India

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of India Image File history File links Emblem_of_India_color. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Union Government The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार [1]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of...

Constitution Constitution of India Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties

Executive The Constitution of India lays down the framework on which Indian polity is run. ... The Preamble of the Constitution of India — Indias fundamental and supreme law The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the State to its citizens and the duties of the citizens to the... Government Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Ministers

Legislative The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. ... This article is about the Prime Minister of India. ... List of Indian ministers in the current government elected in 2004: Names in italics are women ministers. ... A legislatureis a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to ratify laws. ... Parliament President Pratibha Patil Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari Lok Sabha Speaker of Lok Sabha Somnath Chatterjee Rajya Sabha Chairman of Rajya Sabha

Judiciary Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ... Pratibha Patil (Marathi: प्रतिभा पाटील) (born December 19, 1934) is the 12th and current President of India. ... The Vice-President of India is the second-highest ranking government official in the executive branch of the Government of India after the President. ... Mohammad Hamid Ansari (born April 1, 1937) is the current Vice President of India. ... The Lok Sabhha (alternatively titled, the House of the People, by the Constitution of India) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ... The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the lower house of Parliament of India. ... Somnath Chatterjee (born July 25, 1929 in Tezpur, Assam) is a politician in India. ... Executive President Vice-President Prime Minister Dy. ... The Vice-President of India is the second-highest ranking government official in the executive branch of the Government of India after the President. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      In the law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ... Supreme Court Chief Justice K. G. Balakrishnan High Courts District Courts

Local The Chief Justice of India is the highest position obtainable by a judge in India. ... Justice K.G. Balakrishnan; First Dalit cheif justice of India Konakuppakatil Gopinathan Balakrishnan aka Justice K G Balakrishnan, an Indian Judge and member of the Indian Supreme Court, has been appointed as the next Chief Justice of India. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Composition and Jurisdiction of District Courts In India : administration of justice at district level is done through law courts which are presided over by a judge. ... Localism describes a range of political philosophies which prioritise the local. ... Panchayati Raj

Elections in India The Panchayat is a South Asian political system. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... 2007 Presidential election 2004 General election Election Commission Chief Election Commissioner State Assembly elections Political parties

Political scandals Foreign relations

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The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. According to the Constitution of India, the role of the Supreme Court is that of a federal court, guardian of the Constitution and the highest court of appeal. The Election Commission of India held indirect 13th presidential elections of India on 19 July 2007[1]. Pratibha Patil with 638,116 votes won over her nearest rival Bhairon Singh Shekhawat who got 331,306 votes. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body created to hold free and fair elections in India. ... The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India, a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures. ... The State Assembly elections in India are the elections in which the Indian electorate choose the members of the Vidhan Sabha (or Legislative/State Assembly). ... Political parties in India lists political parties in India. ... An Indian political scandal commonly refers to some action by a politician deemed unacceptable in law or by custom, or which is held to be morally unacceptable to the politicians peers or the electorate. ... The Republic of India, the second most populous country and one of the fastest growing economies in the world, is considered as a major power and a potential superpower. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... The Constitution of India lays down the framework on which Indian polity is run. ...

Articles 124 to 147 of the Constitution of India lay down the composition and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India. Primarily, it is an appellate court which takes up appeals against judgments of the provincial High Courts. But it also takes writ petitions in cases of serious human rights violations or if a case involves a serious issue that needs immediate resolution. The Supreme Court of India had its inaugural sitting on January 28, 1950, and since then has delivered more than 24,000 reported judgments. is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Constitution of the court

On January 28, 1950, two days after India became a sovereign democratic republic, the Supreme Court came into being. The inauguration took place in the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building. The Chamber of Princes had earlier been the seat of the Federal Court of India for 12 years, between 1937 and 1950, and was the seat of the Supreme Court until the Supreme Court acquired its present premises in 1958. is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

After its inauguration on January 28, 1950, the Supreme Court commenced its sittings in the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament House. The Court moved into the present building in 1958. The Supreme Court Bar Association is the bar of the highest court. The current president of the SCBA is Mr. M.N. Krishnamani. is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ...

