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In particle physics, supersymmetry (often abbreviated SUSY) is a hypothetical symmetry that relates bosons and fermions. In supersymmetric theories, every fundamental fermion has a bosonic superpartner and vice versa. Assumption of supersymmetry mitigates and explains several problems in the Standard Model of particle physics; it also introduces complications of its own. This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...
Particles explode from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV per nucleon) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
In physics, bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles with integer spin. ...
In particle physics, fermions, (named after Enrico Fermi), are particles with semi-integer spin. ...
In supersymmetry, it is proposed that every fermion should have a partner boson, known as its Superpartner. ...
The Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory which describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces, as well as the fundamental particles that make up all matter. ...
Supersymmetry was orginally developed in the 1970s by the research group of Jonathan I. Segal at MIT; at the same time Daniel Laufferty at Tufts University proposed a similar idea. It was also independently discovered by Soviet theorists Gol'fand and Likhtman. Although it first arose in the context of string theory, the mathematical structure of supersymmetry has subsequently been applied successfully to other areas of physics ranging from quantum mechanics to classical statistical physics. It remains a vital part of many proposed theories of physics. Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ...
Tufts University is a private university located in Medford, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. ...
Interaction in the subatomic world: world lines of pointlike particles in the Standard Model or a world sheet swept up by closed strings in string theory String theory is a model of fundamental physics whose building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects (strings) rather than the zero-dimensional points (particles...
For a non-technical introduction to the topic, please see Introduction to Quantum mechanics. ...
Statistical mechanics is the application of statistics, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. ...
As of 2006 there is no direct experimental evidence that supersymmetry exists in the real world. However, there is some indirect evidence which suggests that supersymmetry may be found at energies not too far above those accessible by today's particle accelerators. By the year 2007 the Large Hadron Collider at CERN should be ready for use, producing high-energy particle collisions that may be sufficient to reveal superpartner particles. 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
A 1960s single stage 2MeV linear Van de Graaff accelerator, here opened for maintenance A particle accelerator is a device that uses electric and/or magnetic fields to propel electrically charged particles to high speeds. ...
The Large Hadron Collider (short LHC) is a particle accelerator and collider located at CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland. ...
CERN logo The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), commonly known as CERN, is the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated just west of Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland. ...
CDMS superconducting ZIP detector. ...
CDMS superconducting ZIP detector. ...
Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of electrical resistance and the damping of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect. ...
In physics, a phonon is a quantized mode of vibration occurring in a rigid crystal lattice, such as the atomic lattice of a solid. ...
The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) is an experiment designed to directly detect particle dark matter in the form of WIMPs. ...
In particle physics, the neutralino is a hypothetical particle and part of the doubling of the menagerie of particles predicted by supersymmetric theories. ...
In cosmology, dark matter refers to matter particles, of unknown composition, that do not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be detected directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter such as stars and galaxies. ...
Motivations
Image File history File links Hqmc600. ...
Image File history File links Hqmc600. ...
The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of particle physics. ...
In quantum field theory, mass renormalization refers to the quantum corrections to the mass of a particle through its self interactions, or through interactions with other particles. ...
In particle physics, fermions, (named after Enrico Fermi), are particles with semi-integer spin. ...
The top quark is a third-generation quark with a charge of +(2/3)e. ...
In mathematics and physics, a scalar field associates a scalar to every point in space. ...
In particle physics, a squark is a hypothetical boson partner of a quark whose existence is implied by supersymmetry. ...
In this Feynman diagram, electrons annihilate and become a quark-antiquark pair. ...
The Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory which describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces, as well as the fundamental particles that make up all matter. ...
Scalar bosons One of the main motivations for SUSY comes from the quadratic divergence of the mass squared of scalar bosons. Put more simply, it means most quantum field theories predict that the mass of a scalar boson, when run down the renormalization group, is of the order of the cutoff scale (the scale at which new physics appears). A scalar boson is a boson whose spin number is zero. ...
Quantum field theory (QFT) is the application of quantum mechanics to fields. ...
In theoretical physics, renormalization group (RG) refers to a set of techniques and concepts related to the change of physics with the observation scale. ...
In theoretical physics, cutoff usually represents a particular energy scale or length scale. ...
