NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Supreme Court of Canada

The Supreme Court of Canada (French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system.^[1] The court grants permission to fewer than one hundred litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial, territorial and federal appellate courts, and its decisions are, by tradition (stare decisis), binding upon all lower courts of Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada is composed of nine judges: eight Puisne Justices and the Chief Justice of Canada.^[2] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... For specific national Supreme Courts, see Category:National supreme courts. ... The Canadian legal system has its foundation in the British common law system which it inherited from being a part of the Commonwealth. ... Categories: Move to Wiktionary | Law stubs | Legal terms ... In law, an appeal is a process for making a formal challenge to an official decision. ... Stare decisis (Latin: , Anglicisation: , to stand by things decided) is a Latin legal term, used in common law systems to express the notion that prior court decisions must be recognized as precedents, according to case law. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A Puisne Justice or Puisne Judge (pronounced puny) is the title for a regular member of a Court. ... The Right Hon. ...

History

The creation of the Court was provided for by the British North America Act, 1867, renamed in 1982 the Constitution Act, 1867. The first bills for the creation of federal supreme court, introduced in the Parliament of Canada in 1869 and in 1870, were withdrawn. It was not until April 8, 1875, that a bill was finally passed providing for the creation of a Supreme Court of Canada. The history of the Supreme Court of Canada can be divided into three eras. ... The British North America Act of 1867 was the act that established the Dominion of Canada, by the fusion of the North American British colonies of the Province of Canada, Province of New Brunswick, Province of Nova Scotia. ... The Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act, 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act), constitutes a major part of Canadas Constitution. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Senate Chamber of Parliament Hill in Ottawa. ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Prior to 1949, however, the Supreme Court did not constitute the court of last resort: litigants could appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. As well, some cases could bypass the Court and go directly to the Judicial Committee from the provincial courts of appeal. The Supreme Court's influence was thus rather modest. Attitudes among many English Canadians changed when the Privy Council made various unpopular decisions in the 1930s, striking down several overreaching federal legislative initiatives.^{[citation needed]} These decisions were rooted in the Judicial Committee's perception that the division of powers provided for strong provincial powers. Many Canadian nationalists took the opposite view, and as a consequence, public pressure forced the federal government to push for complete judicial independence from the United Kingdom. The Supreme Court of Canada formally became the court of last resort for criminal appeals in 1933 and for all other appeals in 1949. The last decisions of the Judicial Committee on cases from Canada were made in the mid-1950s. The increase in the importance of the Court was mirrored by the numbers of its members. The Court was established in 1875 with six judges, and these were augmented by an additional member in 1927. It was in 1949 that the bench reached its current size: 9 judges. The supreme court in some countries, provinces, and states, is the highest court in that jurisdiction and functions as a court of last resort whose rulings cannot be appealed. ... The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is one of the highest courts in the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Prior to 1949, most of the appointees to the Supreme Court of Canada owed their position to political patronage. Each judge had strong ties to the government in power at the time of their appointment. In 1973, the appointment of a constitutional law professor, Bora Laskin, as Chief Justice represented a major turning point for the Court. Increasingly in this period, appointees either came from academic backgrounds, or were well-respected practitioners with several years experience in appellate courts. Laskin's federalist and liberal views exerted an influence on many of the Court's decisions. ... The Right Honourable Bora Laskin, PC , CC , LL.M. , LL.B. , MA , FRSC (October 5, 1912 â€“ March 17, 1984) was a Canadian jurist, who served on the Supreme Court of Canada for fourteen years, including a decade as its Chief Justice. ...

The Constitution Act, 1982 greatly expanded the role of the Court in Canadian society by the addition of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which greatly broadened the scope of judicial review. The evolution from the Dickson Court (1984–90) through to the Lamer Court (1990–2000) witnessed a continuing vigour in the protection of civil liberties. Lamer's criminal law background proved an influence on the number of criminal cases heard by the Court during his time as Chief Justice. Nonetheless, the Lamer Court was more conservative with Charter rights, with only about one-percent success rate for Charter claimants. The Constitution Act, 1982 (Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.)) is a part of the Constitution of Canada. ... The Charter, signed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1981. ...

The appointment of Beverly McLachlin as Chief Justice in 2000 has resulted in a more centrist and unified Court. Dissenting and concurring opinions are fewer than during the Dickson and Lamer Courts. With the 2005 appointments of Justices Charron and Abella, the Court has become the world's most gender-balanced national high court, four of its nine members being female. Categories: Stub | Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada ...

