Part of a series of articles on

Isolationism White Australia Policy South African Apartheid The Rex Theatre for Colored People, Leland, Mississippi, June 1937 Racial segregation is characterized by separation of people of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the... Isolationism is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). ... This badge from 1906 shows the use of the expression White Australia at that time The White Australia Policy is the prevailing term used to describe a collection of racist Australian policies which restricted non-white immigration and promoted white, European immigration from 1830 to 1973 with related policies enduring... Petty apartheid: sign on Durban beach in English, Afrikaans and Zulu (1989) Apartheid (literally separateness in Afrikaans) was a system of racial segregation that was enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. ... Segregation in the US Black Codes Jim Crow laws Redlining White flight Sundown towns Proposition 14 Indian Appropriations Immigration Act of 1924 Separate but equal To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level in the United States to restrict the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans, particularly former slaves. ... The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and Border States of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 and affected African Americans and many other races. ... Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as banking or insurance, to residents of certain areas. ... White flight is a colloquial term for the demographic trend of upper and middle class Americans (predominantly white) moving away from inner cities (predominantly non-white), finding new homes in nearby suburbs or even moving to new locales entirely. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... President Coolidge signs the immigration act on the White House South Lawn along with appropriation bills for the Veterans Bureau. ... Separate but equal was a policy enacted into law throughout the U.S. Southern states during the period of segregation, in which African Americans and Americans of European descent would receive the same services (schools, hospitals, water fountains, bathrooms, etc. ... This box: view • talk • edit

A sundown town is a community in the United States where non-Caucasians— especially African Americans— are systematically excluded from living in or passing through after the sun went down. They came into existence in the late 19th century during what sociologists have described as the nadir of race relations in the United States. Sundown towns existed throughout the nation, but more often were located in the northern states that were not pre-Civil War slave states. There have not been any de jure sundown towns in the country since the legislation in the 1960s inspired by the American Civil Rights Movement, though de facto sundown towns existed at least into the 1970s. Their continued existence is the subject of some debate. This article is in need of attention. ... It has been suggested that Caucasoid race be merged into this article or section. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The nadir of American race relations refers to the period in United States history at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... A slave state was a U.S. state that had legal slavery of African Americans. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Martin Luther King is perhaps most famous for his I Have a Dream speech, given in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom This article is about the civil rights movement following the Brown v. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without...

History

In some cases, signs were placed at the town's borders with statements similar to the one posted in Hawthorne, California which read "Nigger, Don't Let The Sun Set On YOU In Hawthorne" in the 1930s.^[1] Hawthorne is a city located in southwestern Los Angeles County, California. ... Nigger is a term used to refer to dark-skinned peoples, especially people of African ancestry or Negroid, and is regarded as an offensive slur. ... The 1930s (years from 1930-1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ...

In some cases, the exclusion was official town policy or through restrictive covenants agreed to by the real estate agents of the community. In others, the racist policy was enforced through intimidation. This intimidation could occur in a number of ways, including harassment by law enforcement officers. A restrictive covenant is a legal promise made in a deed by the buyer of real estate to do or not to do something, and not to sell it without exacting the same promise from the next buyer. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling Hate speech · Hate crime Lynching · Gay bashing Genocide · Holocaust Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing Pogrom · Race war Religious persecution Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism White/Black supremacy Hate groups · Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism Womens/Universal suffrage Civil rights · Gay rights Childrens rights · Youth rights Policies Discriminatory...

Though no one knows the number of sundown towns in the United States, the largest attempt made to determine how common they were estimated that there were several thousand towns throughout the nation. Most of the documented sundown towns are in the state of Illinois, but that may not be truly representative of their distribution, as sundown towns are difficult to pin down given the reluctance for the towns themselves to have, or to reveal, official documents stating their status as sundown towns. Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ...

Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, and especially since the Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited racial discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing, the number of sundown towns has decreased. However, as sociologist James Loewen writes in his book on the subject, it is impossible to precisely count the number of sundown towns at any given time, because most towns have not kept records of the ordinances or signs that marked the town's sundown status.^[2] His book, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism, claimed that several cities across America, as well as the entire state of Idaho, may have been sundown towns at some point in their history. President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968 On April 11, 1968, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (also known as CRA 68), which was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Loewen's book mentions that sundown status meant more than just African-Americans not being able to live in these towns. Essentially any African-American (or sometimes other groups) who came into sundown towns after sundown were subject to harassment up to and including lynching. Lynching is a form of violence, usually murder, conceived of by its perpetrators as extra-legal punishment for offenders or as a terrorist method of enforcing social domination. ...

Other minorities targeted

In addition to the expulsion of African Americans from some small towns, Chinese Americans were also driven out of some of the towns where they lived. For example, in 1870, Chinese made up one-third of the population of Idaho. Following a wave of violence and an 1886 anti-Chinese convention in Boise, almost none remained by 1910. The town of Gardnerville, Nevada blew a whistle at 6 p.m. daily alerting Native Americans to leave by sundown.^[2] A Chinese American is an American who is of ethnic Chinese descent. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Nickname: City of Trees Motto: Energy Peril Success Location of Boise in the State of Idaho Coordinates: Country United States State Idaho County Ada Founded 1863 Incorporated 1864 Mayor David H. Bieter (NP) Area    - City {{{area_total}}} km²  (64 sq mi) Elevation {{{elevation}}} m  (2700 ft) Population  - City 211,830  - Metro... Gardnerville is a census-designated place located in Douglas County, Nevada, U.S.. As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 3,357. ... Native Americans are the indigenous peoples within the territory that is now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska down to their descendants in modern times. ...

In addition, Jews were excluded from living in some sundown towns.^[2]

Notes

See also

• Jim Crow laws

The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and Border States of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 and affected African Americans and many other races. ...

References

Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New Press. ISBN 1-56584-887-X. 

External links

• Review and feature article, Dallas Morning News
• Interview with James Loewen, U.S. News
• Article on Vidor, Texas's long time reputation as a sundown town