LBNL researcher examines prototype sulfur lamp.

Sulfur lamp bulb at startup

The sulfur lamp (also sulphur lamp) is a highly efficient full-spectrum electrodeless lighting system whose light is generated by sulfur plasma that has been excited by microwave radiation. The technology was developed in the early 1990s, but, although it appeared initially to be very promising, sulfur lighting was a commercial failure by the late 1990s. Since 2005, lamps are again being manufactured for commercial use. Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp. ... Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp. ... The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and San Francisco Bay. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Lighting efficiency is a measure of how much visible light is given off from a light source per unit of energy. ... Full-spectrum light is light that covers the entire spectrum from low ultraviolet to infrared and above; in particular, sunlight is full spectrum. ... In contrast with all other electrical lamps that use electrical connections through the lamp envelope to transfer power to the lamp, in electrodeless lamps the power needed to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of (electro)magnetic fields. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Standard atomic weight 32. ... A plasma lamp, illustrating some of the more complex phenomena of a plasma, including filamentation. ... Electron excitation is the movement of an electron to a higher energy state. ... Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than those of terahertz (THz) frequencies, but relatively short for radio waves. ...

Mechanism

Sulfur lamp bulb

Sulfur lamp components

The sulfur lamp consists of a golf ball-sized (30mm) fused-quartz bulb containing several milligrams of sulfur powder and argon gas at the end of a thin glass spindle. The bulb is enclosed in a microwave-resonant wire-mesh cage. A magnetron, much like the ones in home microwave ovens, bombards the bulb, via a waveguide, with 2.45 GHz microwaves. The microwave energy excites the gas to five atmospheres pressure, which in turn heats the sulfur to an extreme degree forming a brightly glowing plasma capable of illuminating a large area. Because the bulb heats up considerably, it is necessary for an electric motor to spin the bulb while a fan cools it to prevent it from melting. The bulb is usually placed at the focus of a parabolic reflector to direct all the light in one direction. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (886x591, 20 KB) Sulfur lamp bulb from the U. S. Department of Energy File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (886x591, 20 KB) Sulfur lamp bulb from the U. S. Department of Energy File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_diagram. ... Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_diagram. ... A golf ball is a ball designed for use in the game of golf. ... Fused quartz and fused silica are types of glass containing primarily silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. ... The milligram (symbol mg) is an SI unit of mass. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Standard atomic weight 32. ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 39. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A mesh is similar to fabric or a web in that it has many connected or weaved pieces. ... A cavity magnetron is a high-powered vacuum tube that generates coherent microwaves. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Microwave oven and Microwave heating. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Waveguide (optics). ... The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ... Standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure. ... A Plasma lamp In physics and chemistry, a plasma is an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter. ... Rotating magnetic field as a sum of magnetic vectors from 3 phase coils An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... An image that is partially in focus, but mostly out of focus in varying degrees. ... A parabolic reflector (also known as a parabolic dish or a parabolic mirror) is a reflective device formed in the shape of a paraboloid of revolution. ...

It would be impossible to excite the sulfur using traditional electrodes. The sulfur would quickly react with all metallic electrodes rendering them useless. The absence of electrodes allows for a much greater variety of light-generating substances to be used than those used in traditional lamps. An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a metallic part of a circuit (e. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ...

The design life of the bulb is currently approximately 60,000 hours. However, the design life of magnetrons is currently only about 15,000 to 20,000 hours. The bulb emits no electric or magnetic fields. A cavity magnetron is a high-powered vacuum tube that generates coherent microwaves. ... It has been suggested that optical field be merged into this article or section. ... In physics, a magnetic field is an pseudovector field that traces out solenoidal lines of force in and around closed electric circuits and bar magnets. ...

With the exception of fluorescent lamps, the warm-up time of the sulfur lamp is notably shorter than for other gas discharge lamps, even at low ambient temperatures. It reaches 80% of its final luminous flux within twenty seconds (video), and the lamp can be restarted approximately five minutes after a power cut. Fluorescent lamps in Shinbashi, Tokyo, Japan Assorted types of fluorescent lamps. ... Luminous flux is a measure of the energy emitted by a light source in all directions. ...

