Sunderland
The Wearmouth Bridge Several communities in the United Kingdom are called Sunderland. ... The City of Sunderland is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x578, 518 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Sunderland ... The Wearmouth Bridge is a compression arch suspended-deck bridge across the River Wear in Sunderland. ...
Sunderland shown within Tyne and Wear
Population	177,739 (2001 Census)
OS grid reference	NZ395575
- London	240 mi (387 km) SSE
Metropolitan borough	City of Sunderland
Metropolitan county	Tyne and Wear
Region	North East
Constituent country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	SUNDERLAND
Postcode district	SR1, SR2, SR3, SR4, SR5, SR6
Dialling code	0191-5
Police	Northumbria
Fire	Tyne and Wear
Ambulance	North East
UK Parliament	Sunderland South
	Sunderland North
European Parliament	North East England
List of places: UK • England • Tyne and Wear

Coordinates: 54°54′22″N 1°22′53″W / 54.9061, -1.3813 Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Red_pog2. ... Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in the North East of England around the mouths of the Rivers Tyne and Wear. ... UK Census 2001 logo A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001. ... The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... A modern compass card. ... The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. ... The City of Sunderland is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. ... Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of English administrative division used for the purposes of local government. ... Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in the North East of England around the mouths of the Rivers Tyne and Wear. ... The region, also known as Government Office Region, is currently the highest tier of local government subnational entity of England in the United Kingdom. ... North-East England is one of the nine official regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear and a small part of North Yorkshire. ... Constituent countries is a phrase used, often by official institutions, in contexts in which a number of countries make up a larger entity or grouping, concerning these countries; thus the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has used the phrase in reference to the parts of former Yugoslavia... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... A post town is a required part of all UK postal addresses. ... UK postal codes are known as postcodes. ... The SR postcode area, also known as the Sunderland postcode area[2], is a group of postal districts around Peterlee, Seaham and Sunderland in England. ... +44 redirects here. ... Northumbria Police is the police force for the north English counties of Northumberland and Tyne and Wear. ... A Fire Appliance belonging to the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service The fire service in the United Kingdom has undergone dramatic changes since the beginning of the 21st century, a process that has been propelled by a devolution of central government powers, new legislation and a change to operational... View of a Tyne and Wear Volvo Fire Appliance. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The North East Ambulance Service NHS Trust is the authority responsible for providing NHS ambulance services in Darlington, Durham, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Northumberland, Stockton-on-Tees, and Tyne and Wear in the North East England region. ... The United Kingdom House of Commons is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs). ... Sunderland South is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... Sunderland North is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... This is a list of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom in the 2004 to 2009 session, ordered by name. ... North East England is a constituency of the European Parliament. ... List of cities in the United Kingdom List of towns in England Lists of places within counties List of places in Bedfordshire List of places in Berkshire List of places in Buckinghamshire List of places in Cambridgeshire List of places in Cheshire List of places in Cleveland List of places... This is a list of cities, towns and villages in the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear, England. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Sunderland (pronounced: /'sundələnd/, /'sʌndələnd/ or /'sun(d)lən/) is a city in Tyne and Wear, England. It was formerly a county borough but now forms part of the City of Sunderland. It sits at the mouth of the Wearside conurbation. Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... For other uses, see City (disambiguation). ... Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in the North East of England around the mouths of the Rivers Tyne and Wear. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... County borough was a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom to refer to a borough or a city independent of county administration. ... The City of Sunderland is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. ... This is about the city of Sunderland in England. ...

The name "Sunderland" is reputed to come from Soender-land (soender/sunder being the Anglo-Saxon infinitive, meaning "to part"), likely to be reference to the valley carved by the River Wear that runs through the heart of the city. Another meaning is that of the name referring to 'land set aside', derived from the rich Christian heritage of the city. Old English redirects here. ... In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. ... The River Wear (pronounced Wee-er) is a river in the North East of England. ...