Supreme Court of India - Central Wing

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 633 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (850 × 805 pixel, file size: 232 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author of Drawing: Simon Fieldhouse I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 633 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (850 × 805 pixel, file size: 232 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author of Drawing: Simon Fieldhouse I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under...

The Supreme Court Building

The Court moved into the present building in 1958. The building is shaped to project the image of scales of justice with the Central Wing of the building corresponding to the centre beam of the Scales. In 1979, two New Wings—the East Wing and the West Wing—were added to the complex. In all there are 15 Court Rooms in the various wings of the building. The Chief Justice's Court is the largest of the Courts located in the centre of the Central Wing.

Composition

The original Constitution of India (1950) provisioned for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and 7 lower-ranking Judges—leaving it to Parliament to increase this number. In the early years, a full bench of the Supreme Court sat together to hear the cases presented before them. As the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, Parliament increased the number of Judges from 8 in 1950 to 11 in 1956, 14 in 1960, 18 in 1978 and 26 in 1986. As the number of the Judges has increased, they sit in smaller Benches of two and three (referred to as a Division Bench)—coming together in larger Benches of 5 and more only when required (referred to as a Constitutional Bench) to do so or to settle a difference of opinion or controversy. Any bench may refer the case up to a larger bench if the need to do so arises.

The Supreme Court of India comprises the Chief Justice of India and not more than 25 other Judges appointed by the President of India. However, the President must appoint judges in consultation with the Supreme Court and appointments are generally made on the basis of seniority and not political preference. Supreme Court Judges retire upon attaining the age of 65 years. In order to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court, a person must be a citizen of India and must have been, for at least five years, a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession, or an Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least 10 years, or the person must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist. Provisions exist for the appointment of a Judge of a High Court as an ad-hoc Judge of the Supreme Court and for retired Judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts to sit and act as Judges of that Court. The Chief Justice of India is the highest position obtainable by a judge in India. ... The President of India (Hindi: Rashtrapati) is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian armed forces. ...

The Supreme Court has always maintained a wide regional representation. It also has had a good share of Judges belonging to religious and ethnic minorities. The first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court was Justice Fatima Beevi in 1987. She was later followed by Justices Sujata Manohar and Ruma Pal. Justice Fatima Beevi was the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court of India and the first Muslim woman to be appointed to any higher judiciary. ... Justice Sujata Manohar (born August 28, 1934) is an Indian judge and a member of the National Human Rights Commission of India. ... Justice Ruma Pal (born June 6, 1941) is a sitting judge of the Supreme Court of India. ...

Justice K. G. Balakrishnan in 2000 became the first judge from the dalit community. In 2007 he also became the first dalit Chief Justice of India. Justice B.P.Jeevan Reddy was the only judge to be elevated to be the Chairman of the Law Commission of India even though he was not the chief justice of India. Justice K.G. Balakrishnan; First Dalit cheif justice of India Konakuppakatil Gopinathan Balakrishnan aka Justice K G Balakrishnan, an Indian Judge and member of the Indian Supreme Court, has been appointed as the next Chief Justice of India. ...

Jurisdiction

The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction.

Original jurisdiction

It has exclusive original jurisdiction over any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States, if and insofar as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or of fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends. In addition, Article 32 of the Constitution grants an extensive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in regard to enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार [1]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of... India is subdivided into 28 states, 6 union territories and a national capital territory. ... The Fundamental Rights in India enshrined in the Part III of the Constitution of India guarantee civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. ... For other uses, see Habeas corpus (disambiguation). ... A writ of mandamus or simply mandamus, which means we order in Latin, is the name of one of the prerogative writs and is a court order directing someone, most frequently a government official, to perform a specified act. ... A writ of prohibition, in the United States, is an official legal document drafted and issued by a supreme court or superior court to a judge presiding over a suit in an inferior court. ... Quo warranto (Medieval Latin for by what warrant?) is one of the prerogative writs, the one that requires the person to whom it is directed to show what authority he has for exercising some right or power (or franchise) he claims to hold. ... Certiorari (pronunciation: sər-sh(ē-)ə-ˈrer-ē, -ˈrär-ē, -ˈra-rē) is a legal term in Roman, English and American law referring to a type of writ seeking judicial review. ...

