Surface charge is the electric charge present on an interface, for instance on the surface of a semiconductor material. Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. ... In general usage, an interface is the point, area, or surface along which two substances or other qualitatively different things meet; it is also used metaphorically for the juncture between items. ... In mathematics, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold. ... A semiconductor is a material with an electrical conductance that is intermediate to those of an insulator and a conductor. ...

In semiconductors, surface charge originates from a disrupted lattice structure and from interactions with process or storage ambient. Surface charge alters the distribution of charge in the near-surface region of the semiconductor. On contuctors of uniform resistivity, it has been found that there can be no free charges in the bulk, but only on the surface. A cherry lattice pastry A mathematical lattice is a type of partially ordered set. ... Charge is a word with many different meanings. ...

To measure the surface charge surface charge analyzers are utilized, although electrostatic fieldmeters or voltmeters can also be used. Electrostatics is the branch of physics that deals with the force exerted by a static (i. ... Two digital voltmeters A voltmeter is a measuring instrument for measuring the voltage between two points in an electric circuit. ...

The surface charge σ over an area A is calculated by the following formula:

whereσ is the surface charge and q is the amount of charge.

The measurement of surface charge density has applications in:

• Electrical engineering. Electrostatic potentials and fields for systems of conducting electrodes may be obtained from the surface charge density.
• Biology. Maturation of cytokine secretion in dentrific cells may be determined by their surface charge

Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline that deals with the study and application of electricity and electromagnetism. ... Main articles: Life All organisms (viruses not included) consist of cells, which in turn, are based on a common carbon-based biochemistry. ... Cytokines are small protein molecules that are the core of communication between immune system cells, and even between these cells and cells belonging to other tissue types. ... Dentals are consonants articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both. ...

External links

• Semiconductor glossary.
• Surface charge density.
• Why Surface Charges.
• Surface charge measurement.