Historically a part of County Durham, there were three original settlements on the site of modern-day Sunderland. On the north side of the river, Monkwearmouth was settled in 674 when Benedict Biscop founded the Wearmouth-Jarrow monastery. Opposite the monastery on the south bank, Bishopwearmouth was founded in 930. A small fishing village called Sunderland, located toward the mouth of the river (modern day East End) was granted a charter in 1179. Over the centuries, Sunderland grew as a port, trading coal and salt. Ships began to be built on the river in the 14th century. By the 19th century, the port of Sunderland had grown to absorb Bishopwearmouth and Monkwearmouth. The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. ... County Durham is a county in north-east England. ... Monkwearmouth is an area of Sunderland located at the mouth of the River Wear as the name suggests. ... Benedict Biscop (628?-690), also known as Biscop Baducing, English churchman, was born of a good Northumbrian family and was for a time a thegn of King Oswiu. ... Wearmouth-Jarrow Abbey is a twin-founation abbey located on the River Wear at Wearmouth and the River Don at Jarrow respectively, in the Kingdom of Northumbria (now in County Durham). ... Bishopwearmouth is an area in Sunderland, North East England. ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal (pronounced ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ...

A person born in Sunderland is sometimes called a Mackem. ^[1] Look up Mackem in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

History

Early history

Main article: Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory

Although it is believed the Brigantes tribes inhabited the area around the Wear in the pre and post Roman era, recorded settlements on the mouth of the Wear date back to 674, when Benedict Biscop, granted land by King Ecgfrith of Northumbria, founded the Wearmouth-Jarrow (St. Peter's) monastery on the north bank of the river Wear - an area that became known as Monkwearmouth. Biscop's monastery was the first built of stone in Northumbria. He employed glaziers from France re-establishing glass making in Britain.
In 686 the community was taken over by Ceolfrid, and Wearmouth-Jarrow became a major centre of learning and knowledge in Anglo-Saxon England with a library of around 300 volumes. Wearmouth-Jarrow Abbey is a twin-founation abbey located on the River Wear at Wearmouth and the River Don at Jarrow respectively, in the Kingdom of Northumbria (now in County Durham). ... The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe which lived between Tyne and Humber. ... Ecgfrith (645–May 20, 685) was the King of Northumbria from 670 until his death. ... Monastery of St. ... Section from Shepherds map of the British Isles about 802 AD showing the kingdom of Northumbria Northumbria is primarily the name of a petty kingdom of Angles which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th century, from two smaller kingdoms of Bernicia and Diera, and... The materials definition of a glass is a uniform amorphous solid material, usually produced when a suitably viscous molten material cools very rapidly, thereby not giving enough time for a regular crystal lattice to form. ... Ceolfrid or Ceolfrith (c. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

St. Peter's Church in Monkwearmouth. Only the porch and part of the west wall are what remain of the original monastery built in 674.

The Codex Amiatinus, described by some as the 'finest book in the world',^[2] was created at the monastery and was likely worked on by Bede who was born at Wearmouth in 673. While at the monastery, Bede completed the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) in 731, a feat which earned him the title: The father of English history. In the late eighth century the Vikings began to raid the coast, and by the middle of the ninth century the monastery had been abandoned. Image File history File linksMetadata St_peters_sunderland. ... Image File history File linksMetadata St_peters_sunderland. ... The Codex Amiatinus is the most celebrated manuscript of the Latin Vulgate Bible, remarkable as the best witness to the true text of St. ... For other uses, see Bede (disambiguation). ... Folio 3v from Codex Beda Petersburgiensis (746) The Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (in English: Ecclesiastical History of the English People) is a work in Latin by the Venerable Bede on the history of the Church in England, and of England generally; its main focus is on the conflict between Roman... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ... (8th century - 9th century - 10th century - other centuries) Events Beowulf might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the 8th century Viking attacks on Europe begin Oseberg ship burial The Magyars arrive in what is now Hungary, forcing the Serbs and Bulgars south...

Lands on the south side of the river were granted to the Bishop of Durham by Athelstan of England in 930. These became known as Bishopwearmouth.^[3] This parish included settlements such as Ryhope, which fall within the modern day boundary of Sunderland. The Bishop of Durham is the officer of the Church of England responsible for the diocese of Durham, one of the oldest in the country. ... Athelstan (c. ... A parish is a type of administrative subdivision. ... Ryhope is a coastal village within the southern boundary of the City of Sunderland. ...

As early as 1100, the Bishopwearmouth parish included a small fishing village at the mouth of the river (modern day Hendon) known as 'Soender-land' (which evolved into 'Sunderland').^[4] This settlement was granted a charter in 1179 by Hugh Pudsey, then the Bishop of Durham. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... Hendon is an area towards the east end of Sunderland in North East England. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Hugh de Puiset (c. ...

