Drosera
Drosera tokaiensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Caryophyllales Family: Droseraceae Genus: Drosera L.
Species
See separate list. USCG Buoy Tender Sundew WLB-404 The Sundew in Duluth The United States Coast Guard Cutter Sundew (WLB 404) is a 180 foot sea going buoy tender (WLB). ... Drosera is a debugger included with the nightly builds of Safari/WebKit. ... The dragline Sundew approximately six months prior to being scrapped Sundew was a large electrically powered dragline excavator used in mining operations in Rutland and Northamptonshire in the United Kingdom. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 649 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sundew Drosera spatulata Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Binomial name (Komiya & Shibata) T.Nakamura & Ueda (1991) Synonyms Drosera spatulata subsp. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ... Families See text. ... Genus Aldrovanda Dionaea Drosera Drosophyllum The Droseraceae are a family of carnivorous plants, commonly known as the sundew family. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... In 1994, Seine & Barthlott divided the genus into three subgenera and 11 sections on the basis of morphological characteristics. ...

The Sundews (Drosera) comprise one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with over 170 species. These members of the family Droseraceae lure, capture, and digest insects using stalked mucilaginous glands covering their leaf surface. The insects are used to supplement the poor mineral nutrition that sundews are able to obtain from the soil they grow in. Various species, which vary greatly in size and form, can be found growing natively on every continent except Antarctica. For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Nepenthes mirabilis in flower, growing on a road cut in Palau Carnivorous plants (sometimes called insectivorous plants) are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, most focusing on insects and other arthropods. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... Genus Aldrovanda Dionaea Drosera Drosophyllum The Droseraceae are a family of carnivorous plants, commonly known as the sundew family. ... Mucilage is a thick gluey substance, often produced by plants. ...

Both the botanical name (from the Greek δρόσος: "drosos" = "dew, dewdrops") as well as the English common name (sundew, derived from Latin ros solis, meaning "dew of the sun") refer to the glistening drops of mucilage at the tip of each tentacle that resemble drops of morning dew. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Mucilage is a thick gluey substance, often produced by plants. ... Tentacles can refer to the elongated flexible organs that are present in some animals, especially invertebrates, and sometimes to the hairs of the leaves of some insectivorous plants. ... Dew on a spider web Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the morning or evening. ...

Plant characteristics

Sundews are perennial (or rarely annual) herbaceous plants, forming prostrate or upright rosettes between 1 centimeter (0.4 in.) and 1 meter (39 in.) in height, depending on the species. Climbing species form scrambling stems which can reach much longer lengths, up to 3 meters (10 ft.) in the case of D. erythrogyne.^[1] Sundews have been shown to be able to achieve a lifespan of 50 years.^[2] The genus is so specialized for nutrient uptake through its carnivorous behavior that the pygmy sundew is missing the enzymes (nitrate reductase in particular ^[3]) that plants usually use for the uptake of earth-bound nitrates. Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... Peas are an annual plant. ... A herb (pronounced hurb in Commonwealth English and urb in American English) is a plant grown for culinary, medicinal, or in some cases even spiritual value. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... A nutrient is either a chemical element or compound used in an organisms metabolism or physiology. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ... Nitrate reducatse are group of enzymes which reduce nitrate to nitrite This article belongs in one or more categories. ...

Habit

The genus can be divided into several growth forms:

• Temperate Sundews: These species form a tight cluster of unfurled leaves called a hibernaculum in a winter dormancy period (= Hemicryptophyte). All of the North American and European species belong to this group. Drosera arcturi from the mountains of New Zealand is another temperate species that dies back to thick, wiry roots.
• Subtropical Sundews: These species maintain vegetative growth year-round under uniform or nearly uniform climatic conditions.

A tuber of D. zonaria, a tuberous sundew, beginning its winter growth

• Pygmy Sundews: A group of roughly 40 Australian species, they are distinguished by miniature growth, the formation of gemmae for asexual reproduction, and dense formation of hairs in the crown center. These hairs serve to protect the plants from Australia's intense summer sun. Pygmy sundews form the section Bryastrum.
• Tuberous Sundews: More than 40 Australian species that form an underground corm in order to survive the extremely dry summers of their habitat, re-emerging in the fall. These so-called tuberous sundews can be further divided into two groups, those that form rosettes and those that form climbing or scrambling stems. Tuberous sundews comprise the subgenus Ergaleium.

D. derbyensis, from the petiolaris complex

• Petiolaris Complex: A group of tropical Australian species which live in constantly warm but irregularly wet conditions. Several of the 14 species that comprise this group have developed special strategies to cope with the alternately drier conditions. Many species, for example, have petioles densely covered in trichomes, which maintain a sufficiently humid environment and serve as an increased condensation surface for morning dew. The petiolaris complex sundews comprise the section Lasiocephala.