The first prototype lamps were 5.9 kW units, with a system efficiency of 80 lumens per watt. The first production models were 1.4 kW with an output of 135,000 lumens. Later models were able to eliminate the cooling fan^[1] and improve efficiency to more than 100 lumens/watt. Luminous efficacy is a property of light sources, which indicates what portion of the emitted electromagnetic radiation is usable for human vision. ... The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI unit of luminous flux. ... The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one joule per second. ...

Quality of emitted light

Output spectrum of sulfur lamp

The sulfur plasma consists mainly of dimer molecules (S₂), which generate the light through molecular emission. Because this, instead of atomic emission, is the mechanism of light generation, the emission spectrum is continuous throughout the visible spectrum. The lamp's output is low in infrared energy, and less than 1% is ultraviolet light. As much as 73% of the emitted radiation is in the visible spectrum, far more than other types of lamps. The visible light output mimics sunlight better than any other artificial light source, and the lack of harmful ultraviolet radiation can be especially beneficial to museums. Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_spectrum. ... Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_spectrum. ... Sucrose, or common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose. ... Molecular radiation results from the rotational, vibrational, and electronic energy transitions of molecules. ... In physics, atomic spectral lines are of two types: An emission line is formed when an electron makes a transition from a particular discrete energy level of an atom, to a lower energy state, emitting a photon of a particular energy and wavelength. ... A materials emission spectrum is the amount of electromagnetic radiation of each frequency it emits when it is heated (or more generally when it is excited). ... The visible spectrum (or sometimes optical spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (can be detected by) the human eye. ... Image of two girls in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false-color) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of radio waves. ... UV redirects here. ... Prism splitting light High Resolution Solar Spectrum Sunlight in the broad sense is the total spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. ... The Louvre Museum in Paris, one of the largest and most famous museums in the world. ...

The spectral output peaks at 510 nanometres, imparting a distinctly greenish hue to the illuminated environment. The correlated color temperature is approximately 6000 kelvins with a CRI of 79. The lamp can be dimmed to 15% without affecting the light quality, and light output remains constant over the life of the bulb. The or meter (see spelling differences) is a measure of length. ... Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in photography, videography, publishing and other fields. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is a unit increment of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. ... Colour rendering index, or CRI, is a measure of the quality of colour light, devised by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). ...

The use of a magenta filter can be used to give the light a warmer feel. Such a filter was used on the lamps at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.^[2] Magenta is a color made up of equal parts of red and blue light. ... National Air and Space Museum exterior The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States. ... Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack...

The addition of other chemicals in the bulb might improve color rendition. Sulfur lamp bulbs with calcium bromide (CaBr₂) added produce a similar spectrum with the addition of a spike in red wavelengths at 625nm.^[3] Other additives such as lithium iodide (LiI) and sodium iodide (NaI) can be used to modify the output spectra.^{[4] [5] [6]} Calcium bromide (CaBr2) is a chemical compound of calcium and bromine. ... Lithium iodide, or LiI, is a compound of lithium and iodine. ... Sodium iodide (NaI) is used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) Categories: Chemistry stubs ...

History

Fusion's Solar 1000

Fusion's Light Drive 1000

The technology was conceived by engineer Michael Ury, physicist Charles Wood and their colleagues in 1990. With support from the United States Department of Energy, it was further developed in 1994 by Fusion Lighting of Rockville, Maryland, a spinoff of the Fusion UV division of Fusion Systems Corporation. Its origins are in microwave discharge light sources used for ultraviolet curing in the semiconductor and printing industries. The Fusion UV division was later sold to Spectris plc, and the rest of Fusion Systems was later acquired by the Eaton Corporation. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1314x1036, 113 KB) Fusion Lightings Solar 1000 model of sulfur lamps. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1314x1036, 113 KB) Fusion Lightings Solar 1000 model of sulfur lamps. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Light_Drive_1000. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Light_Drive_1000. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Articles with similar titles include physician, a person who practices medicine. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... Location in the State of Maryland Coordinates: Country United States State Maryland County Montgomery County Founded 1717 Incorporated 1860  - Mayor Larry Giammo Area    - City  13. ... In polymer chemistry and Process Engineering, curing refers to the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains, brought about by chemical additives, ultraviolet radiation, Electron beam (EB) or heat. ... Spectris plc (LSE: SXS) is a leading supplier of precision instrumentation and controls. ... Eaton Corporation (NYSE: ETN), a Fortune 500 company based in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, is a global diversified industrial manufacturer with 2002 sales of $7. ...

