Sulawesi
Provincial Division
Geography
Location	South East Asia
Coordinates	2°08′S, 120°17′E
Archipelago	Greater Sunda Islands
Area	174,600 km²
Highest point	Rantemario (3,478 m)
Administration
Indonesia
Provinces (capital)	West Sulawesi (Mamuju) North Sulawesi (Manado) Central Sulawesi (Palu) South Sulawesi (Makassar) South East Sulawesi (Kendari) Gorontalo (Gorontalo)
Demographics
Population	16 million (as of 2005)
Density	92/km²

Sulawesi (formerly more commonly known as Celebes, IPA: [ˈsɛlɛbiz] a Portuguese-originated form of the name) is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1492x1647, 83 KB) Summary Sulawesi showing provinces, their capital cities, a few other cities and some surrounding areas of water. ... Image File history File links IndonesiaSulawesi. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The Greater Sunda Islands are a group of islands in the west part of the Malay Archipelago. ... Bulu Rantemario is a mountain located in the province of South Sulawesi, Sulawesi, Indonesia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Indonesia. ... Map showing West Sulawesi province within Indonesia West Sulawesi or Sulawesi Barat (short form Sulbar) is the 33rd province of Indonesia, created in 2004. ... Mamuju is the capital of the Indonesian province of West Sulawesi. ... Map showing North Sulawesi province in Indonesia North Sulawesi or Sulawesi Utara is a province of Indonesia. ... Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. ... Map of Central Sulawesi province within Indonesia Central Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tengah) is one of Indonesias provinces located in the heart of Sulawesi Island. ... A beach near Palu. ... Map showing South Sulawesi province within Indonesia South Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Selatan) is a province of Indonesia, located on Sulawesi island. ... Location of Makassar in Indonesia Coordinates: , Country Indonesia Province South Sulawesi Government  - Mayor Ilham Arief Sirajuddin Area  - City 175. ... Categories: Indonesia geography stubs | Provinces of Indonesia ... Kendari is the capital of the Indonesian province of South East Sulawesi. ... Map showing Gorontalo province in Indonesia Gorontalo is a province of Indonesia. ... Gorontalo city is the capital of the Gorontalo province, Indonesia. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The Sunda Islands are a group of islands in west part of the Indonesian Archipelago. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ... The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an archipelago in Indonesia, and part of the larger Malay Archipelago. ...

Etymology

The Portuguese were the first to refer to Sulawesi as 'Celebes' however the origins of this name are unclear. One suggestion is the Bugis word si-lebih for 'more islands' - a reference to its shape suggesting it was more than one island. The modern name 'Sulawesi' possibly comes from the words sula ('island') and besi ('iron') thought to be reference to the rich Lake Matano iron deposits. Other sugestion is that it comes from the portuguese word "celebres" or famous ones, as these islands were famous for their spices thruout Asia and even Europe, this being the reason that attracted them to these islands. The Bugis are the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, the southwestern province of Sulawesi, Indonesias third largest island. ... Lake Matano (Indonesian: Danau Matano), also known as Matana, is a lake in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ...

History

The settlement of South Sulawesi by modern humans is dated to c. 1500 BC. Following Bellwood's model of a southward migration of Austronesian-speaking farmers (AN), radiocarbon dates from caves in Maros suggest a date in the mid-second millennium B.C. for the arrival of an AN group from east Borneo speaking a Proto-South Sulawesi language (PSS). Initial settlement was probably around the mouth of the Sa'dan river, on the northwest coast of the peninsula, although the south coast has also been suggested.^[1] Subsequent migrations across the mountainous landscape resulted in the geographical isolation of PSS speakers and the evolution of their languages into the eight families of the South Sulawesi language group.^[2] If each group can be said to have a homeland, that of the Bugis – today the most numerous group – was around lakes Témpé and Sidénréng in the Walennaé depression. Here for some 2,000 years lived the linguistic group that would become the modern Bugis; the archaic name, which is preserved in the languages of other Indonesian groups, was Ugiq. Despite the fact that today they are closely linked with the Makasar, their closest linguistic neighbors are the Toraja. The Bugis are the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, the southwestern province of Sulawesi, Indonesias third largest island. ...

Pre-1200 CE Bugis society would have been organized into petty chiefdoms, which would have both warred and, in times of peace, exchanged wives with each other. Personal security would have been negligible, head-hunting an established cultural practice, and crocodiles and malaria a common source of mortality. The political economy would have been a mixture of hunting and gathering and swidden or shifting agriculture. Speculative planting of wet rice would have taken place along the margins of the lakes.