Since the Higgs field in the Standard Model is a scalar field, this poses a problem if we assume that the cutoff scale is really high (as in most nonsupersymmetric GUT models, where there is a desert of many orders of magnitude between the electroweak unification scale and the GUT scale) or if we assume that there is no new physics beyond the Standard Model up to the Planck scale. However, if we set the cutoff scale to be around or slightly above the electroweak scale, then it is no surprise that the Higgs boson has the mass it has. Higgs bosons are hypothetical elementary particles predicted to exist by the Standard Model of particle physics. ...
The Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory which describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces, as well as the fundamental particles that make up all matter. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Higgs mechanism, originally discovered by the British physicist Peter Higgs (building on a previous suggestion by Philip Anderson in condensed matter physics), is the mechanism that gives masses to all elementary particles in particle physics. ...
Grand unification, grand unified theory, or GUT is a theory in physics that unifies the strong interaction and electroweak interaction. ...
In physics, Planck units are physical units of measurement originally proposed by Max Planck. ...
The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of particle physics. ...
However, this creates a different problem: there are many nonrenormalizable terms that may be added to the Standard Model, but from an effective theory would expect all of them to be suppressed by suitable powers of the cutoff scale. If the cutoff scale is low, then those nonrenormalizable terms should not be small, conflicting with precision electroweak experiments, which have set very low bounds on the possible size of such terms. In physics, the adjective renormalizable refers to a theory (usually a quantum field theory) in which all ultraviolet divergences, infinities and other seemingly meaningless results can be cured by the process of renormalization. ...
In physics, an effective field theory is an approximate theory (usually a quantum field theory) that contains the appropriate degrees of freedom to describe physical phenomena occurring at a chosen length scale, but ignores the substructure and the degrees of freedom at shorter distances (or, equivalently, higher energies). ...
Despite these constraints, there are several models with new physics at the TeV scale that stabilize the mass of the Higgs boson but do not induce large nonrenormalizable terms at that scale. One such model is the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), a supersymmetric theory augmented with soft SUSY breaking terms at the TeV scale (but see flavor changing neutral current). Supersymmetry cancels the quadratic divergences due to scalar-scalar couplings by couplings due to scalar-fermion couplings. (See hierarchy problem.) The soft SUSY breaking part of the theory does not induce most nonrenormalizable terms at the TeV scale. A TeV is a teraelectronvolt, i. ...
// The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is the minimal extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry (non-minimal extensions exist). ...
In theoretical physics, soft SUSY breaking is a supersymmetry breaking by the special kind of terms that do not invalidate certain desirable features of supersymmetry, such as the Bose-Fermi cancellation of the ultraviolet divergences contributing to the mass of the Higgs boson. ...
In theoretical physics, flavor changing neutral currents (FCNCs) are dangerous fermionic bilinear expressions. ...
In theoretical physics, a hierarchy problem is a confusing observation that two fundamental quantities with the same units have vastly different values, and therefore the naïve calculation based on dimensional analysis can lead to incorrect results. ...
Some other models with this property are the little Higgs models or some versions of technicolor models (the simplest versions have been ruled out because they induce large nonrenormalizable terms) or extra dimensional models. Recently, anthropic landscape arguments have been used to explain the fine-tuning problem, completely obviating the need for SUSY. See split supersymmetry and supersplit supersymmetry. In particle physics, little Higgs is a refined version of the Higgs boson based on the idea that the Higgs boson is a pseudo-Goldstone boson arising from some global symmetry breaking at a TeV energy scale. ...
Technicolor models are theories beyond the Standard Model (sometimes, but not always, GUTs) which do not have a scalar Higgs field. ...
The anthropic landscape is the term coined by Lenny Susskind and used for a large number of different possible universes that are required for the anthropic principle. ...
In particle physics, split supersymmetry is a very recent controversial realization of the ideas of supersymmetry in the context of the anthropic landscape. ...
In particle physics, split supersymmetry is a very recent controversial realization of the ideas of supersymmetry in the context of the anthropic landscape. ...
Muon g−2 experiment One piece of indirect evidence concerns muons. When suspended in a uniform magnetic field, the spin-axis of a muon precesses (wobbles) like a spinning top. The rate of this precession is proportional to the muon Landé g-factor. This difference between this g-factor and its classical value 2, called the anomalous magnetic dipole moment, is a quantity that may be calculated to extreme precision in the Standard Model. In experiment, muons have been found to precess slightly faster than is predicted by the Standard Model. Although this discrepancy is within the bounds expected due to uncertainty in the experiment, some physicists take it as evidence that supersymmetric partners are contributing to the muon g-factor. The moons shadow, as seen in muons 700m below ground at the Soudan 2 detector. ...