Although they do not form a single strictly defined growthform, a number of species are often put together in a further group: A hibernaculum is the location chosen by an animal for hibernation. ... In the Raunkiær system for classifying plants, a hemicryptophyte is a plant whose growth-points (buds) survive seasons with adverse conditions (e. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links DroseraZonariaTuber2-.jpg‎ Drosera zonaria Tuber Author: Denis Barthel File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sundew ... Image File history File links DroseraZonariaTuber2-.jpg‎ Drosera zonaria Tuber Author: Denis Barthel File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sundew ... A gemma is a small asexual reproductive structure in plants that detaches from the parent and develops into a new individual. ... It has been suggested that Parthenogenesis be merged into this article or section. ... In 1994, Seine & Barthlott divided the genus into three subgenera and 11 sections on the basis of morphological characteristics. ... Taro corms for sale in a Réunion market A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation). ... In 1994, Seine & Barthlott divided the genus into three subgenera and 11 sections on the basis of morphological characteristics. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1363x1060, 591 KB) Summary Description: Drosera derbyensis Photo taken by: Noah Elhardt Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sundew User:Rkitko Wikipedia:Userboxes/WikiProjects User:NoahElhardt... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1363x1060, 591 KB) Summary Description: Drosera derbyensis Photo taken by: Noah Elhardt Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sundew User:Rkitko Wikipedia:Userboxes/WikiProjects User:NoahElhardt... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... Leaf of Dog Rose (Rosa canina), showing the petiole and two leafy stipules In botany, the petiole is the small stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem. ... Trichomes, from the Greek meaning growth of hair, are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants and protists. ... For other uses, see Condensation (disambiguation). ... In 1994, Seine & Barthlott divided the genus into three subgenera and 11 sections on the basis of morphological characteristics. ...

• Queensland Sundews: A small group of three species (D. schizandra, D. prolifera, and D. adelae), all native to highly humid habitats in the dim understories of the Australian rainforest.

Species See text Drosera cv. ...

Leaves and carnivory

Leaf and tentacle movement on D. capensis

Sundews are characterised by the glandular tentacles, topped with sticky secretions, that cover their laminae. The trapping and digestion mechanism usually employs two types of glands: stalked glands that secrete sweet mucilage to attract and ensnare insects and enzymes to digest them, and sessile glands that absorb the resulting nutrient soup (the latter glands are missing in some species, such as D. erythrorhiza). Small prey, mainly consisting of insects, are attracted by the sweet secretions of the peduncular glands. Upon touching these, however, they become entrapped by sticky mucilage which prevents their progress or escape. Eventually, the prey either succumb to death through exhaustion or through asphyxiation as the mucilage envelops them and clogs their spiracles. Death usually occurs within one quarter of an hour.^[4] The plant meanwhile secretes esterase, peroxidase, phosphatase and protease enzymes.^[5] These enzymes both dissolve the insect and free the contained nutrients. The nutrient soup is then absorbed through the leaf surface and can then be used to help fuel plant growth. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (786x1067, 580 KB) Summary Photo Information Description: The leaf of a Drosera capensis bending in response to the trapping of an insect. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (786x1067, 580 KB) Summary Photo Information Description: The leaf of a Drosera capensis bending in response to the trapping of an insect. ... Binomial name Drosera capensis L. The Cape sundew, Drosera capensis, is a carnivorous plant in the family Droseraceae. ... This article is about the leaf, a plant organ. ... Look up sessile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Human submaxillary gland. ... Prey can refer to: Look up Prey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A prey animal eaten by a predator in an act called predation. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Symphypleona - globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura - extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness or lethargy, with a desire to rest, perhaps to sleep. ... Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body. ... Spiracles are small openings on the surface of animals that usually lead to respiratory systems. ... An esterase is an hydrolase enzyme that splits esters into a acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis. ... Glutathione Peroxidase 1 A peroxidase (eg. ... A phosphatase is an enzyme that dephosphorylates its substrate; i. ... Proteases (proteinases, peptidases, or proteolytic enzymes) are enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. ... Neuraminidase ribbon diagram An enzyme (in Greek en = in and zyme = blend) is a protein, or protein complex, that catalyzes a chemical reaction and also controls the 3D orientation of the catalyzed substrates. ...