From as early as 1346 ships were being built at Wearmouth, by a merchant named Thomas Menville - although Sunderland remained a small and unimportant town. Men from Francisco de Orellanas expedition building a small brigantine, the San Pedro, to be used in the search for food Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. ...

In 1589, salt began to be made in Sunderland. Large vats of seawater, were heated using coal. As the water evaporated the salt sediment remained. This process is known as salt panning. The modern-day name of the area the pans occupied is Pann's Bank, located on the river bank between the city centre and Hendon. As coal was required to heat the salt pans, a coal mining community began to emerge in the area. Only poor quality coal was used in salt panning; quality coal was traded via the port, which subsequently began to grow. This put Sunderland in competition for the first time with its coal-trading neighbour Newcastle. Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ... Contemporary salt pans on the island of Lanzarote. ... Salt pans can refer to: Salt pan (geology), a flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually found in deserts. ... Surface coal mining in Wyoming. ... This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ...

17th and 18th centuries

Holy Trinity church, built in 1719.

Prior to the English Civil War in 1642, King Charles I bestowed the rights to the East of England coal trade upon Newcastle. This had a big impact on Sunderland which had begun to rapidly grow as a coal-trading town. This created resentment toward Newcastle and toward the monarchy. When the civil war began, the mainly Protestant Sunderland sided with Parliament against the primarily Catholic Newcastle. This worked to Sunderland's advantage because Parliament blockaded the Tyne, crippling the Newcastle coal trade and allowing the Sunderland coal trade to flourish. Because of the difficulty for colliers in trying to navigate the shallow waters of the River Wear, the coal had to be loaded onto keels (large boats) and taken downriver to the waiting colliers. The keels were manned by a close-knit group of workers known as 'keelmen'. There were also keelmen operating on the Tyne. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 319 KiB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Uploaded by User:Superbfc Taken 2007-04-17 with SonyEricsson w810i 2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 319 KiB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Uploaded by User:Superbfc Taken 2007-04-17 with SonyEricsson w810i 2. ... For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... The East of England is one of the nine official regions of England. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Keelmen of Tyne and Wear were a group of men who worked on the keels, large boats that carried the coal from the banks of both rivers to the waiting collier ships. ...

In 1719 the separate parish of Sunderland was carved from the densely populated east end of Bishopwearmouth by the establishment of Holy Trinity, Sunderland parish church. The three original settlments of Wearmouth (Bishopwearmouth, Monkwearmouth and Sunderland) had begun to combine, driven by the success of the port of Sunderland as well as the salt panning and the shipbuilding along the banks of the Wear. Around this time, Sunderland was also known as 'Sunderland-near-the-Sea'.^[5] Western (front) elevation Holy Trinity is a former church in Sunderland. ...

19th century

‎

Penshaw Monument, built in 1884.

Local government was divided between the three churches (Holy Trinity, Sunderland, St. Michael's, Bishopwearmouth, and St. Peter's, Monkwearmouth) and when cholera broke out in 1831 the "select vestrymen", as the church councilmen were called, showed themselves completely unable to understand and cope with the epidemic. Image File history File linksMetadata CNV00036. ... Image File history File linksMetadata CNV00036. ... Penshaw Monument Penshaw Monument was built in 1844 on Penshaw (pronounced Pensher) Hill, Durham, North-East England, between the towns of Washington, Tyne and Wear and Houghton-le-Spring. ... Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... St. ... Cholera (or Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera) is an extreme diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ... In epidemiology, an epidemic (from [[Latin language] epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during...

Sunderland, a main trading port at the time, was the first British town to be struck with the 'Indian cholera' epidemic.^[6] The first victim, William Sproat, died on October 23, 1831. Sunderland was put under quarantine, and the port was blockaded, but in December of that year the disease spread to Gateshead and from there, it rapidly spread across the country killing an estimated 32,000 people. The novel The Dress Lodger, about local hero Jack Crawford, by American author Sheri Holman is set in Sunderland during the epidemic. is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about Gateshead, England. ... Jack Crawford (22 March 1775 in the east end of Sunderland, England - 10 November 1831) was a sailor of the Royal Navy known as the Hero of Camperdown. ...

Demands for democracy and organised town government saw the Borough of Sunderland created in 1836, although impatient citizens elected Andrew White to be Mayor in December 1835.