The role of the Supreme Court

The structure of the Canadian court system is pyramidal, a broad base being formed by the various provincial and territorial courts whose judges are appointed by the provincial or territorial governments. At the next level are the provinces' and territories' superior courts, where judges are appointed by the federal government. Judgements from the superior courts may be appealed to a still higher level, the provincial or territorial courts of appeal. Several federal courts also exist: the Tax Court of Canada, the Federal Court, the Federal Court of Appeal and the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada. Unlike the provincial superior courts, which exercise inherent or general jurisdiction, the federal courts' jurisdiction is limited by statute. In all there are over 1000 federally-appointed judges at various levels across Canada. The Canadian court system is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction. ... The Tax Court of Canada, established in 1983 by the Tax Court of Canada Act, is a superior court which deals with matters involving companies or individuals and tax issues with the Government of Canada. ... The Federal Court is Canadas federal trial court that hears cases arising under certain federal Acts. ... The Federal Court of Appeal is a Canadian appellate court that hears cases concerning federal matters arising from certain federal Acts. ... The Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada hears appeals from military courts which are known as courts martial. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The Supreme Court of Canada rests at the apex of the judicial pyramid. This institution hears appeals from the provincial courts of last resort, usually the provincial or territorial courts of appeal, and the Federal Court of Appeal (although in some matters appeals come straight from the trial courts, as in the case of publication bans and other orders that are otherwise not appealable). In most cases, permission to appeal must first be obtained from a panel of three judges of the court. By convention, this panel never explains why it gives leave to appeal or not. Cases for which leave to appeal is not required are primarily criminal cases (in which a Judge below dissented on a point of law) and appeals from provincial references. A final source of cases is the referral power of the federal government. In such cases, the Supreme Court is required to give an opinion on questions referred to it by the Governor-in-Council (cabinet). However, in many cases, including the most recent Same-Sex Reference, the Court has declined to answer a question from the Cabinet. In that case, the Court said it would not decide if same-sex marriages were required by the Charter of Rights, because the government had announced it would change the law regardless of its opinion, and subsequently did. Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Cabinet of Canada (French: Cabinet du Canada or Conseil des ministres) plays an important role in the Government of Canada in accordance with the Westminster System. ... Recognized in some regions Foreign marriages recognized Civil unions and registered partnerships Recognized in some regions Unregistered co-habitation Recognition debated Same-sex marriage debated, recognition granted United States (CT, DC, HI, ME, NH, NJ, OR, VT, WA) See also This box: Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay...

The Supreme Court thus performs a unique function. It can be asked by the Governor-in-Council to hear references considering important questions of law. Such referrals may concern the constitutionality or interpretation of federal or provincial legislation, or the division of powers between federal and provincial levels of government. Any point of law may be referred in this manner. However, the court is not often called upon to hear references. When it is, the opinion on the question referred is often of national importance; one recent example concerns the constitutionality of Same-sex marriage. References have been used to re-examine criminal convictions that have concerned the country as in the cases of David Milgaard and Stephen Truscott. Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countriesAtlas Politics Portal Canada is a federation which consists of ten provinces that, with three territories, make up the worlds second largest country in total area. ... Holding Parliament has the authority to legislate in regard to same-sex marriage. ... Milgaards mugshot David Milgaard (born july 1952)in Winnipeg, Manitoba is a Canadian who was wrongfully convicted for the murder and rape of nursing assistant Gail Miller. ... Steven Murray Truscott (born January, 1945) is a Canadian who was convicted of murder in 1959. ...

Constitutional questions may, of course, also be raised in the normal case of appeals involving individual litigants, governments, government agencies or crown corporations. In such cases the federal and provincial governments must be notified of any constitutional questions and may intervene to submit a brief and attend oral argument at the court. Usually the other governments are given the right to argue their case in the Court, although on rare occasions this has been curtailed and prevented by order of one of the Court's judges. In Commonwealth countries a Crown corporation is a state-controlled company or enterprise (a public corporation). ... In law, an intervener (or intervenor) is a person, group, or other entity that has been granted permission to make submissions to a court or tribunal hearing a particular proceeding. ... Brief redirects here. ... Oral arguments are verbal presentations to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer (or the party when representing themselves) of the legal reasons why they should prevail. ...