Starting in the 13th century, access to prestige trade goods and to sources of iron started to alter long-standing cultural patterns, and to permit ambitious individuals to build larger political units. It is not known why these two ingredients appeared together; one was perhaps the product of the other. By 1400, a number of nascent agricultural principalities had arisen in the western Cenrana valley, as well as on the south coast and on the east coast near modern Parepare.^[3]

The first Europeans to visit the island (which they believed an archipelago due to its contorted shape) were Portuguese sailors in 1525, sent from the Moluccas in search of gold, which the islands had the reputation of producing.^[4] From 1669, the Dutch East India Company had a presence at Makassar, and in 1905 the entire island became part of the Dutch state colony of the Netherlands East Indies until Japanese occupation in World War II. Sulawesi was incoporated in the independent 'Republic of Indonesia' during the Indonesian National Revolution from 1945 to 1950. This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands Indië) was the name of the colonies colonised by the Dutch East India Company which came under administration of the Netherlands during the ninteenth century (see Indonesia). ... The Japanese occupation of Indonesia refers to the period between 1942 and 1945, during World War II, when the Empire of Japan ruled Indonesia. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

Geography

Sulawesi is the world's eleventh-largest island, covering an area of 174,600 km². The island is surrounded by Borneo to the west, by the Philippines to the north, by Maluku to the east, and by Flores and Timor to the south. It has a distinctive shape, dominated by four large peninsulas: the Semenanjung Minahassa; the East Peninsula; the South Peninsula; and the South-east Peninsula. The central part of the island is ruggedly mountainous, such that the island's peninsulas have traditionally been remote from each other, with better connections by sea than by road. This is a list of islands in the world ordered by area. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ... This page is about the geography and history of the island group in Indonesia — for the political entities encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. ... Map of Flores Island Flores (Portuguese for flowers) is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14,300 km² extending east from the Java island of Indonesia. ... Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, part of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara with the surface of 11,883 sq mi (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of timur... Semenanjung Minahassa (or Minahassa Peninsula) is one of the four principal peninsulas on the island of Sulawesi. ... The East Peninsula is one of the four principal peninsulas on the island of Sulawesi. ... The South Peninsula is one of the four principal peninsulas on the island of Sulawesi, stretching south from the central part of the island. ... The South-east Peninsula is one of the four principal peninsulas on the island of Sulawesi, stretching south-east from the central part of the island. ...

The island is subdivided into six provinces: Gorontalo, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, and North Sulawesi. West Sulawesi is a new province, created in 2004 from part of South Sulawesi. The largest cities on the island are Makassar, on the southwestern coast of the island, and Manado, on the northern tip. Map showing Gorontalo province in Indonesia Gorontalo is a province of Indonesia. ... Map showing West Sulawesi province within Indonesia West Sulawesi or Sulawesi Barat (short form Sulbar) is the 33rd province of Indonesia, created in 2004. ... Map showing South Sulawesi province within Indonesia South Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Selatan) is a province of Indonesia, located on Sulawesi island. ... Map of Central Sulawesi province within Indonesia Central Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tengah) is one of Indonesias provinces located in the heart of Sulawesi Island. ... Categories: Indonesia geography stubs | Provinces of Indonesia ... Map showing North Sulawesi province in Indonesia North Sulawesi or Sulawesi Utara is a province of Indonesia. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location of Makassar in Indonesia Coordinates: , Country Indonesia Province South Sulawesi Government  - Mayor Ilham Arief Sirajuddin Area  - City 175. ... Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. ...

Flora and fauna

Nomorhamphus liemi female in an aquarium; there are at least 19 species of Nomorhamphus, most of which are only found on Sulawesi.

Sulawesi straddles Wallace's Line meaning that it has a mix of both Asian and Austronesian species. However, the majority of Sulawesi's wildlife belongs to the Australasia region. 2,290 km² of the island is devoted to Lore Lindu National Park. Image File history File links Freshwater halfbeak (Nomorhamphus liemi) in aquarium. ... Image File history File links Freshwater halfbeak (Nomorhamphus liemi) in aquarium. ... The freshwater halfbeaks of the genus Nomorhamphus are widely distributed in South East Asia, in particular the islands of the Philippines, Indonesia, and Sulawesi. ... Wallaces hypothetical line between Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. ... Lore Lindu National Park is a forest preserve on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. ...