Appellate jurisdiction

The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be invoked by a certificate granted by the High Court concerned under Articles 132(1), 133(1) or 134 of the Constitution in respect of any judgement, decree or final order of a High Court in both civil and criminal cases, involving substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court can also grant special leave to appeal from a judgement or order of any non-military Indian court. Parliament has the power to enlarge the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and has exercised this power in case of criminal appeals by enacting the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act, 1970.

Appeals also lie to the Supreme Court in civil matters if the High Court concerned certifies : (a) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance, and (b) that, in the opinion of the High Court, the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court. In criminal cases, an appeal lies to the Supreme Court if the High Court (a) has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for life or for a period of not less than 10 years, or (b) has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any Court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for life or for a period of not less than 10 years, or (c) certified that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court. Parliament is authorised to confer on the Supreme Court any further powers to entertain and hear appeals from any judgement, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court.

Advisory jurisdiction

The Supreme Court has special advisory jurisdiction in matters which may specifically be referred to it by the President of India under Article 143 of the Constitution.

Judicial independence

The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court Judges in various ways. Judges are generally appointed on the basis of seniority and not on political preference. A Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except by an order of the President passed after an address in each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting, and presented to the President in the same Session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. The salary and allowances of a judge of the Supreme Court cannot be reduced after appointment. A person who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in India. Sansad Bhavan, The Parliament of India The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is bicameral. ...

Powers to punish contempt

Under Articles 129 and 142 of the Constitution the Supreme Court has been vested with power to punish anyone for contempt of any law court in India including itself. The Supreme Court performed an unprecedented action when it directed a sitting Minister of the state of Maharashtra to be jailed for 1 month on a charge of contempt of court on May 12 2006. This was the first time that a serving Minister was ever jailed. [1] Contempt of court is a court ruling which, in the context of a court trial or hearing, deems an individual as holding contempt for the court, its process, and its invested powers. ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , IPA  , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Contempt of court is a court ruling which, in the context of a court trial or hearing, deems an individual as holding contempt for the court, its process, and its invested powers. ...

Landmark Judgements: Judiciary-Executive Confrontations

Land reform (early confrontation)

After some of the courts overturned state laws redistributing land from zamindar (landlord) estates on the grounds that the laws violated the zamindars' fundamental rights, the Parliament of India passed the First Amendment to the Constitution in 1951 followed by the Fourth Amendment in 1955 to protect its authority to implement land redistribution. The Supreme Court countered these amendments in 1967 when it ruled in Golaknath v. State of Punjab that Parliament did not have the power to abrogate the fundamental rights, including the provisions on private property. Zamindar, also known as Zemindar, Zamindari, or the Zamindari System (Persian: زمیندار) were employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. ...

Other laws deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

• On February 1, 1970, the Supreme Court invalidated the government-sponsored Bank Nationalization Bill that had been passed by Parliament in August 1969.

• The Supreme Court also rejected as unconstitutional a presidential order of September 7, 1970, that abolished the titles, privileges, and privy purses of the former rulers of India's old princely states.

is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Response from the Parliament of India

• In reaction to the decisions of the Supreme Court, in 1971 the Parliament of India passed an amendment empowering itself to amend any provision of the constitution, including the fundamental rights.

• The Parliament of India passed the 25th amendment, making legislative decisions concerning proper land compensation non-justiciable.

• The Parliament of India passed an amendment to the Constitution of India, which added a constitutional article abolishing princely privileges and privy purses.

Counter-response from the Supreme Court

The Court ruled that the Basic Structure of the Constitution cannot be altered for convenience. The Basic Structure doctrine is the judge-made doctrine whereby certain features of the Constitution of India are beyond the limit of the powers of amendment the Parliament of India. ...