Sessions of the Court

The Court sits for 18 weeks of the year beginning the first Monday of October and usually runs until the end of June and sometimes into July. Hearings only take place in Ottawa, although litigants can present oral arguments from remote locations by means of a video-conference system. The court's hearings are open to the public. Most hearings are taped for delayed telecast in both of Canada's official languages. When in session, the court sits Monday to Friday, hearing two appeals a day. A quorum consists of five members for appeals. A panel of nine justices hears most cases. The procedures of the Supreme Court of Canada for hearing cases is established in the Rules of the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court Act, and by tradition. ... Image File history File links CourtSeal-400. ... Image File history File links CourtSeal-400. ... -1... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

On the bench, the Chief Justice of Canada, or, in her absence, the senior puisne justice, presides from the centre chair with the other justices seated to her right and left by order of seniority of appointment. At sittings of the Court, the justices usually appear in black silk robes but they wear their ceremonial robes of bright scarlet trimmed with Canadian white mink in court on special occasions and in the Senate at the opening of each new session of Parliament. The Right Hon. ... Puisne (from Old French puisne, modern putne, later born, inferior; Lat. ...

The decision of the court is sometimes rendered orally at the conclusion of the hearing. More often, judgement is reserved to enable the justices to write considered reasons. Decisions of the court need not be unanimous; a majority may decide, with dissenting reasons given by the minority. Each justice may write reasons in any case if he or she chooses to do so.

The Supreme Court has the ultimate power of judicial review over Canadian federal and provincial laws' constitutional validity. If a federal or provincial law has been held contrary to the division of power provisions of one of the various Constitution Acts, the legislature or Parliament must either live with the result, amend the law so that it complies, or obtain an amendment to the constitution. If a law is declared contrary to certain sections of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Parliament or the provincial legislatures may make that particular law temporarily valid again against by using the "override power" of the notwithstanding clause. In one case, the Quebec National Assembly invoked this power to override a Supreme Court decision (Ford v. Quebec (A.G.)) that held that one of Quebec's language laws banning the display of English commercial signs was inconsistent with the charter. Saskatchewan used it to uphold labour laws. This override power can be exercised for five years, after which time the override must be renewed, or the decision comes into force. Judicial review is the power of a court to review the actions of public sector bodies in terms of their legality or constitutionality. ... Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. ... The Quebec Parliament Building at night The National Assembly is the legislative body of the Canadian province of Quebec. ... Court membership Chief Justice: Brian Dickson Puisne Justices: Jean Beetz, Willard Estey, William McIntyre, Antonio Lamer, Bertha Wilson, Gerald Le Dain, GÃ©rard La Forest, Claire LHeureux-DubÃ© Case opinions Unanimous opinion by: The Court Laws applied , [1988] 2 S.C.R. 90 Ford v. ...

In some cases, the Court may stay the effect of its judgements so that unconstitutional laws continue in force for a period of time. Usually this is done to give Parliament or the legislature time to enact a new replacement scheme of legislation. For example, in Reference re Manitoba Language Rights the Court struck down Manitoba's laws because they were not enacted in the French language, as required by the constitution. However the Court stayed its judgement for 5 years to give Manitoba time to re-enact all its legislation in French. It turned out five years was insufficient so the Court was asked, and agreed to give more time. Reference re Manitoba Language Rights [1985] 1 S.C.R. 721 was a reference question posed to the Supreme Court of Canada regarding provisions in the Manitoba Act stipulating the provision of French language services in the province of Manitoba. ...

A puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada is referred to as "The Honourable Mr/Madam Justice" and the chief justice as "Right Honourable." Judges used to be called "My Lord/Lady" during sessions of the court, but this style of address was disapproved of by the current Chief Justice, Rt. Hon. Beverly McLachlin, who has directed lawyers to use the simpler "Your Honour" or "Justice." The designation "My Lord/My Lady" continues in many provincial Superior Courts, and in the Federal Court of Canada and Federal Court of Appeal where it is optional. A Puisne Justice or Puisne Judge (pronounced puny) is the title for a regular member of a Court. ... The Right Honourable (abbreviated The Rt Hon. ...

Building

The Supreme Court of Canada Building is home to the Supreme Court of Canada. It also contains two court rooms formerly used by both the Federal Court of Canada and the Federal Court of Appeal. Construction began in 1939, with the cornerstone laid by Queen Elizabeth, consort to King George VI and later Queen Mother. It was designed by Ernest Cormier, architect of the Quebec Court of Appeal Building, the Government Printing Bureau in Gatineau, Quebec, and the Université de Montréal. The Court began hearing cases in the new building by January of 1946. The building is renowned for its Art Deco details. [1] Supreme Court of Canada Building, August 2004, Ottawa, ON, CDN, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Supreme Court of Canada Building, August 2004, Ottawa, ON, CDN, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... -1... Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, later Queen Elizabeth (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite; 4 August 1900 â€“ 30 March 2002), was the Queen Consort of King George VI of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 1936 until his death in 1952. ... George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 â€“ 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 11 December 1936 until his death. ... Ernest Cormier (December 5, 1885-January 1, 1980) was a Quebec engineer and architect who spent much of his career in the Montreal area, erecting notable examples of Art Deco and International style architecture. ... The Court of Appeal of Quebec (in French: la Cour dappel du Québec) is the highest judicial court in Quebec, Canada. ... Motto: Ursus super montem ivit Area: 342. ... The UniversitÃ© de MontrÃ©al (UdeM) (translated into English commonly as (the) University of Montreal) is one of six universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ... Asheville City Hall. ...