Sunderland developed on plateaus high above the river, and so never suffered from the problem of allowing people to cross the river without interrupting the passage of high masted vessels. The Wearmouth Bridge was built in 1796, at the instigation of Rowland Burdon, the MP, and is described by Nikolaus Pevsner, the recognised authority, as being of superb elegance. It was the second iron bridge built after the famous span at Ironbridge itself, but over twice as long and only three-quarters the weight. Indeed, at the time of building, it was the biggest single span bridge in the world.^[7] Further up the river, another bridge, the Queen Alexandra Bridge, was built in 1910, linking the areas of Pallion and Southwick.^[8] The Wearmouth Bridge is a compression arch suspended-deck bridge across the River Wear in Sunderland. ... Sir Nikolaus Pevsner CBE (January 30, 1902 – August 18, 1983) was a German-born British historian of art and, especially, architecture. ... This article is about the bridge crossing the River Wear; for the bridge crossing the Ottawa River, see Alexandra Bridge. ... , Pallion is a suburb, parish and electoral ward in Sunderland. ... Southwick, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear is a suburb on the north banks of the river Wear in Sunderland. ...

In 1897 Monkwearmouth officially became a part of Sunderland. Bishopwearmouth had long since been absorbed.^[9]

Victoria Hall Disaster

Main article: Victoria Hall Disaster

The Victoria Hall was a large concert hall on Toward Road facing onto Mowbray Park. The Hall was the scene of a tragedy on June 16, 1883 when 183 children died.^[10] During a variety show, children rushed towards a staircase for treats.^[11] At the bottom of the staircase, the door had been opened inward and bolted in such a way as to only leave a gap wide enough for one child to pass at a time.^[12] The children surged down the stairs toward the door. Those at the front became trapped, and were crushed by the weight of the crowd behind them. Poster advertising the variety show in which 183 children were trampled to death. ... A Concert hall is a cultural building, which serves as performance venue, chiefly for classical instrumental music. ... Mowbray Park is a municipal park in the centre of Sunderland, North East England. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... A variety show is a show with a variety of acts, often including music and comedy skits, especially on television. ...

With the asphyxiation of 183 children between 3 and 13 years old the disaster is the worst of its kind in British history.^[12] The memorial, of a grieving mother holding a dead child, is currently located in Mowbray Park with a protective canopy.^[13] Newspaper reports at the time triggered a mood of national outrage and the resulting inquiry recommended that public venues be fitted with a minimum number of outward opening emergency exits, which led to the invention of 'push bar' emergency doors. This law still remains in full force to this day. The Victoria Hall remained in use until 1941 when it was destroyed by a German bomb.^[14] Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body. ... This is a list of wars and man-made disasters by death toll by strange diseases. ... Emergency Exit, by Manlio Santanelli, is a play written originally in Italian. ...

20th century to present

As the former heavy industries have declined, electronics, chemicals, and paper manufacture have replaced them. Some of these new industries, as well as the Nissan car plant, and the nearby North East Aircraft Museum are in Washington, which has more space to allow purpose built factories. Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd, or NMUK is a car manufacturing plant in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom. ... Washington Old Hall Washington is a town in North East England, within the City of Sunderland metropolitan borough. ...

Sunderland - taken from Tunstall Hill, August 1989

Commencing in 1990 the banks of the Wear experienced a massive physical regeneration with the creation of housing, retail parks and business centres on former shipbuilding sites. Alongside the creation of the National Glass Centre the University of Sunderland has also created a new campus on the St. Peter's site. The clearance of the Vaux Brewery site on the North East fringe of the City Centre has created a further opportunity for new development in the city centre. Image File history File links Sunderland. ... Image File history File links Sunderland. ... The National Glass Centre is a visitor attraction in Sunderland, North East England. ... St Peters Campus The University of Sunderland is located in the City of Sunderland in North East England. ... St. ...