There are 127 known mammalian species in Sulawesi. A large percentage of these mammals, 62% (79 species) are endemic, meaning that they are found nowhere else in Indonesia or the world. The largest native mammal in Sulawesi is the dwarf buffalo, locally known as the anoa. By contrast, because many birds can fly between islands, Sulawesian bird species tend to be found on other nearby islands as well, such as Borneo; only 34% of Sulawesi's birds are found nowhere else. The most important among these last is the maleo, a bird that spends most of its time on the ground. It has undergone an observed very rapid decline. An international partnership of conservationists, donors, and local people have formed the Alliance for Tompotika Conservation ^[5], in an effort to raise awareness and protect the nesting grounds of these birds on the central-eastern arm of the island. Endemic, in a broad sense, can mean belonging or native to, characteristic of, or prevalent in a particular geography, race, field, area, or environment; Native to an area or scope. ... Binomial name Bubalus quarlesi (Ouwens, 1910) Bubalus depressicornis (H. Smith, 1827) There are two species of anoa: the Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) and the Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ... Binomial name Macrocephalon maleo S. Müller, 1846 The Maleo, Macrocephalon maleo is a medium-sized, up to 55cm long, blackish megapode with bare yellow facial skin, reddish brown iris, greyish blue feet and rosy salmon below. ...

Sulawesi also has several endemic species of freshwater fish, such as those in the genus Nomorhamphus, a species flock of livebearing freshwater halfbeaks containing at least 19 distinct species, most of which are only found on Sulawesi.^{[6] [7]} The freshwater halfbeaks of the genus Nomorhamphus are widely distributed in South East Asia, in particular the islands of the Philippines, Indonesia, and Sulawesi. ... In evolutionary biology, a species flock is a diverse group of closely related species in an isolated area. ... Guppy Fry Live-bearing aquarium fish, often simply called livebearers, are fish that retain the eggs inside the body and give birth to live, free-swimming young. ... Genera Arrhamphus Chriodorus Dermogenys Euleptorhamphus Hemirhamphodon Hemiramphus Hyporhamphus Melapedalion Nomorhamphus Oxyporhamphus Rhynchorhamphus Reporhamphus Tondanichthys Zenarchopterus Halfbeaks (family Hemiramphidae) are close relatives of the flyingfishes and members of the same order, the Beloniformes. ...

The island was recently the subject of an Ecoregional Conservation Assessment, coordinated by the Nature Conservancy. Detailed reports about the vegetation of the island are available ^[8]. The assessment produced a detailed and annotated list of 'conservation portfolio' sites . This information was widely distributed to local government agencies and nongovernmental organizations. Detailed conservation priorities have also been outlined in a recent publication ^[9].

The lowland forests on the island are, unfortunately, almost gone ^[10]. Because of the relative geological youth of the island and its dramatic and sharp topography, the lowland areas are naturally limited in their extent. The past decade has seen dramatic conversion of this rare and endangered habitat. The island also possesses one of the largest outcrops of Serpentine_soil in the world, which support an unusual and large community of specialized plant species. Overall, the flora and fauna of this unique center of global biodiversity is very poorly documented and understood and remains critically threatened. Serpentine soils are soils derived from the serpentine mineral, and other ultramafic rocks. ...

Population

Demographics

The 2000 census population of the provinces of Sulawesi was 14,946,488, about 7.25% of Indonesia's total population.^[11] The largest city is Makassar. 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location of Makassar in Indonesia Coordinates: , Country Indonesia Province South Sulawesi Government  - Mayor Ilham Arief Sirajuddin Area  - City 175. ...

Culture

The people of Sulawesi are famous for their dedication to their diverse art abilities, which include pottery, weaving, and dancing. Their pottery was originally made specifically for the purpose of storing rice and water, but when the Dutch arrived, it became useful for commercial exporting and sale, and was noted for its extensive detail. The Sulawesian people also excel at intricate weaving, and repeat the same pattern at least once in every project they do. Although the women are predominantely weavers, both genders dance. The male dance is rigid, mechanical and robotic, while the female's dances are fluid and smooth. They combine these aspects to tell a story.^{[citation needed]} Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... Tweed loom, Harris, 2004 Woven sheet Weaving is an ancient textile art and craft that involves placing two sets of threads or yarn made of fiber called the warp and weft of the loom and turning them into cloth. ... A contemporary dancer rehearsing in a dance studio Dance generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting. ...

Religious faiths

Islam is the majority religion in Sulawesi. The conversion of the lowlands of the south western peninsula (South Sulawesi) to Islam occurred in the early 17th century. The kingdom of Luwu in the Gulf of Bone was the first to accept Islam in February 1605; the Makasar kingdom of Goa-Talloq, centered on the modern-day city of Makassar, followed suit in September.^[12] However, the Gorontalo and the Mongondow peoples of the northern peninsula largely converted to Islam only in the 19th Century. Most Muslims are Sunnis. Muslims can be found in all parts of Sulawesi. For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Location of Makassar in Indonesia Coordinates: , Country Indonesia Province South Sulawesi Government  - Mayor Ilham Arief Sirajuddin Area  - City 175. ... Map showing Gorontalo province in Indonesia Gorontalo is one of the provinces of Indonesia. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ...