Only two production models were developed, both with similar specifications: the Solar 1000 in 1994 and the Light Drive 1000 in 1997, which was a refinement of the previous model.

Production of these lamps ended in 1998.^[7] Fusion Lighting closed its doors in early 2002, after having used up approximately $90 million in venture capital. Their patents were licensed to the LG Group. The Internet Archive has a copy of Fusion Lighting's defunct website. Their lamps were installed in more than one hundred facilities worldwide, but many of them have already been removed. Venture capital is a general term to describe financing for startup and early stage businesses as well as businesses in turn around situations. ... GoldStar logo, prominently used before the introduction of the LG logo LG Group is a large South Korean chaebol (conglomerate), which produces electronics (including domotics), mobile phones, and petrochemical products and operates subsidiaries like LG Electronics. ... The logo of Internet Archive Internet Archive headquarters The Internet Archive (IA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line library and archive of Web and multimedia resources. ...

In 2001, Ningbo Youhe New Lighting Source Co., Ltd, in Ningbo, China, produced its own sulfur lamp version. The company's website is no longer online and may be out of business, but information on these lamps is available from its archived copy at the Internet Archive. Ningbo (Simplified Chinese: 宁波; Traditional Chinese: 寧波; pinyin: Níngbō; Wade-Giles: Ning-po; literally Tranquil Waves) is a seaport sub-provincial city with a population of 800,000 in northeastern Zhejiang province, Peoples Republic of China. ...

Since 2005, sulfur lamps have been marketed by Island Systems Lighting in Essex, England. While these lamps are an original design, their specifications and output are similar to the production models previously manufactured by Fusion Lighting. Essex is a county in the East of England. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area...

In 2006, LG Electronics began production of its sulfur lamps, called Plasma Lighting System (PLS). This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Electromagnetic interference

LGE PLS

The magnetrons in these lamps may very well cause interruption in 2.4 GHz wireless spectrum, which is used by Wi-Fi, cordless phones and satellite radio in North America. Fearing interference with their broadcasts, Sirius and XM satellite radio petitioned the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to force Fusion Lighting to reduce by 99.9% the electromagnetic emissions of sulfur lamps. In 2001, Fusion Lighting agreed to install metal shielding around their lamps reducing electromagnetic emissions by 95%. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... The S band ranges from 2. ... Official Wi-Fi logo Wi-Fi, popularly known as an acronym for wireless fidelity (see below for origin), was originally a brand licensed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to describe the embedded technology of wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802. ... A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by electrical circuits carrying rapidly changing signals, as a by-product of their normal operation, and which causes unwanted signals (interference or noise) to be induced in other circuits. ... Sirius Satellite Radio NASDAQ: SIRI is one of two satellite radio (SDARS) services operating in the United States and Canada, along with XM Satellite Radio. ... “XM” redirects here. ... A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals. ... The FCCs official seal. ... Electromagnetic shielding is the process of limiting the coupling of an electromagnetic field between two locations. ...

In May 2003, the FCC adopted an order terminating a proceeding started in 1998 that would have defined out-of-band emission limits for radio-frequency lights operating at 2.45 GHz, saying the record of the proceeding had become outdated and Fusion Lighting, the only party that had expressed an interest in 2.45 GHz RF lighting, had stopped pursuing development of RF lighting in that band.^[8] The order concluded:

"We therefore decline to provide the requested relief from the Satellite Radio Licensees to prohibit operation of all RF lights in the 2.45 GHz band, as we find that the requested prohibition is overarching and is not warranted based on the circumstances. If there is evidence that any entity will seek to operate RF lights in the 2.45 GHz band and cause harmful interference to satellite radio receivers as a consequence, and our existing limits prove inadequate, we will at that time take appropriate action."