Like many cities, Sunderland comprises a number of areas with their own distinct histories, e.g: Fulwell, Monkwearmouth, Roker, and Southwick on the northern side of the Wear, and Bishopwearmouth and Hendon to the south. Statistics Population: 5,500 Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: NZ3959 Administration District: City of Sunderland Metropolitan county: Tyne and Wear Region: North East England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Tyne and Wear Historic county: County Durham Services Police force: Northumbria Fire and rescue: {{{Fire}}} Ambulance... For other uses, see Roker (disambiguation). ... Southwick is the name of several places: Southwick in West Sussex, England Southwick in Northamptonshire, England Southwick in Wiltshire, England Southwick in Massachusetts This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The town was the one of the most heavily bombed areas in England during World War II.^[15] As a result, much of the town centre was rebuilt in an undistinguished concrete utility style. However, many fine old buildings remain. Religious buildings include Holy Trinity built in 1719 for an independent Sunderland, St. Michaels's Church, built as Bishopwearmouth Parish Church and now known as Sunderland Minster and St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, part of which dates from AD 674, and was the original monastery. St. Andrew's Roker, so-called "Cathedral of the Arts and Crafts Movement", contains work by William Morris, Ernest Gimson and Eric Gill. Western (front) elevation Holy Trinity is a former church in Sunderland. ... Artichoke wallpaper, by John Henry Dearle for William Morris & Co. ... This page is about William Morris, the writer, designer and socialist. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Arthur Eric Rowton Gill (February 22, 1882–November 17, 1940) was a British sculptor, typographer and engraver. ...

On March 24, 2004, the City adopted St Benedict Biscop as its patron saint. A patron had never been adopted before. is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Saint Quentin is the patron saint of locksmiths and is also invoked against coughs and sneezes. ...

Governance

The coat of arms of the former County Borough of Sunderland council.

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 542 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1449 × 1602 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 542 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1449 × 1602 pixel, file size: 1. ... Sunderland assumed a heraldic device in the nineteenth century. ...

Civic history

Sunderland Civic Centre (right background) with Mowbray Park to the left

Sunderland was created a municipal borough of County Durham in 1835. Under the Local Government Act 1888, it was given further status as a county borough with independence from county council control. In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county borough was abolished and its area combined with that of other districts to form the Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear. The metropolitan borough was granted City status in the United Kingdom after winning a competition in 1992 to celebrate the Queen's 40th year on the throne. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 × 1200 pixel, file size: 699 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Sunderland Civic Centre to the right of the photograph, and Mowbray park to the left I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 × 1200 pixel, file size: 699 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Sunderland Civic Centre to the right of the photograph, and Mowbray park to the left I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the... A borough is a political division originally used in England. ... County Durham is a county in north-east England. ... The Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. ... In the British Isles, a county council is a council that governs a county. ... The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c. ... Historically, city status in England and Wales was associated with the presence of a cathedral, such as York Minster. ... Elizabeth II in an official portrait as Queen of Canada (on the occasion of her Golden Jubilee in 2002, wearing the Sovereigns badges of the Order of Canada and the Order of Military Merit) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary) (born 21 April 1926), styled HM The...

Motto

Sunderland has the motto of Nil Desperandum Auspice Deo loosely translated it means Never Despair, Trust In God

Geography

Sunderland riverside at sunset

See also: List of places in Sunderland

The Wearmouth Bridge, St. Peter's Metro station on the far left

Much of the city is located on a low range of hills running parallel to the coast. On average, it is around 80 metres above sea level. Sunderland is divided by the River Wear which passes through the middle of the city in a deeply incised valley, part of which is known as the Hylton gorge. The only two road bridges connecting the north and south halves of the City are the Queen Alexandra Bridge at Pallion and the Wearmouth Bridge just to the north of the City centre. A third bridge carries the A19 trunk road over the Wear to the West of the City (see map below). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1200x180, 36 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sunderland User:John the mackem Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... This is a list of suburbs and places of interest in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 476 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 × 1008 pixel, file size: 567 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A view over the Wearside Bridge, Sunderland, UK I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 476 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 × 1008 pixel, file size: 567 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A view over the Wearside Bridge, Sunderland, UK I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... The term above mean sea level (AMSL) refers to the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of any object, relative to the average sea level. ...

Most of the suburbs of Sunderland are situated towards the west of the city centre with 70% of its population living on the south side of the river and 30% on the north side. The city extends to the seafront at Hendon and Ryhope (on the south) and Seaburn (on the north). Seaburn is a moderately affluent coastal suburb to the north of the North East England city of Sunderland, with the South Tyneside village of Whitburn to the north and the district of Roker to the south. ...

The area is part of the Anglican Diocese of Durham. It has been in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle since the Catholic hierarchy was restored in 1850. The Church of England logo since 1998 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... The Diocese of Durham is a Church of England diocese, based in Durham, and covering the historic County Durham (and therefore including the southern part of Tyne and Wear and the northern part of Cleveland). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle is a Roman Catholic Diocese in the UK. The diocese is one of the six suffragan sees in the ecclesiastical Province of Liverpool and covers North-East England. ... In the Roman Catholic Church, the threefold order, or hierarchy, of bishop, priest, and deacon, conferred through the sacrament of Holy Orders, is a structural feature considered to be of divine institution. ...