Current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic field (B, labeled M here) around the wire. ...
In physics, spin refers to the angular momentum intrinsic to a body, as opposed to orbital angular momentum, which is generated by the motion of its center of mass about an external point. ...
Precession refers to a change in the direction of the axis of a rotating object. ...
erendir A top with sides marked in Braille A top, or spinning top, is a childrens toy that can be spun on an axis, balancing on a point. ...
In physics, the Landé g-factor, , relates the magnetic dipole moment to the angular momentum of a quantum state. ...
In quantum electrodynamics, anomalous magnetic moment of a particle is a contribution of effects of quantum mechanics, expressed by Feynman diagrams with loops, to the magnetic moment of that particle. ...
Coupling constants Another motivation is the coupling constants for QCD, electroweak interactions and hypercharge do not quite meet together at a common energy scale if we run the renormalization group using the Standard Model. With the addition of SUSY, the match is within current experimental bounds. In physics, a coupling constant, usually denoted g, is a number that determines the strength of an interaction. ...
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction, a fundamental force describing the interactions of the quarks and gluons found in nucleons (such as the proton and neutron). ...
In physics, the electroweak theory presents a unified description of two of the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force. ...
In particle physics, the hypercharge (represented by Y) is the sum of the baryon number B and the flavor charges: strangeness S, charm C, bottomness and topness T, although the last one can be omitted given the extremely short life of the top quark (it decays to other quarks before...
In theoretical physics, renormalization group (RG) refers to a set of techniques and concepts related to the change of physics with the observation scale. ...
Symmetry groups Yet another motivation stemmed from the desire of some physicists to find a symmetry group which includes the Poincaré group and internal symmetries but is not a direct product of the two. The Coleman-Mandula theorem states that under certain assumptions, the symmetries of the S-matrix must be a direct product of the Poincaré group with a compact internal symmetry group or if there is no mass gap, the conformal group with a compact internal symmetry group. In 1975, the Haag-Lopuszanski-Sohnius theorem showed that considering symmetry generators which satisfy anticommutation relations allows for such nontrivial extensions of space-time symmetry. The symmetry group of an object (e. ...
In physics and mathematics, the Poincaré group is the group of isometries of Minkowski spacetime. ...
In mathematics, one can often define a direct product of objects already known, giving a new one. ...
In theoretical physics, the Coleman-Mandula theorem, named after Sidney Coleman and Jeffrey Mandula, is a no-go theorem that states that the only conserved quantities except for the generators of the Poincare group in a remotely realistic theory must always be Lorentz scalars. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Compact as a general noun can refer to: Look up Compact on Wiktionary, the free dictionary a diplomatic contract or covenant among parties, sometimes known as a pact, treaty, or an interstate compact; a British term for a newspaper format; In mathematics, it can refer to various concepts: Mostly commonly...
A quantum field theory model is said to have a mass gap if the energy spectrum not including zero has a positive greatest lower bound. ...
In mathematics, conformal geometry is the study of the set of angle-preserving (conformal) transformations on a Euclidean-like space with a point added at infinity, or a Minkowski-like space with a couple of points added at infinity. That is, the setting is a compactification of a familiar space...
1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...
In theoretical physics, the Haag-Lopuszanski-Sohnius theorem shows that the possible symmetries of a consistent 4-dimensional quantum field theory do not only consist of internal symmetries and Poincaré symmetry, but can also include supersymmetry as a nontrivial extension of the Poincaré algebra. ...
For an electrical switch that periodically reverses the current see commutator (electric) In mathematics the commutator of two elements g and h of a group G is the element g −1 h −1 gh, often denoted by [ g, h ]. It is equal to the groups identity if and only...
Pure mathematics SUSY is also sometimes studied mathematically for its own intrinsic properties. This is because supersymmetry implies the existence of complex fields satisfying a property known as holomorphy, which allows us to make exact calculations of quantities which otherwise can't be computed exactly in other quantum field theories. This makes supersymmetric models excellent toy models. Quantum field theory (QFT) is the application of quantum mechanics to fields. ...