Two flagstaffs have been erected in front of the building. A flag on one is flown daily, while the other is hoisted only on those days when the court is in session. Also located on the grounds are several statues, notably:

Previous homes of Canada's top courts include: Louis Stephen St. ... Walter Seymour Allward (November 18, 1876 - April 24, 1955) was a Canadian sculptor, born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who created many works, but, was probably most famous for the Vimy Ridge Memorial. ... For other uses, see Veritas (disambiguation). ... Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy, FranÃ§ois Lemoyne, 1737 For other uses, see Truth (disambiguation). ... Themis and Eris: Order and Discord In Greek mythology, among the six brothers and six sisters of whom Cronos made one, Hesiod mentions Themis among the children of Gaia with Ouranos, Earth with Sky. ... This article is about the concept of justice. ...

The Old Supreme Court Building sat to the west of Parliament Hill in Ottawa and was home to the Supreme Court of Canada from 1889 to 1945. ...

Appointments

Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada are appointed by the Governor-in-Council, a process whereby the Governor General makes appointments based on the advice and consent of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. By tradition and convention, only the Cabinet advises the Governor General, as opposed to the entire Privy Council. (Technically, the Cabinet is only a standing committee in the larger council.) This advice is usually expressed to the Queen's representative exclusively through a consultation with the Prime Minister. Thus, the provinces and Parliament have no formal role in such appointments, a point of ongoing contention. Canada is a federation composed of a federal (central) government and of 10 provinces and 3 territories. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2304x1728, 1740 KB) Paul Shannon, 27 May 2006 I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2304x1728, 1740 KB) Paul Shannon, 27 May 2006 I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... This is about the river in Canada. ... The Privy Council Office as it appeared in the 1880s The Queens Privy Council for Canada (French: Conseil privÃ© de la Reine pour le Canada) is the council of advisers to the Queen of Canada, whose members are appointed by the Governor General of Canada for life on the... This article is about the governmental body. ... Canada consists of ten provinces and three territories. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Senate Chamber of Parliament Hill in Ottawa. ...

The Supreme Court Act limits eligibility for appointment to persons who have been judges of a superior court, or members of the bar for ten or more years. Members of the bar or superior judiciary of Quebec, by law, must hold three of the nine positions on the Supreme Court of Canada.^[3] This is justified on the basis that Quebec uses civil law, rather than common law, as in the rest of the country. The 3/9 ratio persists even though a mere 24 percent of Canada's population resides in Quebec. By convention, the remaining six positions are divided in the following manner: three from Ontario, two from the western provinces and one from the Atlantic provinces, alternating between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The Supreme Court Act is an Act passed by the Parliament of Canada establishes the Supreme Court of Canada. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses of civil law, see civil law. ... This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ...

A Supreme Court justice, as with all federal judges, may only sit on the bench until the age of 75 years.

In 2006, an interview phase by an ad hoc committee of members of Parliament was added. Justice Marshall Rothstein became the first justice to undergo the new process. The Prime Minister still has the final say on who becomes the candidate that is recommended to the Governor General for appointment to the Court. Marshall E. Rothstein, QC , LL.B , B.Comm (born December 25, 1940) is a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. ...

Current membership

The current Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada are as follows. See also List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada. The following table lists the terms of all Supreme Court Justices since 1875 placed in the order in which the justices took the judicial oath of office and thereby started their term of office. ...