Though Islam is the religion of the majority of Sulawesi's people, large regions of the island observe other religions as well.

Christians form a substantial minority. According to the demographer Toby Alice Volkman, 17% of Sulawesi's population is Protestant and 2% is Roman Catholic. Christians are concentrated on the tip of the northern peninsula around the city of Manado, which is inhabited by the Minahasa, a predominantly Protestant people, and the northernmost Sangihe and Talaud islands. The famous Toraja people of Tana Toraja in Central Sulawesi have largely converted to Christianity since Indonesia's independence. There are also substantial numbers of Christians around Lake Poso in Central Sulawesi and among the Pamona speaking peoples of Central Sulawesi. There has also been growth in the Christian population of the Banggai Islands and the Eastern Peninsula in Central Sulawesi, traditionally thought of as Muslim areas (which in the past were controlled by Muslim sultanates in Tidore and Ternate). Christians can be found in every major Sulawesi city. Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Map of countries by population Population growth showing projections for later this century Demography is the statistical study of human populations. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. ... The Minahasa (alternative spelling: Minahassa) are an ethnic group located in the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. ... The Sangihe Islands (or Sangi Islands) is a group of islands in northern Indonesia, northeast of Sulawesi in the Celebes Sea, roughly half way between Sulawesi and Mindanao, in the Philippines. ... Talaud Islands is a group of islands located north of Sulawesi island in Indonesia. ... Carved wooden Torajan art - each panel is a stylised representation of a wish for goodwill of some form. ... Carved wooden Torajan art - each panel is a stylised representation of a wish for goodwill of some form. ... Lake Poso (Indonesian: Danau Poso) is a lake in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. ... Banggai Archipelago (Indonesian: Kepulauan Banggai) is a group of islands, which is located at the far eastern end of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. ... Tidore is an island and town in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, just west of the larger island of Halmahera. ... A 1720 depiction of Ternate. ...

Though most people identify themselves as Muslims or Christians, they often subscribe to local beliefs and deities as well. It is not unusual (and fully accepted) for Muslims and Christians to make offerings to local gods, goddesses, and spirits.

Smaller communities of Buddhists and Hindus are also found on Sulawesi, usually among the Chinese, Balinese and Indian communities. Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living. ... This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... The Balinese population of 3. ...

Religious conflict

Flag of the Sulawesi separatist movement

Sulawesi has been plagued by Muslim-Christian violence in recent years. The most serious violence occurred between 1998 and 2001 on the once peaceful island. Over 1,000 people were killed in violence, riots, and ethnic cleansing that ripped through Central Sulawesi.^[13] The violence pitted the island's Muslims against Christians (and vice versa). A peace accord was not agreed to until 2001. Image File history File links Flag_of_Sulawesi. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sulawesi. ...

The Malino peace accord did not eradicate the violence. In the following years, tension and systematic attacks persisted.^[14] In 2003, 13 Christian villagers were killed in the Poso District by unknown masked gunmen. And in 2005 three Christian schoolgirls were beheaded in Poso by Islamic militants. A message next to one of the heads allegedly read: "A life for a life. A head for a head".^[15] Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 2003 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Riots erupted again in September 2006 in Christian dominated areas of Central Sulawesi, as well as other part of Indonesia, after the execution by firing squad of Fabianus Tibo, Dominggus da Silva and Marinus Riwu, three Catholics convicted of leading Christian militias during the violence of the early 2000s. Their supporters claimed that Muslims who participated in the violence received very light sentences and that none were sentenced to death, and that the government used a double standard.^{[citation needed]} The violence appeared to be aimed at government authorities, not Muslims.^{[citation needed]} This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

References

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External links

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Sulawesi

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Provinces of Indonesia

Sumatra: Aceh | North Sumatra | West Sumatra | Bengkulu | Riau | Riau Islands | Jambi | South Sumatra | Lampung | Bangka-Belitung Islands Java: Jakarta | West Java | Banten | Central Java | Yogyakarta | East Java Kalimantan: West Kalimantan | Central Kalimantan | South Kalimantan | East Kalimantan Lesser Sunda Islands: Bali | West Nusa Tenggara | East Nusa Tenggara Sulawesi: West Sulawesi | North Sulawesi | Central Sulawesi | South Sulawesi | South East Sulawesi | Gorontalo Maluku Islands and New Guinea: Maluku | North Maluku | West Papua | Papua