Emergences of an australian D. indica

All species of sundew are able to move their tentacles in response to contact with digestible prey. The tentacles are extremely sensitive and will bend toward the center of the leaf in order to bring the insect into contact with as many stalked glands as possible. According to Charles Darwin, the contact of the legs of a small gnat with a single tentacle is enough to induce this response.^[4] This response to touch is known as thigmotropism, and is quite rapid in some species. The outer tentacles (recently coined as "snap-tentacles") of D. burmannii and D. sessilifolia can bend inwards toward prey in a matter of seconds after contact, while D. glanduligera is known to bend these tentacles in toward prey in mere tenths of a second!^[6] In addition to tentacle movement, some species are able to bend their laminas to various degrees in order to maximize contact with the prey. Of these, D. capensis exhibits what is probably the most dramatic movement, curling its leaf completely around prey in 30 minutes. Some species, such as D. filiformis, are unable to bend their leaves in response to prey.^[7] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 654 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 654 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Binomial name L. (1753) Drosera indica is an insectivorous plant, a sundew native to Australia which, together with D. hartmeyerorum, makes up the section Arachnopus. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... Thigmotropism is a tropism in which an organism moves or grows in response to touch or contact stimuli. ... Binomial name Vahl (1794) Synonyms Drosera burmannii Vahl: DC. (1824) [=Drosera burmannii/Drosera spatulata] Drosera burmannii Vahl: Ito & Matsum. ... Binomial name Vahl (1794) Synonyms Drosera burmannii Vahl: DC. (1824) [=Drosera burmannii/Drosera spatulata] Drosera burmannii Vahl: Ito & Matsum. ... Binomial name Drosera capensis L. The Cape sundew, Drosera capensis, is a carnivorous plant in the family Droseraceae. ... Binomial name Drosera filiformis, commonly known as the Thread-leaved sundew,[1] is a small, insectivorous, rosette forming species of perennial herb. ...

A further type of (mostly strong red and yellow) emergences has recently been discovered in a few Australian species (D. hartmeyerorum, D. indica). Their function is not known yet, they might probably help attracting prey. Binomial name Schlauer (2001) Drosera hartmeyerorum is a summer-growing annual sundew that is native to Northern Australia. ... Binomial name L. (1753) Drosera indica is an insectivorous plant, a sundew native to Australia which, together with D. hartmeyerorum, makes up the section Arachnopus. ...

The leaf morphology of the species within the genus is extremely varied, ranging from the sessile ovate leaves of D. erythrorhiza to the bipinnately divided acicular leaves of D. binata. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2163x1977, 603 KB) Summary Chart of leaf morphology characteristics. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2163x1977, 603 KB) Summary Chart of leaf morphology characteristics. ... Binomial name Drosera binata Labill. ...

Flowers and fruit

Flower of D. kenneallyi

The flowers of sundews, as with nearly all carnivorous plants, are held far above the leaves by a long stem. This physical isolation of the flower from the traps was originally thought to be an adaptation meant to avoid trapping potential pollinators; a recent study, however, indicated that Drosera attract distinct types of insects as pollinators and prey, with little overlap.^[8] Instead, the tall flower stalks probably help raise the flowers to a height where they are noticeable to pollinators. The mostly unforked inflorescences are spikes, whose flowers open one at a time and usually only remain open for a short period. Flowers open in response to light intensity (often opening only in direct sunlight), and the entire inflorescence is also helitropic, moving in response to the sun's position in the sky. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (867x834, 497 KB) Beschreibung Drosera kenneallyi flora Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sundew ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (867x834, 497 KB) Beschreibung Drosera kenneallyi flora Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sundew ... For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ... A pitcher plant in flower, growing on a road cut in Palau A carnivorous plant is a plant that derives some or most of its nutrients (but not energy) by trapping and consuming animals, especially insects. ... A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. ... Red clover inflorescence (spike) An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ... This inflorescence of the terrestrial orchid Spathoglottis plicata is a typical raceme. ... Heliotropism is the diurnal motion of plant parts (flowers or leaves) in response to the direction of the sun. ...

The radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers are always perfect and have five parts (the exceptions to this rule are the four-petaled D. pygmaea and the eight to twelve-petaled D. heterophylla). Most of the species have small flowers (<1.5 cm. or 0.6 in.). A few species, however, such as D. regia and D. cistiflora, have flowers 4 centimeters (1.5 in.) or more in diameter.^[7] In general, the flowers are white or pink. Australian species display a wider range of colors, including orange (D. callistos), red (D. adelae), yellow (D. zigzagia) or metallic violet colored (D. microphylla). The elaborate patterns on the wings of butterflies are one example of biological symmetry. ... A petal is one member or part of the corolla of a flower. ... Look up Perfect in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Binomial name DC. (1824) Synonyms Drosera pusilla H.B.K.: R.Br. ... Regia is the same derivative as regal or regent, which is why the common name for this Drosera is the King Sundew. ... Binomial name N.Marchant & Lowrie (1992) Drosera callistos is a species of sundew. ... Species See text Drosera cv. ...

The ovary is superior and develops into a dehiscent seed capsule bearing numerous tiny seeds. Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. ... Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. ... Dehiscence is the spontaneous opening at maturity of a plant structure, such as a fruit, anther, or sporangium, to release its contents. ... Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata. ...

