also based on the play. ... Synopsis Groundhog Day is a 1993 comedy film starring Bill Murray as Phil Conners, an egocentric Pittsburgh weatherman who dreads his annual assignment covering Groundhog Day from its birthplace in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. ... This article is about the novel. ... Million Dollar Baby is an Academy Award winning 2004 dramatic film directed by Clint Eastwood. ... Scene from Macbeth, depicting the witches conjuring of an apparition in Act IV, Scene I. Painting by William Rimmer This article is on the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare. ... ... Stranger in A Strange Land Cover Stranger in a Strange Land is a 1961 science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein. ... The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 movie, written and directed by Frank Darabont, based on the Stephen King novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. ... The Juggler may refer to: The Juggler, a song by Weather Report from their 1977 album Heavy Weather The Juggler, a 1953 film starring Kirk Douglas, Stanley Kramer and Charles Lane The Juggler, a book dealing with the topic of suicide Category: ... Incense burns at the burial graves of the 47 Ronin at Sengakuji. ... Burmese Days cover Burmese Days is a novel by British writer George Orwell. ... The Great Gatsby is a novel by the American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald. ... The Sisyphus of Greek mythology was cursed to roll a boulder up to the peak of a mountain for all eternity. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... [Image:http://www. ... Survivor is a novel by Chuck Palahniuk. ... Robert E. Howard Robert Ervin Howard (January 22, 1906 â€“ June 11, 1936) was a writer of fantasy and historical adventure pulp stories published mainly in Weird Tales magazine in the 1930s. ...

Suicide in Film

Films that have characters who commit suicide or include suicide as a theme include: Thelma and Louise, About a Boy, Love Liza, Another Country, Once Were Warriors, Permanent Record, Ordinary People, Clara's Heart, Boogie Nights, Stonewall, Mississippi Burning, Mishima and An Officer And A Gentleman. Thelma and Louise Thelma and Louise is a road movie from 1991 conceived and written by Callie Khouri, co-produced and directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Geena Davis as Thelma, Susan Sarandon as Louise, and Harvey Keitel as a sympathetic detective trying to solve crimes that the two women... About a Boy is a 1998 novel by British writer Nick Hornby. ... Love Liza is a 2002 film starring Philip Seymour Hoffman. ... Another Country is a play by Julian Mitchell loosely based upon the life of the spy Guy Burgess, called Guy Bennett in the play, examining the effect that his homosexuality and his exposure to Marxism have on him and the hypocrisy and snobbery of the British public school system. ... Once Were Warriors, published in 1990, was New Zealand author Alan Duffs bestselling first novel, and the basis for a 1994 film, directed by Lee Tamahori and starring Rena Owen and Temuera Morrison. ... Permanent Record is a 1988 American film, starring Keanu Reeves. ... This article is about the 1980 film; songs with the same title have been performed by Mary Mary and John Legend. ... Dear Whoopi I wanted you to know that i like you so much and i really mean that so you are my favorite and also you are my role model and my famous singer the whole time how i feel about you is you are my Favorite Celeberty into my... Boogie Nights is a 1997 film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. ... You may be looking for: Stonewall riots, a series of gay rights riots held around the Stonewall Inn. ... Mississippi Burning is a 1988 film which tells a highly fictionalized version of the investigation into the real-life murders of three civil rights workers in Mississippi in 1964. ... Mishima can refer to: Mishima, Shizuoka, a city in Japan Yukio Mishima, the penname of Kimitake Hiraoka, a Japanese author This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... An Officer and a Gentleman is a 1982 film which tells the story of a United States Navy aviation Officer Candidate who comes into conflict with the Gunnery Sergeant who trains him. ...

References

^ Doug (SDSTAFF) (2001-02-01). Does any animal besides humans commit suicide?.. The Straight Dope. Retrieved on 2006-04-12.
^ http://www.med.uio.no/ipsy/ssff/engelsk/menuprevention/Friis.htm
^ http://www.preventsuicidenow.com/suicide-statistics.html
^ Suicide prevention. WHO Sites: Mental Health. World Health Organization (February 16, 2006). Retrieved on 2006-04-11.
^ Teen Suicide Statistics. Adolescent Teenage Suicide Prevention. FamilyFirstAid.org (2001). Retrieved on 2006-04-11.
^ Cantor CH. Suicide in the Western World. In: Hawton K, van Heering K, eds. International handbook of suicide and attempted suicide. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2000: 9-28.
^ Lester, Patterns, Table 3.3, pp. 31-33
^ Barraclough,B M. Sex ratio of juvenile suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1987, 26, 434-435.
^ La Vecchia, C., Lucchini, F., & Levi, F. (1994) Worldwide trends in suicide mortality, 1955-1989. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 53-64.; Lester, Patterns, 1996, pp. 28-30.
^ Lester, Patterns, 1996, p. 2.
^ Baldessarini, R. J., & Jamison, K. R. (1999) Effects of medical interventions on suicidal behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60 (Suppl. 2), 117-122.
^ Khan, A., Warner, H. A., & Brown, W. A. (2000) Symptom reduction and suicide risk in patients treated with placebo in antidepressant clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 311-317.
^ Jain, 1994, p. 18
^ [1] PDF
^ "Questions About Suicide", Centre For Suicide Prevention, 2006.
^ Shaffer, D.J. (September 1988). "The Epidemiology of Teen Suicide: An Examination of Risk Factors". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 49 (supp.): 36–41. PMID 3047106. Retrieved on 2006-04-12.
^ http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/YRBS/pdf/trends/2005_YRBS_Suicide_Attempts.pdf#search=%22YRBS%20suicide%20ideation%22
^ http://www.suicidology.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=6
^ http://www.faqs.org/faqs/suicide/info/

Cecil Adams is the pen name of the author of The Straight Dope since 1973, a popular question and answer column published in The Chicago Reader, syndicated in thirty newspapers in the United States and Canada, and available online. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ...

Contents

The terminology & its implications

Causes of suicide

Medical views on suicide

Methods

Suicide as a form of defiance and protest

Military suicide

Debate over suicide

Epidemiology

Combination of homicide and suicide

Attempted suicide and parasuicide

Distinction between suicide and attempted suicide

Impact of suicide on family and friends

Suicide in Literature

Suicide in Film

References

See also

Further reading

Documents and periodicals

Nonfiction books

External links

Crisis lines

Support groups

Support groups for survivors

Suicide prevention

Other links