For the device which is a tuner (radio) and a amplifier and/or loudspeaker, see receiver (home stereo). ...

Environmental issues

Unlike fluorescent and high-intensity discharge lamps, sulfur lamps contain no mercury. Therefore, sulfur lamps do not pose a threat to the environment or require special disposal. In addition, use of sulfur lamps has the potential to reduce the total amount of energy required for lighting. 15 kW Xenon short-arc lamp used in IMAX projectors High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps include these types of electrical lamps: mercury vapor, metal halide (also HQI), high-pressure sodium, low-pressure sodium and less common, xenon short-arc lamps. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 200. ...

Light distribution systems

Because the amount of light produced from one bulb is so great, it is usually necessary to distribute the light to areas far removed from the lamp. The most common method used is light pipes. Light tubes or light pipes are used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light. ...

Light pipes

Sulfur lamp and light pipe

The 3M light pipe (also called a light guide or light tube) is a long, transparent, hollow cylinder with a prismatic surface developed by 3M that distributes the light uniformly over its length.^[9] Light pipes can be as long as 40 metres and are assembled on site from shorter, modular units. The light pipe is attached to the parabolic reflector of the sulfur lamp. For shorter pipes, there will be a mirror at the opposite end; for longer ones, there will be a lamp at each end. The overall appearance of a light pipe has been compared to that of a giant-sized fluorescent tube. One sulfur lamp with a light pipe can replace dozens of HID lamps. In the National Air and Space Museum, three lamps, each with a 27-metre pipe, replaced 94 HID lamps while greatly increasing the amount of light delivered.^[10]
Image File history File links Fusion_1000_with_light_pipe. ... Image File history File links Fusion_1000_with_light_pipe. ... A right circular cylinder An elliptic cylinder In mathematics, a cylinder is a quadric surface, with the following equation in Cartesian coordinates: This equation is for an elliptic cylinder, a generalization of the ordinary, circular cylinder (a = b). ... If a shaft of light entering a prism is sufficiently narrow, a spectrum results. ... 3M Company (NYSE: MMM; formerly Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company until 2002) is an American corporation with a worldwide presence that produces over 55,000 products, including adhesives, abrasives, laminates, passive fire protection, dental products, electrical materials, electronic circuits, optical films and supply chain management software. ... A compact fluorescent lamp A fluorescent lamp is a type of electric lamp that excites argon and mercury vapor to create luminescence. ... National Air and Space Museum exterior The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States. ... The or meter (see spelling differences) is a measure of length. ...

The greatly reduced number of lamps may simplify maintenance and reduce installation costs but may also require a backup system for areas where lighting is critical. Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_w_light_tube. ...

The light pipes allow the lamp to be placed in an easily accessible area for maintenance and away from places where the heat of the lamp may be a problem.

Secondary reflectors

Secondary reflector

A secondary reflector is a structure with a mirrored surface placed directly into the path of the beam of light as it exits the parabolic primary reflector of the lamp. A secondary reflector can have a complex geometry which allows it to break up the light and direct it to where it is desired. It can spotlight an object or spread out the light for general illumination. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (936x1300, 112 KB)Sulfur lamp with wing reflector at Swedish airport Scanned in from an old brochure from the U.S. Department of Energy File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (936x1300, 112 KB)Sulfur lamp with wing reflector at Swedish airport Scanned in from an old brochure from the U.S. Department of Energy File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to...

At Sundsvall-Härnösand Airport near Sundsvall, Sweden, airfield lighting is provided by sulfur lamps mounted on towers 30 metres tall. The lamps are directed upward and shine their light onto wing-shaped secondary reflectors that spread the light out and direct it downward. In this way, one lamp can illuminate an area 30 by 80 metres. Sundsvall-Härnösand Airport , is located about 21 km North of Sundsvall, Sweden and 32 km South of Härnösand, Sweden. ... Sundsvall is a city in lower Norrland, central Sweden, situated in the province of Medelpad and Västernorrland County. ...