The Governor General of Canada (French (feminine): Gouverneure gÃ©nÃ©rale du Canada, or (masculine): Gouverneur gÃ©nÃ©ral du Canada) is the vice-regal representative in Canada of the Canadian monarch, who is the head of state. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ... The Right Honourable (abbreviated The Rt Hon. ... The Rt. ... The Right Hon. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ... Jeanne Mathilde SauvÃ©, PC, CC, CMM, CD (nÃ©e BenoÃ®t) (April 26, 1922 â€“ January 26, 1993) was a Canadian journalist, politician, and stateswoman. ... A Puisne Justice or Puisne Judge (pronounced puny) is the title for a regular member of a Court. ... Adrienne Louise Clarkson (nÃ©e Poy) (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Hakka: Åƒg PÃªn-kÃ®, Cantonese: Ng5 Bing1 zi1), PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, LL.D (honoris causa) (born February 10, 1939) is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman. ... Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939), was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. ... Joseph Jacques Jean ChrÃ©tien, usually known as Jean ChrÃ©tien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 5th Total 944... The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Canadian public research university with campuses in Vancouver and Kelowna. ... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Supreme Court of British Columbia is the superior court for the Canadian province of British Columbia. ... The British Columbia Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court in the province of British Columbia. ... The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth- or other countries with an Anglosaxon type of justice, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Supreme... The University of Alberta (U of A) is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. ... The Honourable Michel Bastarache, B.A., LL.L., LL.B., D.E.S. The Honourable Justice Michel Bastarache, BA , LL.L , LL.B , D.E.S. Born June 10, 1947. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... RomÃ©o-Adrien LeBlanc, PC, CC, CMM, ONB, CD (born December 18, 1927 in Memramcook, New Brunswick) is a former Governor General of Canada. ... Joseph Jacques Jean ChrÃ©tien, usually known as Jean ChrÃ©tien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Université de Moncton is a French language university in Moncton, New Brunswick serving the Acadian commununity of Atlantic Canada. ... For the university in Ottawa, Kansas, see Ottawa University. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... List of final courts of appeal in Canada. ... For the university in Ottawa, Kansas, see Ottawa University. ... This article needs cleanup. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Adrienne Louise Clarkson (nÃ©e Poy) (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Hakka: Åƒg PÃªn-kÃ®, Cantonese: Ng5 Bing1 zi1), PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, LL.D (honoris causa) (born February 10, 1939) is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman. ... Joseph Jacques Jean ChrÃ©tien, usually known as Jean ChrÃ©tien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Government of Canada is the federal government of Canada. ... McCarthy TÃ©trault LLP is a full-service Canadian national law firm with a significant presence in all major financial centres across the country. ... The University of Toronto (U of T) is a public research university in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... The University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, with one of the most selective sets of entry requirements in the United Kingdom. ... The Hon. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Adrienne Louise Clarkson (nÃ©e Poy) (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Hakka: Åƒg PÃªn-kÃ®, Cantonese: Ng5 Bing1 zi1), PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, LL.D (honoris causa) (born February 10, 1939) is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman. ... Joseph Jacques Jean ChrÃ©tien, usually known as Jean ChrÃ©tien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Laval University (Université Laval) is one of Canadas leading universities. ... The University of Toronto (U of T) is a public research university in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... The Honourable Madam Justice Marie Deschamps Marie Deschamps, (born October 2, 1952 in Repentigny, Quebec) is a Canadian jurist. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Adrienne Louise Clarkson (nÃ©e Poy) (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Hakka: Åƒg PÃªn-kÃ®, Cantonese: Ng5 Bing1 zi1), PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, LL.D (honoris causa) (born February 10, 1939) is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman. ... Joseph Jacques Jean ChrÃ©tien, usually known as Jean ChrÃ©tien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... McGill University is a public co-educational research university located in MontrÃ©al, QuÃ©bec, Canada. ... The Honourable Morris Fish, B.A., B.C.L., LL.D. (2005) The Honourable Justice Morris J. Fish, BA , BCL , LL.D , QC (born November 16, 1938) is a judge of the Supreme Court of Canada. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Adrienne Louise Clarkson (nÃ©e Poy) (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Hakka: Åƒg PÃªn-kÃ®, Cantonese: Ng5 Bing1 zi1), PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, LL.D (honoris causa) (born February 10, 1939) is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman. ... Joseph Jacques Jean ChrÃ©tien, usually known as Jean ChrÃ©tien, PC, QC, BA, BCL, LLD (h. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... McGill University is a public co-educational research university located in MontrÃ©al, QuÃ©bec, Canada. ... The Hon. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Adrienne Louise Clarkson (nÃ©e Poy) (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Hakka: Åƒg PÃªn-kÃ®, Cantonese: Ng5 Bing1 zi1), PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, LL.D (honoris causa) (born February 10, 1939) is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman. ... For other uses, see Paul Martin (disambiguation). ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Toronto (U of T) is a public research university in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... The Honourable Madam Justice Louise Charron, B.A., LL.B., LL.D. The Honourable Justice Louise Charron, BA , LL.B , LL.D (born March 2, 1951 in Sturgeon Falls, Ontario) is a Canadian jurist. ... -1... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Adrienne Louise Clarkson (nÃ©e Poy) (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Hakka: Åƒg PÃªn-kÃ®, Cantonese: Ng5 Bing1 zi1), PC, CC, CMM, COM, CD, LL.D (honoris causa) (born February 10, 1939) is an accomplished Canadian journalist and stateswoman. ... For other uses, see Paul Martin (disambiguation). ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... -1... For the university in Ottawa, Kansas, see Ottawa University. ... Marshall E. Rothstein, QC , LL.B , B.Comm (born December 25, 1940) is a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Official languages English French (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 14 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 15, 1870 (5th) Area Ranked 8th Total 647,797... MichaÃ«lle Jean, CC CMM COM CD , (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti) is the current Governor General of Canada. ... Stephen Joseph Harper (born April 30, 1959) is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Conservative Party of Canada. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Manitoba is the largest university of the province of Manitoba, most comprehensive and only research-intensive post-secondary educational institution. ...