Roots

The root system of most Drosera is only weakly developed. It serves mainly to absorb water and to anchor the plant to the ground; the roots are relatively useless when it comes to nutrient uptake. A few South African species use their roots for water and food storage. Some species have wiry root systems that remain during frosts if the stem dies. Some species such as Drosera adelae and Drosera hamiltonii use their roots for asexual propagation, by sprouting plantlets along their length. Some Australian species form underground corms for this purpose, which also serve to allow the plants to survive dry summers. The roots of pygmy sundews are often extremely long in proportion to their size, with a 1 centimeter (0.4 in.) plant extending roots over 15 centimeters (6 in.) beneath the soil surface. Some pygmy sundews, such as D. lasiantha and D. scorpiodes, also form adventitious roots as supports. For other uses, see Root (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Anchor (disambiguation). ... Taro corms for sale in a Réunion market A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation). ... Adventitious, in botany, refers to structures that develop in an unusual place, and in medicine, it refers to conditions acquired after birth. ...

Reproduction

Many species of sundews are self-fertile and flowers will often self-pollinate upon closing.^[7] Often copious amounts of seeds are produced. The tiny black seeds germinate in response to moisture and light, while seeds of temperate species also require cold, damp, stratification in order to germinate. Seeds of the tuberous species require a hot, dry summer period followed by a cool, moist winter to germinate. Stratification gooberini went to lousville to dance on a praire and then he went down the hill to hang out with jarry. ...

Vegetative reproduction occurs naturally in some species that produce stolons or when roots come close to the surface of the soil. Older leaves that touch the ground may sprout plantlets. Pygmy sundews reproduce asexually using specialized scale-like leaves called gemmae. Tuberous sundews can produce offsets from their corms. Production of new individuals along a leaf margin of the air plant, Kalanchoë pinnata. ... A stolon is an aerial shoot from a plant with the ability to produce adventitious roots and new offshoots of the same plant. ... Gemma can refer to: Physical and Life Sciences A traditional name for the star Alpha Coronae Borealis. ...

In culture, sundews can often be propagated through leaf, crown, or root cuttings, as well as through seeds. Headline text PLANT PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES Adrian Arias Biology 109 October 28, 2005 There are many ways to create new plants; they can be created by sexual or asexual techniques. ... Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Root (disambiguation). ...

Distribution

Distribution of the genus Drosera shown in green.

Drosera filiormis filiformis in a peat bog in New Jersey.

The range of the sundew genus stretches from Alaska in the north to New Zealand in the south. The centers of diversity are Australia (with roughly 50% of all known species), South America (20+ species) and southern Africa (20+ species). A few species are also found in large parts of Eurasia and North America. These areas, however, can be considered to form the outskirts of the generic range, as the ranges of sundews do not typically approach temperated or Arctic areas. Unlike previously supposed, the evolutionary speciation of this genus is no longer thought to have occurred with break-up of Gondwana through continental drift. Rather, speciation is now thought to have occurred as a result of a subsequent wide dispersal of its range.^[9] The origins of the genus are thought to have been in Africa or Australia.^[9] Image File history File links Drosera_distribution. ... Image File history File links Drosera_distribution. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1306x848, 649 KB) Summary Drosera filiformis filiformis in a bog in New Jersey author: Lucas renique Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1306x848, 649 KB) Summary Drosera filiformis filiformis in a bog in New Jersey author: Lucas renique Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU... In biology, the range of an species is the geographical area within which that species can be found. ... Official language(s) None[1] Spoken language(s) English 85. ... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity is the variation of taxonomic life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other uses, see Eurasia (disambiguation). ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border Satellite image of the Arctic surface The Arctic is the region around the Earths North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. ... Charles Darwins first sketch of an evolutionary tree from his First Notebook on Transmutation of Species (1837) Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. ... For other uses of Gondwana and Gondwanaland, see Gondwana (disambiguation). ... Plates in the crust of the earth, according to the plate tectonics theory Continental drift refers to the movement of the Earths continents relative to each other. ...