At the headquarters of DONG Energy, an energy company in Denmark, a single sulfur lamp directs its light onto numerous specular reflectors and diffusers to illuminate the entrance hall as well as several sculptures on the outside of the building. DONG Energy is Denmarks leading energy company. ...

At the entrance to University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, secondary reflectors on the ceiling are clad with highly reflective films, but shaped so as to avoid any glare. Moreover, since these films have a microprismatic surface structure that splits up the beams, the risk of glare problems is further reduced. The fact that the reflectors move the light source far away from the eye of anyone who would happen to look into them helps to further eliminate glare problems.^[11]   IPA: is a city in SkÃ¥ne in southern Sweden. ...

Indirect lighting

Kiosks, SMUD lobby

Indirect fixtures direct most of their luminous flux upward toward a ceiling. A highly reflective ceiling can then serve as a secondary source of diffusive, low luminance, high visual quality lighting for interior spaces. The primary advantages of indirect lighting are the opportunity to significantly reduce indirect glare potential and to completely eliminate direct source viewing.^[12] Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_kiosks. ... Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_kiosks. ... The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) provides electricity to Sacramento County and a small portion of Placer County. ...

At the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) headquarters building, two sulfur lamps were installed in the tops of free-standing kiosks. The 4.2m high ceiling was retrofit with high reflectance (90%), white acoustic ceiling tile. The lamps direct their light upward, and it is reflected off the ceiling providing indirect light. Narrow, medium, or wide beam patterns can be created by choosing various reflector elements.^[13] The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) provides electricity to Sacramento County and a small portion of Placer County. ... a pagoda-like kiosk in Lausanne. ... Dropped ceiling also referred to as suspended ceilings, consist of a gridwork of metal bars in the shape of an upside-down T, which are suspended on wires from the overhead joists. ...

Direct lighting

Hill AFB downlights

Light pipes would not be necessary in applications such as stadium lighting, where a plain fixture can be mounted high enough so that the light can spread over a large area. The installation at Hill Air Force Base contains lamps with light pipes as well as downlight fixtures mounted high in an aircraft hangar. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (860x587, 82 KB) Downlight sulfur lamps at Hill Air Force Base hanger. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (860x587, 82 KB) Downlight sulfur lamps at Hill Air Force Base hanger. ... Telstra Stadium in Sydney, Australia is capable of being converted from a rectangular rugby football field to an oval for cricket and Australian rules football games This article is about the building type. ... Hill Air Force Base is an Air Force Materiel Command base of the United States Air Force. ... Downlighting is a type of lighting. ... Hangars can be used to hold airplanes, airships and helicopters. ...

Optical fibers

Optical fibers have been studied as a distribution system for sulfur lamps, but no practical system has ever been marketed.^[14]
Optical fibers An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length by confining as much light as possible in a propagating form. ...

Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_with_light_pipe. ...

Future prospects

Close-up of working bulb

In 2005, Island Systems in England began marketing a sulfur lamp. They have recently begun full production. Research into the technology continues at several universities. In addition, several companies in Europe and Asia are attempting to bring a practical sulfur lamp to the market. The U. S. Department of Energy is no longer funding any research into the technology. Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_bulb_closeup. ... Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_bulb_closeup. ...

The development of an affordable, efficient, and long-lived microwave source is a technological hurdle to cost reduction and commercial success. The lamp prototypes were only available in high wattages (1000+ W), which impeded adoption in applications where light output demands were not great. The sulfur lamp has problems with the life of the magnetron and the motor that rotates the bulb and noise from the cooling fan. Because the lamp has moving parts, reliability remains a critical issue, and system maintenance may impede market adoption.

Researchers have had some success at eliminating the need to rotate the bulb by using circularly polarized microwaves to spin the plasma instead.^{[15] [16]} Other experiments have used indium monobromide (InBr),^[17][18] selenium (photo), or tellurium^[19] as the light-generating medium. In electrodynamics, circular polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a polarization such that the tip of the electric field vector, at a fixed point in space, describes a circle as time progresses. ... Indium(I) bromide is a chemical compound of indium and bromine. ... Se redirects here. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tellurium, Te, 52 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 16, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 127. ...