On April 24, 1973, the Supreme Court responded to the parliamentary offensive by ruling in the Kesavananda Bharati v. the State of Kerala case that although these amendments were constitutional, the court still reserved for itself the discretion to reject any constitutional amendments passed by Parliament by declaring that the amendments cannot change the constitution's "basic structure", a decision piloted through by Chief Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer. is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer was born in the district of Palakkad now in Kerala, India, 14/11/1915. ...

The Darkest Hour: Emergency and the Habeas Corpus Case

However, the newfound independence of the judiciary was seriously undermined, and the constitution considerably weakened in what has been called the darkest hour of Indian democracy^[1]. This was during the Indian Emergency (1975-1977) of Indira Gandhi. In an atmosphere where a number of High courts had agreed with the rights of detainees under the restrictive Maintenance of Internal Security Act, the case of Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla, popularly known as the Habeas Corpus case, came up for hearing in front of the Supreme Court. A bench with five of its seniormost judges decided for unrestricted powers of detention during emergency. Justices A.N. Ray, P. N. Bhagwati, Y. V. Chandrachud, and M.H. Beg, stated in the majority decision:^[2] The Indian Emergency of (1975-77) was a 18-month period between 1975 and 1977, when President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, upon advice by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, declared a state of emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution of India, effectively bestowing on her the power to rule by decree... A young Indira Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, during one of the latters fasts Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: ) (19 November 1917 - October 31, 1984) She was the Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in... The Maintenance of Internal Security Act was a controversial law passed by the Indian parliament in 1973 giving the administration of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Indian law enforcement agencies special powers and authority - indefinite preventive detention of indviduals, search and seizure of property without warrants, telephone and wiretapping - in... The Honorable Y. V. Chandrachud (Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud) served as the Chief Justice of India from February 22, 1978 to the day he retired on July 11, 1985. ...

(under the declaration of emergency) no person has any locus to move any writ petition under Art. 226 before a High Court for habeas corpus or any other writ or order or direction to challenge the legality of an order of detention.

The only dissenting opinion was from Justice H. R. Khanna, who stated: For other uses, see Habeas corpus (disambiguation). ... Justice H. R. Khanna was a judge on the Supreme Court of India (1971-1977), noted for several key decisions on the Indian constitution. ...

detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty... A dissent is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law, to the intelligence of a future day, when a later decision may possible correct the error into which the dissenting Judge believes the court to have been betrayed.^[2]

Before delivering his dissenting opinion, Justice Khanna had mentioned to his sister: ‘‘I have prepared my judgment, which is going to cost me the Chief Justice-ship of India.’’^[3] True to his apprehensions, he was superseded for the post of Chief Justice in January 1977, despite being the most senior judge at the time. In fact, it was felt that the other judges may have gone along for this very reason. Justice Khanna remains a legendary figure among the legal fraternity in India for this decision.

The New York Times, wrote of this opinion: "The submission of an independent judiciary to absolutist government is virtually the last step in the destruction of a democratic society; and the Indian Supreme Court’s decision appears close to utter surrender." The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

During the emergency period, the government also passed the 39th amendment, which sought to limit judicial review for the election of the Prime Minister; only a body constituted by Parliament could review this election^[4]. The court tamely agreed with this curtailment (1975), despite the earlier Keshavanand decision. Subsequently, the parliament, with most opposition members in jail during the emergency, passed the 42nd Amendment which prevented any court from reviewing any amendment to the constitution with the exception of procedural issues concerning ratification. A few years after the emergency, however, the Supreme court rejected the absoluteness of the 42nd amendment and reaffirmed its power of judicial review in the Minerva Mills case (1980).

As a final act during the emergency, in what Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer has called "a stab on the independence of the High Court"^[1], judges were moved helter-skelter across the country, in concurrence with Chief Justice Beg.

Post-1980: An Assertive Supreme Court

Fortunately for Indian jurisprudence, the "brooding spirit of the law" referred to by Justice Khanna was to correct the excesses of the emergency soon enough.