Alphabetical street naming of suburbs

Some Sunderland suburbs have most streets beginning with the same letter:

• A: Farringdon
• B: Town End Farm
• C: Hylton Castle
• D: Seaburn (some parts)
• E: Carley Hill
• F: Ford Estate
• G: Grindon
• H: Hylton Lane
• K: Downhill
• P: Pennywell and Plains Farm
• R: Red House
• S: Springwell
• T: Thorney Close
• W: Witherwack

Farringdon is a suburb of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear. ... Map sources for Hylton Castle at grid reference NZ357588 Hylton Castle is a ruined castle in the north west of Sunderland. ... Seaburn is a moderately affluent coastal suburb to the north of the North East England city of Sunderland, with the South Tyneside village of Whitburn to the north and the district of Roker to the south. ... Ford Estate is a suburb in Sunderland. ... Grindon is a suburb of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear. ... Pennywell is a suburb in the north-west of the City of Sunderland. ... Redhouse is a suburb in the north west of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, situated between Downhill to the west, and Marley Pots and Witherwack to the east. ... Thorney close is a suburb of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear in England. ...

Climate

As with most East-coast towns, Sunderland is prone to sea fog known locally as Fret. This is most common in the summer months (April - September). These frets can be very dense, are often very localised, and can appear and disappear in a matter of minutes. For other uses, see Fog (disambiguation). ...

Demography

Sunderland is the 26th largest city in England. At 3,874 hectares, Sunderland is the 45th largest urban area in England by measure of area, with a population density of 45.88 people per hectare. This is a list of the largest cities and towns of England ordered by population. ... A hectare (symbol ha) is a metric unit of surface area, equal to 100 ares (the name is a contraction of the SI prefix hecto + are). ...

According to statistics^[17] based on the 2001 census, 60% of homes in the Sunderland metropolitan area are owner occupied, with an average household size of 2.4 people. 3% of the homes have no permanent residents. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Owner occupied is a classification of UK housing tenure as described by the Department for Communities and Local Government, a UK government department that has amongst its remit the monitoring of the UK housing stock. ...

66% (men) and 54.7% (women) of the population within working age are economically active. 6.7% of men and 3% of women are unemployed. 12.2% of men and 8.6% women are permanently sick or disabled. The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work, in each country or jurisdiction. ...

Immigration into Sunderland is 2.4%, emigration is 2.2%. A memorial statue in Hanko, Finland, commemorating the thousands of emigrants who left the country to start a new life in the United States Emigration is the act and the phenomenon of leaving ones native country or region to settle in another. ...

Ethnicity

98.1% of the population are white, with 1% Asian and 0.4% mixed-race. For the ethnic group, see White people. ... Asian people[1] is a demonym for people from Asia. ... Actress Halle Berry was born to a white mother of British extraction and a black father of American extraction. ...

In 2001, the most ethnically diverse ward of the city was the (now defunct) Thornholme area - just to the south of the city centre, an area that included the suburbs of Ashbrooke and Eden Vale. Here, 89.4% are white, 7.8% are Asian and 1.3% are mixed-race.

The least ethnically diverse wards are in the north of the city. The area of Castletown is made up of 99.3% white, 0.4% Asian and 0.2% mixed-race.

Religion

According to census statistics, 81.5% of Sunderland residents class themselves as Christian, 9.6% are irreligious, 0.7% are Muslim and 7.6% did not wish to give their religion. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... This section does not cite its references or sources. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...

114 people of Jewish faith were recorded as living in Sunderland, a vanishingly small percentage. There was no Jewish community before 1750, though subsequently a number of Jewish merchants from across the UK and Europe settled in Sunderland, A Rabbi from Holland was established in the city in 1790. The once thriving Jewish community has been in slow decline since the mid 20th century. Many Sunderland Jews left for stronger Jewish communities in Britain or to Israel.^[18] The Jewish primary school, the Menorah School, closed in July 1983. The synagogue on Ryhope Road (opened in 1928) closed at the end of March 2006. (See also Jews and Judaism in North East England) This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A kehilla or kehillah (קהלה, Hebrew: community) is a Jewish community. ... For the town in Italy, see Rabbi, Italy. ... This article is about a region in the Netherlands. ... A synagogue (from , transliterated synagogē, assembly; beit knesset, house of assembly; or beit tefila, house of prayer, shul; , esnoga) is a Jewish house of worship. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Economy