Prominent installations

Air and Space Museum

Forrestal Building

Gallery Pl-Chinatown

Las Vegas Mun. Pool

Ein Volumen aus Licht

Semperlux stairwell

Midlanda Airport

Many of the installations of the lamps were for testing purposes only, but there remain a few sites where the lamps are in use as the primary lighting source. Perhaps the most visible of these would be the glass atriums in the National Air and Space Museum. Image File history File links Air_&_Space_sulfur_lamps. ... Image File history File links Air_&_Space_sulfur_lamps. ... Image File history File links Forrestal_Building. ... Image File history File links Forrestal_Building. ... Image File history File links Gallery_Place_Sulfur_Lamp. ... Image File history File links Gallery_Place_Sulfur_Lamp. ... The Glory of the Chinese Descendants at the Chinatown exit Gallery Pl-Chinatown is a Washington Metro station in Washington, DC on the Green, Red and Yellow Lines. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1236x1276, 226 KB) Sulfur lamps and light pipes at Municipal Pool, Las Vegas, Nevada Photo scanned from U. S. Department of Energy report File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1236x1276, 226 KB) Sulfur lamps and light pipes at Municipal Pool, Las Vegas, Nevada Photo scanned from U. S. Department of Energy report File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this... Image File history File links Link_ljusdroppe_sthlm3. ... Image File history File links Link_ljusdroppe_sthlm3. ... Image File history File links Semperlux_light_pipes. ... Image File history File links Semperlux_light_pipes. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (948x544, 92 KB) Sulfur lighting and Transwede airplanes at Sundsvall-Härnösand Airport. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (948x544, 92 KB) Sulfur lighting and Transwede airplanes at Sundsvall-Härnösand Airport. ... Looking up inside the 32-story atrium of the Shanghai Grand Hyatt, part of the Jin Mao Building. ...

North America

• Washington, D.C.
  • National Air and Space Museum
  • U.S. Department of Energy Forrestal Building, Independence Avenue, SW — report #1 report #2
  • Gallery Place-Chinatown Metro Station (removed)

• British Columbia
  • BC Hydro headquarters, Burnaby ^[20]

• California
  • Sacramento Municipal Utility District headquarters, Sacramento — report

• Florida
  • Epcot
  • United States Postal Service Distribution Facility, Fort Lauderdale

• Illinois
  • Shedd Aquarium Caribbean Reef, Chicago — report
  • Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield

• Michigan
  • Chrysler Truck Assembly Plant, Warren ^[21]

• Nevada
  • Municipal Pool, Las Vegas

• Ohio
  • State of Ohio's General Services Building, Columbus — report
  • Ohio State University Book Depository and Archives

• Oregon
  • USPS Processing and Distribution Center, Portland — report

• Utah
  • Hill Air Force Base — report

National Air and Space Museum exterior The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... In Washington, D.C., Independence Avenue is a major east-west street running just south of the United States Capitol in the citys Southwest and Southeast quadrants. ... Color-enhanced USGS satellite image of Washington, DC, taken April 26, 2002. ... The Glory of the Chinese Descendants at the Chinatown exit Gallery Pl-Chinatown is a Washington Metro station in Washington, DC on the Green, Red and Yellow Lines. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Aerial view of Metrotown and central Burnaby from the south, with Burrard Inlet and North Vancouver beyond. ... The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) provides electricity to Sacramento County and a small portion of Placer County. ... Nickname: River City Location of Sacramento in California County Sacramento Government  - Mayor Heather Fargo Area  - City  99. ... Epcot is the second theme park built at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida. ... The United States Postal Service (USPS) is an independent establishment of the executive branch of the United States government (see 39 U.S.C. Â§ 201) responsible for providing postal service in the U.S. Within the United States, it is colloquially referred to simply as the post office. ... Fort Lauderdale, known as the Venice of America, is a city located in Broward County, Florida. ... John G. Shedd Aquarium in Chicago in the United States was at one time the largest indoor aquarium in the world with 5 million gallons of water and 22,000 fish; it has since been eclipsed by the 8 million gallon Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ... The Brookfield Zoo is a zoo located in the Chicago suburb of Brookfield, Illinois. ... Demographics As of the census2 of 2000, there are 19,085 people, 7,536 households, and 5,034 families residing in the village. ... For other uses, see Chrysler (disambiguation). ... Country United States State Michigan County Macomb County Government  - Mayor Mark A. Steenbergh Area  - City  34. ... This article is about the city of Las Vegas in Nevada. ... State nickname: The Buckeye State Other U.S. States Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Governor Bob Taft Official languages None Area 116,096 km² (34th)  - Land 106,154 km²  - Water 10,044 km² (8. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Ohio, USA Coordinates: Country United States State Ohio Counties Franklin, Delaware, and Fairfield Government  - Mayor Michael B. Coleman (D) Area  - City  212. ... The Ohio State University (OSU) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Ohio. ... Nickname: Location in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Coordinates: Country United States State Oregon County Multnomah County Incorporated February 8, 1851 Government  - Mayor Tom Potter Area  - City  145. ... Hill Air Force Base is an Air Force Materiel Command base of the United States Air Force. ...