Supreme Court clerks

Since 1967 the Court has hired clerks to assist in legal research. Typically, the clerks are selected from among the top students of each law school across the country. Between 1967 and 1982, each puisne justice was assisted by one clerk and the chief justice had two. From 1982, the number was increased to three. Puisne (from Old French puisne, modern putne, later born, inferior; Lat. ...

Clerks conduct research, draft bench memorandum, assist in drafting judgements, as well as aid with any other duties of the judge such as drafting speeches or articles.

See also

Notes

References

External links

Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... The Canadian court system is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction. ... The Tax Court of Canada, established in 1983 by the Tax Court of Canada Act, is a superior court which deals with matters involving companies or individuals and tax issues with the Government of Canada. ... The Federal Court is Canadas federal trial court that hears cases arising under certain federal Acts. ... The Federal Court of Appeal is a Canadian appellate court that hears cases concerning federal matters arising from certain federal Acts. ... List of final courts of appeal in Canada. ... The British Columbia Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court in the province of British Columbia. ... The Alberta Court of Appeal is the highest court in Alberta. ... The Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan is the highest appeal court in the province of Saskatchewan. ... The Manitoba Court of Appeal is the highest Court of Appeal in the Canadian province of Manitoba. ... The Ontario Court of Appeal is headquartered in downtown Toronto, in historic Osgoode Hall. ... The Court of Appeal of Quebec (in French: la Cour dappel du Québec) is the highest judicial court in Quebec, Canada. ... The Court of Appeal of New Brunswick is the court of appeal in the province of New Brunswick. ... The Nova Scotia Court of Appeal is the court of appeal in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. ... The Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island is the top court in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island and the highest Court of Appeals in the province. ... Supreme Court of Newfoundland (Court of Appeal) is the highest appellate court for the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... The Court of Appeal of the Yukon Territory is the highest appellate court for the Yukon Territory. ... The Court of Appeal for the Northwest Territories is the highest appellate court which hears appeals from criminal cases and civil cases of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories. ... In law, and more specifically, in the Anglo-American common law legal tradition, a superior court is a court of general jurisdiction over all, or major, civil and criminal cases. ... Supreme Court of British Columbia is the superior court for the Canadian province of British Columbia. ... The Court of Queens Bench of Alberta is the superior court of the Canadian province of Alberta. ... The Court of Queens Bench of Saskatchewan is the superior court for the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. ... The Court of Queens Bench of Manitoba is the superior court of the Canadian province of Manitoba. ... // Superior Court of Justice (Ontario) The Superior Court of Justice for Ontario, Canada is the successor to the former Ontario Court of Justice (General Division), and was created on April 19, 1999. ... Quebec Superior Court is the highest trial Court in the Province of Quebec, Canada. ... The Court of Queens Bench of New Brunswick is the superior court of the Canadian province of New Brunswick. ... The Nova Scotia Supreme Court (and the Nova Scotia Family Division Court) is equivellant to a superior court where matters such as murder can be tried. ... The Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island is the top court in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island and the highest Court of Appeals in the province. ... The Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador is the superior court for the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... The Supreme Court of the Yukon Territory is the court of general jurisdiction for the Canadian territory of Yukon Territory. ... The Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories is the superior court of the Canadian territory of the Northwest Territories in cases of civil and criminal law, except those excluded by statute. ... Provincial Courts are courts operating locally and exist only at the provincial and territorial levels. ... The BC Provincial Court is a trial level court in British Columbia that hears cases in criminal, civil and family matters. ... The Provincial Court of Alberta is a Provincial Court for the Canadian province of Alberta. ... Provincial Court of Saskatchewan is a part of the Court system of Canada, Provincial Courts. ... The Provincial Court of Manitoba hears cases relating to criminal law and family law and other statutes. ... The Ontario Court of Justice is a Provincial Court for the Canadian province of Ontario. ... The Court of Quebec is the Provincial Court of the Canadian province of Quebec. ... The Provincial Court of New Brunswick hears cases relating to criminal law and other statutes. ... The Provincial Court of Nova Scotia is the inferior court for the province of Nova Scotia. ... The Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island is the Provincial Court in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, established according to the Provincial Court Act. ... The Provincial Court of Newfoundland and Labrador hears cases relating to criminal law and family law. ... The Territorial Court of Yukon is the territorial court for the Canadian territory of Yukon. ... The Territorial Court of the Northwest Territories hears cases relating to criminal law and family law. ... What constitutes a military tribunal varies according to nation and sometimes even military branch and regional jurisdiction. ... The Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada hears appeals from military courts which are known as courts martial. ... When law and order was first brought to light in the west it was via the Hudsons Bay Company in Ruperts Land. