Suleiman bin Abd al-Malik (c. 674 - 717) was an Umayyadcaliph who ruled from 715 until 717. His father was Abd al-Malik, and he was a younger brother of the previous caliph, al-Walid I.
Suleiman took power thanks, in part, to political opponents of Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef. However, al-Hajjaj died in 714, so Suleiman persecuted his political allies. Among these were the three famous generals Qutaibah bin Muslim, Musa bin Nusair, and Muhammad bin Qasim. All three were imprisoned and then killed.
Under his rule, expansion continued into mountainous parts of Iran such as Tabiristan. Suleiman also ordered a raid on Constantinople, but it was unsucessful. In the domestic scene, he had wells built in Mecca for pilgrims, and organized enforcement of prayers. Suleiman was known for his exceptional oratory skills, but his execution of the three generals tarnished his reputation.
He would only rule for two years, but broke with tradition by not maintaining a hereditary dynasty. He ignored his brothers and son, and appointed Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz as his sucessor on account of Umar's reputation as being one of the most wise, capable and pious persons of that era. This appointment is rare, although it technically fulfils the SunniIslamic method of appointing a sucessor, whereas hereditary succession does not.
The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads.
The Umayyad clan had bitter rivalry with the Hashim clan (from which came the Abbasid clan), especially as Abu Sufian was the most determined and bitterest enemy of Muhammad, and sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion, by waging a series of battles.
These uprisings, coupled with the increased resistance of the foes of the Umayyads, the Franks under Charles Martel in France, the Byzantines in Anatolia, the Turkic Khanate in Transoxiana, and the newly invigorated Hindu principalities in India, exhausted the Syrian corps used as the backbone of the Umayyad army.
1016) was the fifth UmayyadCaliph of Cordoba and ruled from 1009 to 1010, and from 1013 to 1016.
Suleiman, great-grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III, was installed as Caliph by the Berber soldiers after they had deposed Mohammed II al-Mahdi.
In 1016 Suleiman was betrayed into the hands of the Hammudids and executed, and the Caliphate passed from the Umayyads to the Hammudids under Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir (1016-1018).
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