Europe is home to only three species: D. intermedia, D. anglica, and D. rotundifolia. Where the ranges of the two latter species overlap, they sometimes hybridize to form the sterile D. × obovata. In addition to the three species and the hybrid native to Europe, North America is also home to four additional species; D. brevifolia is a small annual native to coastal states from Texas to Virginia, while D. capillaris, a slightly larger plant with a similar range, is also found in areas of the Caribbean. A third species, D. linearis, is native to the northern United States and southern Canada. D. filiformis has two subspecies native to the East Coast, the Gulf Coast, and the Florida panhandle. Binomial name Hayne, 1800 Drosera intermedia, commonly known as the oblong-leaved sundew or spoonleaf sundew, is an insectivorous plant species belonging to the sundew genus. ... Binomial name Drosera anglica Huds. ... Binomial name Drosera rotundifolia Linnaeus Drosera rotundifolia (the common sundew or round-leaved sundew) is a species of sundew, a carnivorous plant often found in boggy and marshy locations. ... Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a man or a woman to contribute to conception. ... Binomial name Drosera brevifolia Pursh The Dwarf or Small Sundew, Drosera brevifolia, also known as the Red Sundew, is a carnivorous plant of the family Droseraceae and is the smallest sundew species in the United States. ... Peas are an annual plant. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Binomial name Drosera capillaris Poir. ... West Indies redirects here. ... Binomial name Drosera filiformis, commonly known as the Thread-leaved sundew,[1] is a small, insectivorous, rosette forming species of perennial herb. ... This article is about the zoological term. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... The Gulf of Mexico is a major body of water bordered and nearly landlocked by North America. ... The Florida Panhandle is the region of the state of Florida which includes the westernmost 16 counties in the state. ...

This genus is often descriped as cosmopolitan, meaning that it has worldwide distribution. The botanist Ludwig Diels, author of the only Monograph of the family to date, called this description an "arrant misjudgment of this genus' highly unusual distributional circumstances" („arge Verkennung ihrer höchst eigentümlichen Verbreitungsverhältnisse“), while admitting that sundew species do "occupy a significant part of the Earth's surface" („einen beträchtlichen Teil der Erdoberfläche besetzt“).^[10] He particularly pointed to the absence of Drosera species from almost all arid climate zones, countless rainforests, the American Pacific Coast, Polynesia, the Mediterranean, and North Africa, as well as the scarcity of species diversity in temperate zones such as Europe and North America.^[10] A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be found anywhere around the world. ... Dr. Friedrich Ludwig Emil Diels (born 24 September 1874 in Hamburg; died 30 November 1945 in Berlin) was a German botanist. ... In general terms, the climate of a locale or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or even preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. ... The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia. ... The Pacific Coast is any coast fronting the Pacific Ocean. ... Carving from the ridgepole of a Māori house, ca 1840 Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...

Habitat

Round-leaf sundew (D. rotundifolia) growing in sphagnum moss along with sedges and Equisetum in Mt. Hood National Forest, Oregon

Sundews generally grow in seasonally moist or more rarely constantly wet habitats with acidic soils and high levels of sunlight. Common habitats include bogs, fens, swamps, marshes, the tepuis of Venezuela, the wallums of coastal Australia, the Fynbos of South Africa, and moist streambanks. Many species grow in association with sphagnum moss, which absorbs much of the soil's nutrient supply and also acidifies the soil, making nutrients less available to plant life. This allows sundews, which don't rely on soil-bound nutrients, to flourish where more dominating vegetation would usually outcompete them. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1213 KB) Summary Description: Drosera rotundifolia growing in sphagnum moss with sedges and Equisetum in Mt. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1213 KB) Summary Description: Drosera rotundifolia growing in sphagnum moss with sedges and Equisetum in Mt. ... Binomial name Drosera rotundifolia Linnaeus Drosera rotundifolia (the common sundew or round-leaved sundew) is a species of sundew, a carnivorous plant often found in boggy and marshy locations. ... Genera See text The Family Cyperaceae, or the Sedge family, is a taxon of monocot flowering plants that superficially resemble grasses or rushes. ... Species See text Equisetum is a genus of vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds. ... Old-growth Douglas Fir in the Mount Hood National Forest The Mount Hood National Forest is located 20 miles (32 km) east of the city of Portland, Oregon, and the northern Willamette River valley. ... Official language(s) (none)[1] Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 9th  - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 2. ... Lütt-Witt Moor, a bog in Henstedt-Ulzburg in northern Germany. ... A fen is a sere, a phase in the natural ecological succession from the open water of a lake to (for example) woodland. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about marsh, a type of wetland. ... Kukenantepui. ... Wallum, or Wallum country, is an Australian ecosystem of coastal south-east Queensland, extending into north-eastern New South Wales. ... Fynbos is the natural shrubland vegetation occurring in a small belt of the Western Cape of South Africa, mainly in winter rainfall coastal and mountainous areas with a Mediterranean climate. ... Species See text Sphagnum is a genus of mosses commonly called peat moss due to its prevalence in peat bogs. ...