In physics, a toy model is a simplified set of objects and equations relating them that can nevertheless be used to understand a mechanism that is also useful in the full, non-simplified theory. ...
The supersymmetric Standard Model To incorporate supersymmetry into particle physics, the Standard Model must be extended to include at least twice as many particles, since there is no way that any of the particles in the Standard Model can be superpartners of each other (they have incompatible masses and quantum numbers). With the addition of the new particles, there are many possible new interactions. The simplest possible supersymmetric model consistent with the Standard Model is the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). However, the MSSM appears to be unnatural in a number of ways, and many physicists doubt that it will be the correct theory. Particles explode from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV per nucleon) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ...
The Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory which describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces, as well as the fundamental particles that make up all matter. ...
In supersymmetry, it is proposed that every fermion should have a partner boson, known as its Superpartner. ...
Mass is a property of a physical object that quantifies the amount of matter and energy it contains. ...
A quantum number describes the energies of electrons in atoms. ...
// The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is the minimal extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry (non-minimal extensions exist). ...
A possibility in some supersymmetric models is the existence of very heavy stable particles (such as neutralinos) which would be WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles). These would be candidates for dark matter. In particle physics, the neutralino is a hypothetical particle and part of the doubling of the menagerie of particles predicted by supersymmetric theories. ...
In English slang, a wimp is a pushover, or a wishy-washy person. ...
In cosmology, dark matter refers to matter particles, of unknown composition, that do not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be detected directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter such as stars and galaxies. ...
As mentioned above, in supersymmetric theories, every fundamental particle has a superpartner. If the vacuum state happens to be supersymmetric, this would mean superpartners would have the same mass as their ordinary partners, which is clearly ruled out by experiment. Hence, the vacuum must have broken supersymmetry. Either we assume the vacuum is degenerate and SUSY is broken spontaneously, or we add soft SUSY breaking terms which break SUSY explicitly, making it an approximate symmetry. The latter approach is often preferred. Image File history File links Question_dropshade. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Square with symmetry group D4 Symmetry is a characteristic of geometrical shapes, equations, and other objects; we say that such an object is symmetric with respect to a given operation if this operation, when applied to the object, does not appear to change it. ...
The deepest visible-light image of the universe, the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. ...
In quantum field theory, the vacuum state, usually denoted , is the element of the Hilbert space with the lowest possible energy, and therefore containing no physical particles. ...
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in physics takes place when a system that is symmetric with respect to some symmetry group goes into a vacuum state that is not symmetric. ...
In theoretical physics, soft SUSY breaking is a supersymmetry breaking by the special kind of terms that do not invalidate certain desirable features of supersymmetry, such as the Bose-Fermi cancellation of the ultraviolet divergences contributing to the mass of the Higgs boson. ...
The supersymmetry algebra - Main article: Supersymmetry algebra
Traditional symmetries in physics are generated by objects that transform under the various tensor representations of the Poincaré group. Supersymmetries, on the other hand, are generated by objects that transform under the spinor representations. According to the spin-statistics theorem bosonic fields commute while fermionic fields anticommute. In order to combine the two kinds of fields into a single algebra requires the introduction of a Z2-grading under which the bosons are the even elements and the fermions are the odd elements. Such an algebra is called a Lie superalgebra. In theoretical physics, the supersymmetry algebra is a mathematical formalism for describing the relation between bosons and fermions. ...
In mathematics, a tensor is (in an informal sense) a generalized linear quantity or geometrical entity that can be expressed as a multi-dimensional array relative to a choice of basis; however, as an object in and of itself, a tensor is independent of any chosen frame of reference. ...
In mathematics and theoretical physics, the idea of a representation of a Lie group plays an important role in the study of continuous symmetry. ...
In physics and mathematics, the Poincaré group is the group of isometries of Minkowski spacetime. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The spin-statistics theorem in quantum mechanics relates the spin of a particle to the statistics obeyed by that particle. ...
In physics, bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles with integer spin. ...
Mathematical meaning A map or binary operation is said to be commutative when, for any x in A and any y in B . ...
In particle physics, fermions, (named after Enrico Fermi), are particles with semi-integer spin. ...