Further information: List of companies in Sunderland

Sunderland has some of the most deprived areas in England with 11 of the 24 wards featuring in the list of the 2000 most deprived wards in England and in the 1980s it was one of the most deprived cities in England^[20] The most deprived areas are Southwick to the north of the river and Thorney Close to the south - both with chronic levels of unemployment, although the city is performing better than the North East as a whole.^[20] The following major companies are either headquartered or have significant interests in Sunderland, North East England. ... A ward is an electoral district used in local politics, most notably in England, Scotland, and Wales, as well as Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa and many cities in the United States and the federal district of Washington, DC. Wards are usually named after neighbourhoods...

Ship building and coal mining

Once famously hailed as the "Greatest Shipbuilding Town in the World"^[21] , ships were built on the Wear from at least 1346 onwards and by the mid-eighteenth century Sunderland was one of the chief shipbuilding towns in the country. The Port of Sunderland was significantly expanded in the 1850s with the construction of Hudson Dock to designs by River Wear Commissioner's Engineer John Murray, with consultancy by Robert Stephenson.^[22] One famous vessel was the ‘wonderful’ Torrens, the clipper in which Joseph Conrad sailed, and on which he began his first novel. As Basil Lubbock states, Torrens was one of the most successful ships ever built, besides being one of the fastest, and for many years was the favourite passenger ship to Adelaide. She was one of the most famous ships of her time and can claim to be the finest ship ever launched from a Sunderland yard. She was built in ten months by James Laing at their Deptford yard on the Wear in 1875. Between 1939 and 1945 the Wear yards launched 245 merchant ships totalling 1.5 million tons, a quarter of the merchant tonnage produced in the UK at this period. Competition from overseas caused a downturn in demand for Sunderland built ships toward the end of the twentieth century. The last shipyard in Sunderland closed in 1988. Statue of Robert Stephenson at Euston Station, London Robert Stephenson FRS (October 16, 1803–October 12, 1859) was an English civil engineer. ... Torrens is a suburb in the Canberra, Australia district of Woden. ... // Joseph Conrad (born Teodor Józef Konrad NaÅ‚Ä™cz-Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-born novelist who spent most of his adult life in Britain. ... A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. ... James Laing (born 21 April 1833 at London, England; died 11 September 1913 at New South Wales) was a cricket Test match umpire. ... This article is about the district in London. ...

Sunderland, part of the Durham coalfield, has a coal-mining heritage that dates back centuries. At the peak in 1923, 170,000 miners were employed in County Durham alone,^[23] as labourers from all over Britain, including many from Scotland and Ireland, entered the region. As demand for coal slipped following World War II, mines began to close across the region, causing mass unemployment. The last coal mine closed in 1994. The site of the last coal mine, Wearmouth Colliery, is now occupied by the Stadium of Light, and a miner's Davey lamp monument stands outside of the ground to honour the heritage of the site. This article is about the country. ...

The Liebherr crane factory is the last remaining heavy industry on the river Wear in Sunderland.

Glass has been made in Sunderland for around 1,500 years. As with the coal-mining and shipbuilding, overseas competition has forced the closure of all of Sunderland's glass-making factories. Corning Glass Works, in Sunderland for 120 years, will close on March 31, 2007^[24] and in January 2007, Pyrex announced it would close by the end of the year,^[25] bringing to an end glass-making in the city. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 399 pixelsFull resolution (1542 × 769 pixel, file size: 168 KiB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Liebherr crane factory on the River Wear in Sunderland. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 399 pixelsFull resolution (1542 × 769 pixel, file size: 168 KiB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Liebherr crane factory on the River Wear in Sunderland. ... The Liebherr Group is a German manufacturer established in 1949 by Hans Liebherr. ... Corning Glass Works (NYSE: GLW) is a U.S. manufacturer of glass, ceramics and related materials, primarily for technical and scientific applications. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... // For the programming language, see Pyrex (programming language). ...

