Murad II (1404–February 3, 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 (except for a period from 1444 to 1446). Murad's reign was marked by the long war he fought against the Christians of the Balkans and the Turkishemirates in Anatolia, a conflict lasting for 25 years. He was brought up in Amasya, and ascended the throne on the death of his father.
The Byzantines encouraged Mustafa Çelebi (known as Düzmece Mustafa) to try to create civil war and dethrone the young sultan. Mustafa defeated the Murad's army and declared himself Sultan of Adrianople (modern Edirne). The Ottoman army caught up with him in Ulubat, near Bursa, and executed him. Murad then formed a new army called Azeb in 1421, and marching through the Byzantine Empire, laid siege to their capital Constantinople. Whilst besieging that city, the Byzantines in league with some independent Turkish Anatolian states,sent the Sultan's younger brother Mustafa (who was only 13 years old) to rebel against the Sultan and besiege Bursa. Murad had to abandon the siege of Constantinople in order to deal with his rebellious brother. He caught Prince Mustafa and executed him. The Anatolian states that had been constantly plotting gainst him — Aydin, Germian, Mentese and Teke were annexed and henceforth became part of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1446 he regained command at the interference of the Janissaries and could crush the Christian coalition at the Second Battle of Kosovo (the first one took place in 1389). When the Balkan front was secured Murad turned east to defeat Timur Lenk's son, Shah Rokh, and the emirates of Karamanid and Çorum-Amasya. See the Wars of Murad II.
Murad II Murad II (1404–February 3, 1451) was the sultan from 1421 to 1451 (except for a period from 1444 to 1446).
Murad's reign was marked by the long war he fought against the Christians of the Balkans and the Turkish emirates in Anatolia, a conflict lasting for 25 years.
Murad advanced the reformation of the state and founded such entities as the divan (the government and advisors), the beylerbey (great chief), the kaziasker (military judge) and the defterdar (financial minister).
Sultan Djem Osman, the younger son of SultanMehmed III, though elder son born during the reign of his father, took the reins of the Empire.
Sultan Djem’s invitation to Rome was the start of his European tour to gain support for his “Christian” conversation of the Ottoman Empire from the European powers such as France, Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Italian States and Kingdoms.
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