Europe

• Austria
  • Ein Volumen aus Licht by Monika Gora, Vienna, a temporary art installation in 1995^[22]

• Denmark
  • DONG (formerly Nesa) headquarters, Gentofte — report

• Germany
  • Semperlux AG headquarters, Berlin, a combined heliostat and sulfur lamp system^[23]
  • TK Park, Westerholt — report

• Italy
  • 3M European Distribution Center, Carpiano — report

• Sweden
  • Lund University Hospital, Lund ^[24]
  • Midsommarkransen station, Stockholm Metro, Stockholm — report
  • Sundsvall-Härnösand Airport (Midlanda), Sundsvall
  • Sundsvall Post Terminal, Sundsvall — report

Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Gentofte is a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Copenhagen County on the east coast of the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in eastern Denmark. ... Location of Berlin within Germany / EU Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE3 City subdivisions 12 boroughs Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD) Governing parties SPD / Left. ... A Heliostat is a device that tracks the movement of the sun. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Milan (MI) Mayor Elevation m Area 17. ... Lund University main building, built in 1882 by Helgo Zettervall. ...   IPA: is a city in SkÃ¥ne in southern Sweden. ... Midsommarkransen is a suburban district of Stockholm with a history from 1775. ... Stockholm Metro, Hötorget Station on the green line RÃ¥dhuset Station on the blue line KungsträdgÃ¥rden Station on the blue line T-Centralen, blue line August Strindberg at the RÃ¥dmansgatan station on the green line The Stockholm Metro, or Stockholms tunnelbana, is the metro system in... Nickname: Location of Stockholm in northern Europe Coordinates: Country Sweden Municipality Stockholm Municipality County Stockholm Province Södermanland and Uppland Charter 13th Century Population (April 2007)  - City 782,885  - Density 4,160/km² (10,774. ... Sundsvall-Härnösand Airport , is located about 21 km North of Sundsvall, Sweden and 32 km South of Härnösand, Sweden. ... Sundsvall is a city in lower Norrland, central Sweden, situated in the province of Medelpad and Västernorrland County. ... Sundsvall is a city in lower Norrland, central Sweden, situated in the province of Medelpad and Västernorrland County. ...

Asia

• China
  • Government Office Building, Ningbo^[25]

Images

Cutaway of lamp with uplight reflector Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1280x1000, 189 KB) Sulfur lamp with reflector for uplighting. ...	Light pipe at Air and Space Museum Image File history File linksMetadata NASM_Tri_Motor. ...	Light pipes in warehouse Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_light_pipes_in_warehouse. ...	Hill Air Force Base light pipes Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (856x593, 99 KB) Photo of sulfur lamps and light pipes at Hill Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah. ...
Ein Volumen aus Licht, Vienna Image File history File links Link_wien-natt. ...	DONG lobby Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	Light pipe at Forrestal building Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 274 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 411 pixel, file size: 275 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Light pipe at United States Department of Energy Forrestal Building in Washington, D.C. Photo from http://www. ...