Vaux Breweries was established in the town centre in the 1880s and for 110 years was a major employer. Following a series of consolidations in the British Brewing Industry, however, the brewery was finally closed in July 1999. Vaux in Sunderland and Wards in Sheffield had been part of the Vaux Group, but with the closure of both breweries it was re-branded The Swallow Group, concentrating on the hotel side of the business. This was subject to a successful take-over by Whitbread PLC in the autumn of 2000. We dont have an article called Vaux Breweries Start this article Search for Vaux Breweries in. ... The beer brewing industry is dominated by a few international players. ... Wards Brewing Company was a brewing company based at Sheaf Brewery on Ecclesall Road, Sheffield, England. ... For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Whitbread company. ...

Rejuvenation

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The Echo 24 apartment building nearing completion. Located on the south banks of the river close to the Wearmouth Bridge, the building is another new landmark on a transformed river-front.

Sunderland's economic situation began to improve following the low point of the 1980s. In addition to the giant Nissan factory, new service industries have moved in, creating thousands of jobs. Doxford International Business Park, in the south west of the city, has attracted a host of national and international companies. Sunderland was named in the shortlist of the top seven "intelligent cities" in the world for the use of Information Technology, in both 2004 and 2005. The city was also included in the top eighteen list in 2002 and 2003.^[26] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3096x1938, 315 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sunderland User:John the mackem Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3096x1938, 315 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sunderland User:John the mackem Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd, or NMUK is a car manufacturing plant in Sunderland, North East England. ... The tertiary sector of industry, also called the service sector or the service industry, is one of the three main industrial categories of a developed economy, the others being the secondary industry (manufacturing and primary goods production such as agriculture), and primary industry (extraction such as mining and fishing). ... Doxford International Business Park is a large business park in the Doxford Park suburb of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, in the north-east of England. ... Information and communication technology spending in 2005 Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ...

The former shipyard areas along the River Wear have also been transformed, with several high-profile developments close to the river: St. Peter's Campus of the University of Sunderland; North Haven, an executive housing and marina development on the former North Dock at Roker; the National Glass Centre, by St. Peter's Church; the Stadium of Light the 49,000-capacity home of Sunderland A.F.C.; Hylton Riverside Retail Park, a large shopping outlet centre at Castletown. Also in 2007 the Echo 24 luxuary apartments will open in the city centre. Castletown is an area of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear. ...

Sunderland Corporation's massive post-war housing estate developments, such as Farringdon, Pennywell, Grindon, Hylton Red House, Hylton Castle, Thorney Close and Town End Farm, together with earlier developments, have all passed into the ownership of Sunderland Housing Group, a private company and a Registered Social Landlord. Since the housing stock transfer in 2000 there have been considerable improvements to the quality of social housing in the city, amid frequent criticism of "cowboy" service personnel and skyrocketing rent. The tower blocks at Monkwearmouth, Gilley Law, Hendon and the East End have been transformed and the vast estates are also improving although the plans have not met with universal praise. Map sources for Hylton Castle at grid reference NZ357588 Hylton Castle is a ruined castle in the north west of Sunderland. ... A tower block, block of flats, or apartment block, is a multi-unit high-rise apartment building. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

The central business district of Sunderland has also been subject to a recent flurry of redevelopment and improvement. In 2000, The Bridges shopping centre was extended towards Crowtree Road and the former Central Bus Station, attracting national chain stores. In November 2004, after several years with no cinema, a Cineworld multiplex opened in the new River Quarter (Rebranded as Limelight in 2006) an entertainment complex towards the east of the City Centre. The Cinema was taken over by Empire Cinemas in May 2006. The previous ABC Cinema, situated on the corner of Park Lane and Holmeside, had been derelict for a number of years until it reopened late in 2005 as The Point, an upmarket venue comprising three bars and the Union nightclub. The Central Business District of Sydney, Australia. ... The Bridges is a shopping centre based in the city centre of Sunderland, England. ... For the traditional meaning of the word mall, see pedestrian street or promenade. ... For other meanings, see Bus stop (disambiguation). ... Chain stores are a range of retail outlets which share a brand and central management, usually with standardised business methods and practices. ... Cineworld Cinemas is a multiplex cinema chain in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and Jersey. ... Empire Leicester Square Empire Cinemas is a multiplex cinema chain in the United Kingdom. ...

The arrival of Roy Keane as Sunderland AFC's new manager in August 2006 has had a massive impact in Sunderland's hitherto limited tourism industry. Keane has proved a big pull for the city in terms of attracting tourists to Sunderland, with the Tourism Office reporting a dramatic rise in the number of football fans coming to the city "mentioning his name"^[27] as early as October 2006, just six weeks after Keane's appointment as manager. Airline