A mathematical operator (typically a binary operator, represented by *) is anticommutative if and only if it is true that x * y = −(y * x) for all x and y on the operators valid domain (e. ...
In mathematics, a Lie algebra is an algebraic structure whose main use is in studying geometric objects such as Lie groups and differentiable manifolds. ...
In mathematics, in particular abstract algebra, a graded algebra is an algebra over a field with an extra piece of structure, known as a grading. ...
In mathematics, a Lie superalgebra is a generalisation of a Lie algebra to include a Z2-grading. ...
The simplest supersymmetric extension of the Poincaré algebra contains two Weyl spinors with the following anti-commutation relation: It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Poincaré symmetry. ...
In mathematics and physics, in particular in the theory of the orthogonal groups, spinors are certain kinds of mathematical objects (group representations of Spin(N), roughly speaking) similar to vectors, but which change sign under a rotation of radians. ...
For an electrical switch that periodically reverses the current see commutator (electric) In mathematics, the commutator gives an indication of how poorly a certain binary operation fails to be commutative. ...
 and all other anti-commutation relations between the Qs and Ps vanish. In the above expression  are the generators of translation and σμ are the Pauli matrices. The Pauli matrices are a set of 2 × 2 complex Hermitian matrices developed by Wolfgang Pauli. ...
Just as one can have representations of a Lie algebra, one can also have representations of a Lie superalgebra. For each Lie algebra, there exists an associated Lie group which is connected and simply connected. Unique up to isomorphism, this Lie group is canonically associated with the Lie algebra, and the algebra's representations can be extended to create group representations. In the same way, representations of a Lie superalgebra can sometimes be extended into representations of a Lie supergroup. In mathematics, a Lie algebra is an algebraic structure whose main use is in studying geometric objects such as Lie groups and differentiable manifolds. ...
In the theory of Lie superalgebras, a representation of a Lie superalgebra L is the action of L upon a Z2-graded vector space V such that if A and B are any two pure elements of L (remember that L is Z2-graded) and X and Y are any...
Connected and disconnected subspaces of R². The space A at top is connected; the shaded space B at bottom is not. ...
A geometrical object is called simply connected if it consists of one piece and doesnt have any circle-shaped holes or handles. Higher-dimensional holes are allowed. ...
In mathematics, an isomorphism (in Greek isos = equal and morphe = shape) is a kind of mapping between objects, devised by Eilhard Mitscherlich, which shows a relation between two properties or operations. ...
The concept of supergroup is a generalization of a that of group. ...
Supersymmetric quantum mechanics Understanding the consequences of supersymmetry has proven mathematically daunting, and it has likewise been difficult to develop theories that could account for symmetry breaking, that is, the failure to observe superpartners of equal mass to ordinary particles. To make progress on these problems, physicists developed supersymmetric quantum mechanics, an application of the SUSY superalgebra to quantum mechanics as opposed to quantum field theory. It was hoped that studying SUSY's consequences in this simpler setting would lead to new understanding; remarkably, the effort created new areas of research in quantum mechanics itself. For a non-technical introduction to the topic, please see Introduction to Quantum mechanics. ...
Quantum field theory (QFT) is the application of quantum mechanics to fields. ...
SUSY quantum mechanics involves pairs of Hamiltonians which share a particular mathematical relationship, which are called partner Hamiltonians. (The potential energy terms which occur in the Hamiltonians are then called partner potentials.) An introductory theorem shows that for every eigenstate of one Hamiltonian, its partner Hamiltonian has a corresponding eigenstate with the same energy. This fact can be exploited to deduce many properties of the eigenstate spectrum. It is analogous to the original description of SUSY, which referred to bosons and fermions. We can imagine a "bosonic Hamiltonian", whose eigenstates are the various bosons of our theory. The SUSY partner of this Hamiltonian would be "fermionic", and its eigenstates would be the theory's fermions. Each boson would have a fermionic partner of equal energy—but, in the relativistic world, energy and mass are interchangeable, so we can just as easily say that the partner particles have equal mass. Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
In linear algebra, the eigenvectors (from the German eigen meaning inherent, characteristic) of a linear operator are non-zero vectors which, when operated on by the operator, result in a scalar multiple of themselves. ...