That being said, the genus is very variable in terms of habitat. Individual sundew species have adapted to a wide variety of environments, including atypical habitats such as rainforests, deserts (ex. D. burmannii and D. indica), and even highly shaded environments (Queensland Sundews). The temperate species, which form hibernacula in the winter, are an example of such adaptation to habitats; in general, sundews tend to prefer warm climates, and are only moderately frost-resistant. A rainforest is a forested biome with high annual rainfall. ... A dune in the Egyptian desert In geography, a desert is a landscape form or region that receives little precipitation. ... Binomial name Vahl (1794) Synonyms Drosera burmannii Vahl: DC. (1824) [=Drosera burmannii/Drosera spatulata] Drosera burmannii Vahl: Ito & Matsum. ... Binomial name L. (1753) Drosera indica is an insectivorous plant, a sundew native to Australia which, together with D. hartmeyerorum, makes up the section Arachnopus. ... A hibernaculum is the location chosen by an animal for hibernation. ...

Conservation status

Leaf of the common sundew, Drosera rotundifolia

Although none of the Drosera species in the United States are federally protected, all are listed as threatened or endangered in some states.^[11] Additionally, many of the remaining native populations lie on protected land such as National Parks or Wildlife Preserves. Drosera species are protected by law in many European countries, such as Germany,^[12] Austria, Switzerland, Czech republic, Finland,^[12] Hungary,^[12] France,^[12] and Bulgaria.^[12] Currently, the largest threat in Europe and North America is that of habitat destruction for development projects, as well as the draining of bogs for agricultural uses and peat harvesting. In many regions this has led to the extinction of some species from parts of their former range. Re-introduction of plants into such habitats is usually difficult or impossible, as the ecological needs of certain population is closely tied to their geographical location. Through increased legal protection of bogs and moors as well as a concentrated effort to renaturalize such habitats, the threat to these plant's survival might be curbed, although most species would remain endangered. The relatively unimpressive image of these plant as well as their small, low growth makes them difficult to protect. As part of the landscape, sundews are often overlooked or not recognized at all. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 936 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 936 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Binomial name Drosera rotundifolia Linnaeus Drosera rotundifolia (the common sundew or round-leaved sundew) is a species of sundew, a carnivorous plant often found in boggy and marshy locations. ... The threatened categories (IUCN Red List) Threatened species are any species (including animals, plants, fungi, insects, bugs, etc. ... The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ... This article is about national parks. ...

In South Africa and Australia, two of the three centers of special diversity, the natural habitats of these plants are undergoing a high degree of pressure from human activities. Expanding population centers (such as Queensland, Perth, and Cape Town) threaten many such habitats, as does the draining of moist areas for agriculture and forestry in rural areas. The droughts that have been sweeping Australia over the last ten years also pose a threat to many species by drying up previously moist areas. Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Motto(s): Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Quentin Bryce Premier Anna Bligh (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 28  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $158,506 (3rd... Location of Perth within Australia This article is about the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. ... Nickname: Motto: Spes Bona (Latin for Good Hope) Location of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape Province Coordinates: , Country Province Municipality City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality Founded 1652 Government [1]  - Type City council  - Mayor Helen Zille  - City manager Achmat Ebrahim Area  - City 2,499 km²  (964. ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... Fields outside Benambra, Victoria, Australia suffering from drought conditions A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. ...

Those species that are endemic to a very limited area are often most threatened by the collection of plants from the wild. D. madagascariensis is considered endangered in Madagascar because of the largescale removal of plants from the wild for exportation; 10 - 200 million plants are harvested for commercial medicinal use annually.^[12] Binomial name Drosera madagascariensis DC. Drosera madagascariensis is a carnivorous plant of the Sundew genus (Drosera). ...

Uses

Possibly the oldest illustration of a sundew from the mysterious Voynich manuscript

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (4319x5633, 15095 KB) Beschreibung This page of the Voynich manuscript might possibly show one of the oldest illustrations of a Drosera. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (4319x5633, 15095 KB) Beschreibung This page of the Voynich manuscript might possibly show one of the oldest illustrations of a Drosera. ... The Voynich manuscript is written in an unknown script. ...

As a medicinal plant

Several medicinally active compounds are found in sundews, including flavinoids (kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin and hyperoside),^[13] quinones (plumbagin,^[14] hydroplumbagin glucoside^[15] and rossoliside (7 – methyl – hydrojuglone – 4 – glucoside)^[16]), and other constituents such as carotenoids, plant acids (e.g. butyric acid, citric acid, formic acid, gallic acid, malic acid, propionic acid), resin, tannins and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). This article needs cleanup. ... Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid which has been isolated from Delphinium, Witch-hazel, grapefruit, and other plant sources. ... Myricetin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid found in many grapes, berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, as well as other plants. ... Quercetin is a flavonoid that forms the backbone for many other flavonoids, including the citrus flavonoids rutin, hesperidin, naringin and tangeritin. ... A quinone (or benzoquinone) is either one of the two isomers of cyclohexadienedione or a derivative thereof. ... The orange ring surrounding Grand Prismatic Spring is due to carotenoid molecules, produced by huge mats of algae and bacteria. ... Butyric acid, (from Greek βουτυρος = butter) IUPAC name n-Butanoic acid, or normal butyric acid, is a carboxylic acid with structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. It is notably found in rancid butter, parmesan cheese, and vomit, and has an unpleasant odor and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. ... Chemical structure of gallic acid Gallic acid is an organic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants. ... Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. ... Propionic acid (systematically named propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. In the pure state, it is a colorless, corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Tannins are astringent, bitter-tasting plant polyphenols that bind and precipitate proteins. ... This article deals with the molecular aspects of ascorbic acid. ...