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Motto (Latin for From Sea to Sea) Anthem O Canada Royal anthem: God Save the Queen Capital Ottawa Largest city Toronto Official languages English, French Government Parliamentary democracy and federal constitutional monarchy - Monarch Queen Elizabeth II - Governor General MichaÃ«lle Jean - Prime Minister Stephen Harper Establishment - Act of Union February... This is a list of Canada-related topics. ... Canada is a country of 32 million inhabitants that occupies the northern portion of the North American continent, and is the worlds second largest country in area. ... This is a brief timeline of the history of Canada. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien RÃ©gime in France - Royal Control 1655 - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759 - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760 - Treaty... // Main article: Province of Quebec (1763-1791) In North America, Seven Years War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. ... // Confederation Main article: Canadian Confederation Fathers of Confederation meet in Quebec City In the 1860s, in the wake of the American Civil War, the British were concerned with possible American reprisals against Canada for Britains tacit support of the Confederacy. ... A Canadian WWI recruiting poster // World War I Main article: Military History of Canada during WWI On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated, setting off a chain of events leading to World War I. By August 4, Britain had declared war on Germany and, as... // The Second World War brought many changes to Canada; the government was necessarily more centralized during the war, and it remained so afterwards. ... // Main article: Great Flag Debate Diefenbaker was succeeded by Pearson in 1963, at a time of increasing political unrest in much of the Western world. ... // The New constitution Main article: Patriation In 1982 Britain passed the Canada Act, repatriating the Constitution of Canada. ... // Chretien years and the 1995 referendum Jean ChrÃ©tien became prime minister in the 1993 election, pledging to repeal the GST, which proved to be unfeasible due to the economic circumstances at the time. ... Slavery in Canada was first practised by some aboriginal nations, who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their laws of war. ... The politics of Canada function within a framework of constitutional monarchy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic traditions. ... The Canadian legal system has its foundation in the British common law system, inherited from being a part of the Commonwealth. ... This article is about the monarchy of Canada, one of sixteen that share a common monarch; for information about this constitutional relationship, the other Commonwealth realm monarchies, and other relevant articles, see Commonwealth realm; for information on the reigning monarch, see Elizabeth II. Queen of Canada redirects here. ... The Governor General of Canada (French (feminine): Gouverneure gÃ©nÃ©rale du Canada, or (masculine): Gouverneur gÃ©nÃ©ral du Canada) is the vice-regal representative in Canada of the Canadian monarch, who is the head of state. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Senate Chamber of Parliament Hill in Ottawa. ... The Senate of Canada (French: Le SÃ©nat du Canada) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the House of Commons. ... Type Lower House Speaker Peter Milliken, Liberal since January 29, 2001 Leader of the Government in the House of Commons Peter Van Loan, Conservative since January 4, 2007 Opposition House Leader Ralph Goodale, Liberal since January 23, 2006 Members 308 Political groups Conservative Party Liberal Party Bloc QuÃ©bÃ©cois... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Atlas Politics Portal The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Canada since Confederation. ... The Parliament of Canada (French: Parlement du Canada) has two chambers. ... The Court system of Canada is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction. ... Canadian Forces Flag The Canadian Armed Forces (Fr. ... // Canadian provinces and territories are normally grouped into the following regions (generally from west to east): Northern Canada (The North) Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut Western Canada British Columbia Prairies Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Eastern Canada Central Canada Ontario Quebec Atlantic Canada Maritimes New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Newfoundland and... The Coast Mountains are the westernmost range of the Pacific Cordillera, running along the south western shore of the North American continent, extending south from the Alaska Panhandle and covering most of coastal British Columbia. ... The Canadian Rockies comprise the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains range. ... Map of the Canadian Prairie provinces, which include boreal forests, taiga, and mountains as well as the prairies (proper). ... This article is about the region in Canada. ... Northern Canada, defined politically Northern Canada is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. ... Canadian Shield Canadian Shield Landform. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Central Canada, defined politically. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Appalachian Mountains are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. ... Template:Geobox Mountain Range PIRRI WAZ NOT HERE AND DOESNT HAVE PS3 The Arctic Cordillera, sometimes called the Arctic Rockies, are a vast deeply dissected mountain range in northeastern North America. ... HI Eric u suck!!!!!!!!!!!!! from,Trevor and Dalton ... This article is about the Canadian region. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This is a list of incorporated cities of Canada in alphabetical order by province. ... This is a list of the extreme communities in Canada. ... Mount Logan in the Yukon is the highest peak of Canada. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The flora of Canada is quite diverse, due to the wide range of ecoregions and environmental conditions present in Canada. ... // Canadian provinces and territories are normally grouped into the following regions (generally from west to east): Northern Canada (The North) Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut Western Canada British Columbia Prairies Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Eastern Canada Central Canada Ontario Quebec Atlantic Canada Maritimes New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Newfoundland and... The list of rivers in Canada is organized by drainage basin (new format) and province (old format to be removed). ... The north face of Mount Garibaldi rises above The Table and Garibaldi Lake Black Tusk viewed from the southeast Mount Fee as seen from its north side Mount Edziza in the Stikine Volcanic Belt as seen from the Stewart-Cassiar Highway Mount Garibaldi in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt as seen... Banking in Canada is one of the most efficient and safest banking systems in the world. ... For the defunct commercial bank, see Bank of Canada (commercial). ... C$ redirects here. ... This is a list of companies from Canada. ... Canadas health care system is a publicly funded health care system, with most services provided by private entities. ... Social programs in Canada include all government programs designed to give assistance to citizens outside of what the market provides. ... Demographics of Canada, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands. ... There are a multitude of languages spoken in Canada, but only English, French and certain aboriginal languages have official status. ... The Canada 2001 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population. ... The Canada 2006 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population. ... A list of population of Canada by years. ... The table below lists the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population, using data from the Canada 2001 Census[1] and the Canada 2006 Census. ... The urban areas identified below are defined by Statistics Canada with reference to continuous population density, ignoring municipal boundaries. ... The table below lists the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population, using data from the Canada 2006 census for census subdivisions. ... Bonhomme Carnaval, mascot of the Quebec winter carnival. ... The Gothic Revival Parliament Buildings are some of Canadas best known structures The architecture of Canada is, with the exception of that of the First Nations, closely linked to the techniques and styles developed in Europe and the United States. ... The following is a list of some important Canadian artists and groups of artists: Individuals Ran Andrews, 1956-, painter Robert Bateman, 1930-, painter Emily Carr, 1871-1945, painter Alex Colville, 1920-, painter Ken Danby, 1940-, painter Charles Daudelin, 1920-2001, sculptor and painter Paterson Ewen, 1925-2002, painter Marcelle Ferron... This is a list of well-known Canadians. ... Canadian national holidays (with provincial exceptions): Each province of Canada has its own provincial holiday or holidays. ... Skating on the Rideau Canal in Ottawa. ... Canadian literature may be divided into two parts, based on their separate roots: one stems from the culture and literature from France; the other from Britain. ... The history of music of Canada has mirrored the history and evolution of the country. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Celtic music is primarily associated with the folk traditions of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, as well as the popular styles derived from folk culture. ... The term classical music in this article refers to the western or European classical music tradition. ... Canadian hip hop developed much more slowly than Canadas rock music scene. ... Canada has been a source of rock and roll music for decades, beginning with Paul Anka who in 1957 went to New York City where he recorded his own composition, Diana. The song brought him instant stardom and went to No. ... The Flag of Canada Canadian nationalism is a loose term which has been applied to ideologies of several different types which highlight and promote specifically Canadian interests over those of other countries, notably the United States. ... Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid 20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Canadian governments to promote Canadian cultural production and limit the effect of foreign, largely American, culture on the domestic audience. ... The contemporary theatre scene in Canada revolves around companies and summer festivals based at facilities in Canadian cities. ... The Coat of Arms of Canada, formally known as The Arms of Her Majesty in Right of Canada,[1] is the official coat of arms of the Canadian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch, and are officially known... This is a list of flags used in Canada. ... The National Flag of Canada, popularly known as the Maple Leaf and lUnifoliÃ© (French for the one-leafed), is a base red flag with a white square in its centre featuring a stylized, 11-pointed, red maple leaf. ... This is a list of the symbols of Canadian provinces and territories. ... There are many symbols reflecting Canadas status as a constitutional monarchy, including those of the Monarch, or the vice-regal representatives. ... Canadas provinces and territories (except for Nunavut), as well as many other divisions in Canada, have officially recognized tartans. ...

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