See also

Michael Ury and Charles Wood with prototypes

Diagram of prototype

Fusion Lighting's Solar 1000 model

• Electrodeless lamp
• List of light sources
• Timeline of lighting technology

Image File history File links Ury1. ... Image File history File links Ury1. ... Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_diagram. ... Image File history File links Sulfur_lamp_diagram. ... Image File history File links Solar1000. ... Image File history File links Solar1000. ... In contrast with all other electrical lamps that use electrical connections through the lamp envelope to transfer power to the lamp, in electrodeless lamps the power needed to generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of (electro)magnetic fields. ... A Standard Household Light bulb This page is a list of sources of light. ... Timeline of lighting technology Since the world began, people used the sun as their main source of light. ...

Notes

External links

• Manufacturers
  • LG Electronics
  • [1]
  • Island Systems Lighting, Southend-on-Sea, Essex, UK
  • Fusion Lighting's former webite at the Internet Archive
  • Ningbo Youhe New Lighting Source's former website at the Internet Archive
  • Light pipes at 3M.com

• General information
  • Sulphur lamp information
  • "Lighting a Revolution: Lee Anderson and Michael Ury"
  • Various notes on the sulfur lamp
  • "Sun on Earth", International Association for Energy-Efficient Lighting Newsletter, March 1994
  • Radio frequency lamps overview
  • Information on light pipes

• Technical papers
  • Transport and equilibrium in molecular plasmas: the sulfur lamp
  • General treatment of the interplay between fluid and radiative transport phenomena in symmetric plasmas: the sulphur lamp as a case study
  • Investigation of the IR Radiation Losses in Microwave Operated Sulfur Lamps
  • Environmental Friendly High Efficient Light Source
  • Spectral Properties of Microwave-powered Sulfur Lamps in Comparison to Sunlight and High Pressure Sodium/Metal Halide Lamps
  • The electrodeless discharge lamp: a prospective tool for photochemistry
  • Sulfur Light Sources with Minimal Microwave Power
  • Courret, Gilles, Environmental Friendly High Efficient Light Source, La Haute École d'Ingénierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud
  • Environmental Friendly High Efficient Light Source

• Images
  • Installed LG Electronic's PLS
  • Photos of installed sulfur lamps
  • Info on sulfur lamps from Helsinki University of Technology
  • Videos of sulfur lamps
  • Video of the starting cycle of a sulfur lamp
  • Photos of sulfur lamps

• Radio interference
  • "RF Lighting: A Potential 'Extinction Level Event' For Communications Users Of The 2.4 GHz Band"
  • "Unintended Consequences of High-Efficiency Lighting"
  • "FCC Rejects Satellite Radio's Petition to Ban RF Lights in 2.45 GHz Band"
  • Letter to Secretary of FCC on 3rd Proposal to Fusion Lighting

• Criticism
  • Criticism of sulfur lamps at Slashdot
  • First-hand experience with sulfur lamps at Slashdot
  • More first-hand experience with sulfur lamps at Slashdot

Image File history File links Fusion_Lighting_logo. ... Southend-on-Sea is a resort town in Essex, England. ... Essex is a county in the East of England. ... Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) (Finnish: Teknillinen korkeakoulu; Swedish: Tekniska högskolan) is the premier technical university in Finland and the largest in the Nordic Countries with over 15000 students. ... Slashdot, often abbreviated as /., is a science, science fiction, and technology-related news website which features user-submitted and editor-evaluated current affairs news with a nerdy slant. ...

Offline sources

• Suplee, Curt, "Energy Dept. Brings Dazzling Bulb to Light", The Washington Post, October 21, 1994
• Suplee, Curt, "A New Kind of Illumination That Burns Brightly, but Not Out", The Washington Post, October 24, 1994
• Holusha, John, "Light Source To Replace Many Bulbs", The New York Times, October 26, 1994
• "Sulfur Lighting on Track", Environmental Building News, July 1995
• Schroeder, Michael, and Dreazen, Yochi, "Energy-Saving Light Bulbs Mar Satellite Radio", The Wall Street Journal, August 6, 2001
• "Sulfur Lighting No Longer on Track", Environmental Building News, August 2005

The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ... The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with a worldwide average daily circulation of more than 2. ...