Sundews were used as medicinal herbs as early as the 12th century, when an Italian doctor from the School of Salerno by the name of Matthaeus Platearius described the plant as an herbal remedy for coughs under the name "herba sole". It has been used commonly in cough preparations in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. Sundew tea was especially recommended by herbalists for dry coughs, bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma and "bronchial cramps".^[17] A modern study has shown that Drosera does exhibit antitussive properties.^[18] Sundews have also been used as an aphrodisiac and to strengthen the heart, as well as to treat sunburn and prevent freckles. They are still used today in some 200-300 registered medications, usually in combination with other active ingredients. Today Drosera is usually used to treat ailments such as asthma, coughs, lung infections, and stomach ulcers. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi (medium-size airways) in the lungs. ... A cough medicine is a drug used to treat coughing and related conditions. ... An aphrodisiac is an agent which is used to increase sexual desire [1]. The name comes from the Greek goddess of Sensuality Aphrodite. ... Peptic ulcer is a non-malignant ulcer of the stomach (called gastric ulcer) or duodenum (called duodenal ulcer). ...

Medicinal preparations are primarily made using the roots, flowers, and fruit-like capsules.^[19] Since all native sundews species are protected in many parts of Europe and North America, extracts are usually prepared using cultivated fast-growing sundews (specifically D. rotundifolia, D. intermedia, D. anglica, D. ramentacea and D. madagascariensis) or from plants collected and imported from Madagascar, Spain, France, Finland and the Baltics.^[12] Binomial name Drosera rotundifolia Linnaeus Drosera rotundifolia (the common sundew or round-leaved sundew) is a species of sundew, a carnivorous plant often found in boggy and marshy locations. ... Binomial name Hayne, 1800 Drosera intermedia, commonly known as the oblong-leaved sundew or spoonleaf sundew, is an insectivorous plant species belonging to the sundew genus. ... Binomial name Drosera anglica Huds. ... Binomial name Drosera madagascariensis DC. Drosera madagascariensis is a carnivorous plant of the Sundew genus (Drosera). ... The Baltic Sea The Baltic states, or Baltic countries, is a term which usually refers to three countries to the East of the Baltic Sea: Estonia Latvia Lithuania It ought to be noted that although the present-day Baltic countries are republics, the term Baltic Republics refers to the same...

As ornamental plants

Because of their carnivorous nature and the beauty of their glistening traps, sundews have become favorite ornamental plants - however, the environmental requirements of most species are relatively stringent and can be difficult to meet in cultivation. As a result, most species are unavailable commercially. A few of the hardiest varieties, however, have made their way into the mainstream nursery business and can often be found for sale next to Venus fly traps. These most often include D. capensis, D. aliciae, and D. spatulata. Binomial name Dionaea muscipula The Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a carnivorous plant. ... Binomial name Drosera capensis L. The Cape sundew, Drosera capensis, is a carnivorous plant in the family Droseraceae. ... Binomial name Drosera aliciae R.Hamet The Alice sundew, Drosera aliciae, is a carnivorous plant in the family Droseraceae. ... This rosette sundew is sometimes known as spatulata or spathulata, as it has spoon shaped leaves. ...

The more difficult species of sundews are also cultivated by a group of several thousand carnivorous plant enthusiasts world wide; virtually every species can be found in cultivation. Since many sundew species are only found in small numbers in a very limited range in the wild, several species have been threatened by aggressive collection of plant material for cultivation^{[citation needed]}. Nepenthes mirabilis in flower, growing on a road cut in Palau Carnivorous plants (sometimes called insectivorous plants) are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, most focusing on insects and other arthropods. ... Tillage (American English), or cultivation (UK) is the agricultural preparation of the soil to receive seeds. ...

Cultivation requirements vary greatly by species. In general, however, sundews require a high environmental moisture content, usually in the form of a constantly moist or wet soil substrate. Most species also require this water to be pure, as nutrients, salts, or minerals in their soil can stunt their growth or even kill them. Commonly plants are grown in a soil substrate containing some combination of dead or live sphagnum moss, sphagnum peat moss, sand, and/or perlite, and are watered with distilled, RO, or rain water.^[7] Species See text Sphagnum is a genus of mosses commonly called peat moss due to its prevalence in peat bogs. ... Species See text. ... Species See text Sphagnum is a genus of mosses commonly called peat moss due to its prevalence in peat bogs. ... Expanded Perlite Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content. ... Bottle for Distilled water in the Real Farmacia in Madrid. ... Reverse osmosis is a separation process that uses pressure to force a solvent through a membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side. ...