SUSY concepts have provided useful extensions to the WKB approximation. In addition, SUSY has been applied to non-quantum statistical mechanics through the Fokker-Planck equation, showing that even if the original inspiration in high-energy particle physics turns out to be a blind alley, its investigation has brought about many useful benefits. In physics, the WKB (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) approximation, also known as WKBJ approximation, is the most familiar example of a semiclassical calculation in quantum mechanics in which the wavefunction is recast as an exponential function, semiclassically expanded, and then either the amplitude or the phase is taken to be slowly...
Statistical mechanics is the application of statistics, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. ...
The Fokker-Planck equation (named after Adriaan Fokker and Max Planck; also known as the Kolmogorov Forward equation) describes the time evolution of the probability density function of position and velocity of a particle. ...
See supersymmetric quantum mechanics for a more detailed discussion, including the SUSY QM superalgebra and an explicit example worked in two dimensions. In theoretical physics, supersymmetric quantum mechanics is an area of research where mathematical concepts from high-energy physics are applied to the seemingly more prosaic field of quantum mechanics. ...
Supersymmetry in popular culture The Ukrainian pop-rock band Okean Elzy issued an album named "Supersymmetry" (Суперсимметрія) in 2003. One of the heading tracks was named SUSY. Okean Elzy, one the most successful and popular Ukrainian pop-rock bands, formed in 1994 in Lviv, Ukraine. ...
2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The German psychedelic/tech trance band Midi Miliz has a track called "Supersymmetry" on their latest album "Non Standards" (Gravity Plus Records). Spirallianz are Arne Schaffhausen and Wayan Raabe, a psychedelic trance project from Germany. ...
See also In particle physics, Goldstone bosons are bosons that appear in models with spontaneously broken symmetry. ...
In mathematics, a Lie superalgebra is a generalisation of a Lie algebra to include a Z2-grading. ...
In particle physics, majorons are a type of Goldstone boson that theoretically mediates the neutrino mass violation of lepton number in certain high energy collisions such as Where two electrons collide to form two W bosons and the majoron J. Majorons were originally formulated in four dimensions but are now...
In abstract algebra, a Hopf algebra is a bialgebra H over a field K together with a K-linear map such that the following diagram commutes . (Here Δ is the comultiplication of the bialgebra, ∇ its multiplication, η its unit and ε its counit. ...
In the theory of Lie superalgebras, a representation of a Lie superalgebra L is the action of L upon a Z2-graded vector space V such that if A and B are any two pure elements of L (remember that L is Z2-graded) and X and Y are any...
Interaction in the subatomic world: world lines of pointlike particles in the Standard Model or a world sheet swept up by closed strings in string theory String theory is a model of fundamental physics whose building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects (strings) rather than the zero-dimensional points (particles...
The concept of supergroup is a generalization of a that of group. ...
Superspace has had two meanings in physics. ...
Supersymmetry is part of a larger enterprise of theoretical physics to unify everything we know about the physical world into a single fundamental framework of physical laws, known as the quest for a Theory of Everything (TOE). ...
References - Cooper, F., A. Khare and U. Sukhatme. "Supersymmetry in Quantum Mechanics." Phys. Rep. 251 (1995) 267-85 (arXiv:hep-th/9405029).
- Junker, G. Supersymmetric Methods in Quantum and Statistical Physics, Springer-Verlag (1996).
- Kane, G. L. and Shifman, M., eds. The Supersymmetric World: The Beginnings of the Theory, World Scientific, Singapore (2000). ISBN 981-02-4522-X.
- Weinberg, Steven, The Quantum Theory of Fields, Volume 3: Supersymmetry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (1999). ISBN 0-521-66000-9.
- Wess, Julius, and Jonathan Bagger, Supersymmetry and Supergravity, Princeton University Press, Princeton, (1992). ISBN 0-691-02530-4.
- Bennett GW, et al; Muon (g−2) Collaboration (2004). "Measurement of the negative muon anomalous magnetic moment to 0.7 ppm". Physical Review Letters 92 (16): 161802. PMID 15169217.
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (Jan. 8, 2004). New g−2 measurement deviates further from Standard Model. Press Release.
- A Supersymmetry Primer by S. Martin, 1999
- Introduction to Supersymmetry By Joseph D. Lykken, 1996
- An Introduction to Supersymmetry By Manuel Drees, 1996
- An Introduction to Global Supersymmetry by Philip Arygres, 2001.
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