After Indira Gandhi lost elections in 1977, the new government of Morarji Desai, and especially law minister Shanti Bhushan (who had earlier argued for the detenues in the Habeas Corpus case), introduced a number of amendments making it more difficult to declare and sustain an emergency, and reinstated much of the power to the Supreme Court. It is said that the Basic Structure doctrine, created in Kesavananda, was strengthened in Indira Gandhi's case and set in stone in Minerva Mills. Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (Hindi: ) (February 29, 1896 – April 10, 1995) was an Indian freedom fighter and the first Prime Minister that did not belong to the Indian Congress Party. ... Shanti Bhushan is a former Union Law Minister and senior advocate of India. ...

The Supreme Court's creative and expansive interpretations of Article 21 (Life and Personal Liberty), primarily after the Emergency period, have given rise to a new jurisprudence of public interest litigation that has vigorously promoted many important economic and social rights (constitutionally protected but not enforceable) including, but not restricted to, the rights to free education, livelihood, a clean environment, food and many others. Civil and political rights (traditionally protected in the Fundamental Rights chapter of the Indian Constitution) have also been expanded and more fiercely protected. These new interpretations have opened the avenue for litigation on a number of important issues. It is interesting to note that the pioneer of the expanded interpretation of Article 21, Chief Justice P N Bhagwati, was also one of the judges who heard the ADM Jabalpur case, and held that the Right to Life could not be claimed in Emergency situations.

Golden Jubilee

In November 1999, the golden jubilee of the Supreme Court was observed. Some of the activities during the jubilee were:

• Launching of the Web site of Supreme Court of India by the Honourable Chief Justice of India.
• Introduction of a commemorative stamp by the Ministry of Communications, Government of India.
• Felicitation by the Prime Minister of India.
• Release of a stamp and a coin by His Excellency, the Vice-President of India.

There was also a function on January 28, 2000, to commemorate 50 years of the Supreme Court, attended by, among others: The Chief Justice of India is the highest position obtainable by a judge in India. ... The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. ... The Vice-President of India is the second-highest ranking government official in the executive branch of the Government of India after the President. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ...

• Hon. Mr. Sonam Tobgye, Chief Justice, Royal Court of Justice, Thimphu, Bhutan
• Hon'ble Mr. Saiduzzaman Siddiqui, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
• Hon. Mr. Mohamed Rasheed Ibrahim, Chief Justice, High Court of Maldives, Male.
• Hon'ble Mr. Ismail Mahomed, Chief Justice of South Africa
• Hon. Mr. A.R. Gubbay, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Zimbabwe
• Hon. Mr. Francis L. Nyalali, Chief Justice, Court of Appeal, Tanzania
• Hon. Mr. Yong Pung How, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Singapore
• Hon. Mr. MMSW Ngulube, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Zambia
• Hon. Mr. A.G. Pillay, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Mauritius
• Hon. Mr. Justice V. Alleear, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Seychelles
• Hon. Mr. G.J.C. Strydom, Chief Justice of the Republic of Namibia
• Hon. Mr. Sarath N. Silva, Chief Justice of Sri Lanka

This function was presided over by His Excellency, the President of India. The Supreme Court (Urdu: عدالت عظمیٰ ) is the apex court in Pakistans judicial hierarchy, the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes. ... For other places called Islamabad, see Islamabad (disambiguation). ... Ustaz Mohamed Rasheed Ibrahim, from the island of Fuvahmulah, is the present chief justice of Maldives. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Sitting Judges of the Court

1. K. G. Balakrishnan-Honourable Chief Justice of India
2. B. N. Agarwal
3. Ashok Bhan
4. Arijit Pasayat
5. B. P. Singh
6. H. K. Sema
7. S. B. Sinha
8. G. P. Mathur
9. S. H. Kapadia
10. A. K. Mathur
11. C. K. Thakker
12. Tarun Chatterjee
13. P. K. Balasubramanyam
14. P. P. Naolekar
15. Altamas Kabir
16. R. V. Raveendran
17. Dalveer Bhandari
18. Markandey Katju
19. H. S. Bedi
20. V. S. Sirpurkar
21. B. Sudershan Reddy
22. P. Sathasivam
23. G. S. Singhvi
24. Aftab Alam
25. J. M. Panchal