Other uses

The corms of the tuberous sundews native to Australia are considered a delicacy by the Australian Aborigines.^[20] Some of these corms were also used to dye textiles,^[21] while another purple or yellow dye was traditionally prepared in the Scottish Highlands using D. rotundifolia.^[22] A sundew liqueur is also still produced using a recipe that has its roots in the 14th century. It is made using fresh leaves from mainly D. capensis, D. spatulata, and D. rotundifolia.^[21] Taro corms for sale in a Réunion market A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation). ... Aboriginal Flag Australian Aborigines is a name used to collectively describe most of the indigenous peoples of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... The following are the principal native vegetable dyes used in Scottish Gaeldom, with the colours they produce. ... Lowland-Highland divide Highland Sign with welcome in English and Gaelic The Scottish Highlands (A Ghàidhealtachd in Gaelic) include the rugged and mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Binomial name Drosera rotundifolia Linnaeus Drosera rotundifolia (the common sundew or round-leaved sundew) is a species of sundew, a carnivorous plant often found in boggy and marshy locations. ... Bottles of strawberry liqueur A liqueur is a sweet alcoholic beverage, often flavoured with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, roots, plants, barks, and sometimes cream. ... Binomial name Drosera capensis L. The Cape sundew, Drosera capensis, is a carnivorous plant in the family Droseraceae. ... This rosette sundew is sometimes known as spatulata or spathulata, as it has spoon shaped leaves. ...

Phylogenetics

For a complete list of species, see the separate article List of Drosera species.

The following cladogram shows the relationship between various subgenera and classes as defined by the Rivadavia et al.'s analysis in 2002.^[9] The monotypic section "Meristocaules" was not included in the study, so that its place in this system is unclear. More recent studies have placed this group near section "Bryastrum", so it is placed there below. Since the section "Drosera" is polyphyletic, it shows up multiple times in the cladogram (*). Greek clados = branch) or phylogenetic systematics is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. ... In biology, a taxon is polyphyletic if it is descended from more than one root form (in Greek poly = many and phyletic = racial). ...

This phylogenetic study has made the need for a revision of the genus even clearer.

Notes

Oecologia is an international peer-reviewed English language journal that publishes original research into topics related to ecology. ... The American Journal of Botany (ISSN 00029122) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which includes research papers on all aspects of plant biology. ...

Sources

Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language wikipedia article (retrieved April 30, 2006). is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

• Barthlott, Wilhelm; Porembski, Stefan; Seine, Rüdiger; Theisen, Inge: Karnivoren. Stuttgart, 2004, ISBN 3-8001-4144-2
• Correa A., Mireya D.; Silva, Tania Regina Dos Santos: Drosera (Droseraceae), in: Flora Neotropica, Monograph 96, New York, 2005
• Darwin, Charles: Insectivorous Plants, 1875
• Lowrie, Allen: Carnivorous Plants of Australia, Vol. 1-3, English, Nedlands, Western Australia, 1987 - 1998
• Lowrie, Allen: A taxonomic revision of Drosera section Stolonifera (Droseraceae) from south-west Western Australia, 2005, Nuytsia 15(3):355-393. (Online: http://science.calm.wa.gov.au/nuytsia/15/3/355-394.pdf)
• Olberg, Günter: Sonnentau, Natur und Volk, Bd. 78, Heft 1/3, pp. 32-37, Frankfurt, 1948
• Rivadavia, Fernando; Kondo, Katsuhiko; Kato, Masahiro und Hasebe, Mitsuyasu: Phylogeny of the sundews, Drosera (Droseraceae), based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA Sequences, American Journal of Botany. 2003;90:123-130. (Online: http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/90/1/123)
• Seine, Rüdiger; Barthlott, Wilhelm: Some proposals on the infrageneric classification of Drosera L., Taxon 43, 583 - 589, 1994
• Schlauer, Jan: A dichotomous key to the genus Drosera L. (Droseraceae), Carnivorous Plant Newsletter, Vol. 25 (1996)

External links

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Sundew (Drosera)

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• A key to Drosera species, with distribution maps and growing difficulty scale
• A virtually exhaustive listing of Drosera pictures on the web
• International Carnivorous Plant Society
• Carnivorous Plant FAQ
• Listing of scientific Drosera articles online (terraforums.com)
• Sundew images from smugmug
• Botanical Society of America, Drosera - the Sundews

This list of carnivorous plants is a comprehensive listing of all known carnivorous plant species. ...