Justice K.G. Balakrishnan; First Dalit cheif justice of India Konakuppakatil Gopinathan Balakrishnan aka Justice K G Balakrishnan, an Indian Judge and member of the Indian Supreme Court, has been appointed as the next Chief Justice of India. ... The Chief Justice of India is the highest position obtainable by a judge in India. ... Arijit Pasayat Justice Arijit Pasayat (Born on 10. ... Justice C.K. Thakker (born November 10, 1943) is a judge in the Supreme Court of India. ... Justice R.V Raveendran is a sitting judge in the Supreme Court of India. ... Mr. ... Justice H.S.Bedi, M.A., LL.B., was born on September 5, 1946. ...

Past Chief Justices of India

Main article: Chief_Justice_of_India

1. H. J. Kania
2. M. P. Sastri
3. Mehr Chand Mahajan
4. B. K. Mukherjea
5. S. R. Das
6. B. P. Sinha
7. P. B. Gajendragadkar
8. A. K. Sarkar
9. K. Subba Rao
10. K. N. Wanchoo
11. M. Hidayatullah
12. J. C. Shah
13. S. M. Sikri
14. A. N. Ray
15. Mirza Hameedullah Beg
16. Y. V. Chandrachud
17. P. N. Bhagwati
18. R. S. Pathak
19. E. S. Venkataramiah
20. S. Mukharji
21. Ranganath Misra
22. K.N. Singh
23. M. H. Kania
24. L. M. Sharma
25. M. N. Venkatachaliah
26. A. M. Ahmadi
27. J. S. Verma
28. M. M. Punchhi
29. A. S. Anand
30. S. P. Bharucha
31. B. N. Kirpal
32. G. B. Pattanaik
33. V. N. Khare
34. Rajendra Babu
35. R. C. Lahoti
36. Y. K. Sabharwal

The Chief Justice of India is the highest position obtainable by a judge in India. ... Harilal Jekisundas Kania was the Chief Justice of India from 14th August, 1947 to 5th February, 1951. ... Patanjali Sastri (b. ... Mehr Chand Mahajan (born December 23, 1889 in Tika Nagrota, Kangra district) was the third Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. ... Muhammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992) was the acting President of India in 1969 and the second Muslim to hold the post (Dr Zakir Hussain being the first). ... Mirza Hameedullah Beg (M J Beg) was Chief Justice of India from January 1977 to February 1978. ... The Honorable Y. V. Chandrachud (Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud) served as the Chief Justice of India from February 22, 1978 to the day he retired on July 11, 1985. ... R. S. Pathak (died November 17, 2007) was a former Chief Justice of India. ... Mr. ... A. M. Ahmadi (Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi) was Chief Justice of India from 1994 to 1997. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Justice VN Khare was Chief Justice of India from 19 December 2002 to 2 May 2004. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Ramesh Chandra Lahoti. ... Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal (born on January 14, 1942) was the 36th Chief Justice of India. ...

External links

• Official website
• Joginder Kumar Vs State Of Up, 1994, Habeas Corpus
• Basic Structure of Constitution
• Supreme Court Appeal
• Latest Supreme Court judgments
• OpenJudis - Free Database of Supreme Court cases from 1950
• Discussion on finality of Supreme Court of India judgements on HindustanTimes
• Justice B.N. Srikrishna, "Skinning a Cat", (2005) 8 SCC (Jour) 3, available at http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/2005_8_3.htm (a critique of judicial activism in India).
• Satellite picture by Google Maps
• / Environmental Cases in Supreme Court

Coordinates: 28.622237° N 77.239584° E Justice B.N. Srikrishna (born May 21, 1941) is an Indian jurist and a retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...