Surtsey, sixteen days after the onset of the eruption Surtsey (Icelandic: "Surtur's island") is a volcanic island off the southern coast of Iceland. At 63.30° N 20.62° W it is also the southernmost point of Iceland. It was formed in a volcanic eruption which began 130 metres below sea level, and reached the surface on 14 November 1963. The eruption may have started a few days earlier and lasted until 5 June 1967, when the island reached its maximum size of 2.7 km². Since then, wind and wave erosion has seen the island steadily diminish in size: as of 2002 it is only 1.4 km² in size.[1] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (982x652, 146 KB)Surtsey on November 30, 1963, 16 days after the begin of the eruption. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (982x652, 146 KB)Surtsey on November 30, 1963, 16 days after the begin of the eruption. ...
Categories: Stub | Municipalities of Libya ...
For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ...
This is a list of the extreme points of Iceland, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. ...
This article is about volcanoes in geology. ...
The metre or meter is a measure of length. ...
For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ...
November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
June 5 is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...
To help compare sizes of different geographic regions, we list here areas between 1 km² (100 hectares) and 10 km² (1000 hectares). ...
Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ...
2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The new island was named after the fire god Surtr from Norse mythology, and was intensively studied by volcanologists during its creation and, since the end of the eruption, has been of great interest to botanists and biologists as life has gradually colonised the originally barren island. The undersea vents that produced Surtsey are part of the Vestmannaeyjar (Westmann Isles) submarine volcanic system, part of the fissure of the sea floor called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Vestmannaeyjar also produced the famous eruption of Eldfell on the island of Heimaey in 1973. The eruption that created Surtsey also created a few other small islands along this volcanic chain, such as Jólnir and other unnamed peaks. Most of these eroded away fairly quickly. Categories: Stub | Municipalities of Libya ...
Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ...
Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena. ...
Pinguicula grandiflora Botany is the scientific study of plantlife. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Location of Vestmannaeyjar in Iceland (lower left) County Vestmannaeyjar Constituency South Area 13 km² ( 8,1mi²) Population Total (2003) Density 4349 334/km² Postal codes IS-900 Latitude Longitude Municipal website Cliffs on Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar Off the southwest coast of Iceland Vestmannaeyjar (English: The Westman Islands) is a small archipelago...
Courtesy USGS The ridge was central in the breakup of Pangaea that began some 180 million years ago. ...
Lava fountains tower over Heimaey in the early stages of the Eldfell eruption Eldfell is a cinder cone volcano just over 200 metres (650 feet) high on the Icelandic island of Heimaey. ...
Heimaey off of southwest Iceland Heimaey (pronounced HAY-mah-ay or IPA: ) is the largest island (13. ...
Jolnir (or Jólnir) was formerly a volcanic island south of Iceland. ...
Precursors to the eruption
Surtsey in southwest Iceland At 07:15 UTC+0 on 14 November 1963, the cook of Ísleifur II, a trawler sailing off the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago south of Iceland, spotted something south-west of the boat, which turned out to be a rising column of dark smoke. The vessel went to investigate the smoke, the captain thinking it might be a boat on fire, but instead they encountered explosive eruptions giving off black columns of ash, indicating that a volcanic eruption had begun beneath the sea. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing summer time Greenwich Mean Time (Media:Example. ...
November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
A cook is a person that prepares food for consumption. ...
A modern Icelandic trawler A trawler is a fishing vessel designed for the purpose of operating a trawl, a type of fishing net that is dragged along the bottom of the sea (or sometimes above the bottom at a specified depth). ...
Location of Vestmannaeyjar in Iceland (lower left) County Vestmannaeyjar Constituency South Area 13 km² ( 8,1mi²) Population Total (2003) Density 4349 334/km² Postal codes IS-900 Latitude Longitude Municipal website Cliffs on Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar Off the southwest coast of Iceland Vestmannaeyjar (English: The Westman Islands) is a small archipelago...
The Mergui Archipelago An archipelago is a landform which consists of a chain or cluster of islands. ...
Although the eruption was unexpected, there had been some indications before it began that volcanic activity was imminent. A week beforehand, a seismograph in Reykjavík recorded weak tremors, but their location was not determined. Two days before the eruption began, a marine research vessel noted that the sea in the area was somewhat warmer than normal, and at the same time, people in the coastal town of Vík on the mainland 80 km away had noticed a smell of hydrogen sulphide. Seismographs (in Greek seismos = earthquake and graphein = write) are used by seismologists to record seismic waves. ...
Location in Iceland Coordinates: , Constituency ReykjavÃk North ReykjavÃk South Government - Mayor (Borgarstjóri) Vilhjálmur Þ. Vilhjálmsson Area - City 274. ...
The village VÃk in the south of Iceland is indicated on road signs from a long distance (about 180 km from ReykjavÃk). ...
Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English), H2S, is a colorless, toxic, flammable gas that is responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence. ...
It is likely that the eruption had begun some days before 14 November. The sea floor is 130 metres below sea level, and at this depth explosive eruptions would be quenched by the water pressure. As the eruption built up a volcano approaching sea level, the explosions could no longer be quenched, and the eruption broke the surface. November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ...
Water pressure is the pressure in any system for supplying water, usually a domestic water system, although the term is used in other contexts as well, such as a municipal water system. ...
Early days
 Surtsey's ash column rises over the newly forming island By 11:00 on 14 November 1963, the eruption column had reached several kilometres in height. At first the eruptions took place at three separate vents along a north-east by south-west trending fissure, but by the afternoon the separate eruption columns had merged into one along the erupting fissure. Over the next week, explosions were continuous, and after just a few days the new island, formed mainly of scoria, measured over 500 metres in length and had reached a height of 45 metres. The new island was named after the fire giant Surtr from Norse mythology. As the eruptions continued, they became concentrated at one vent along the fissure and began to build the island into a more circular shape. By 24 November, the island measured about 900 metres by 650 metres. The violent explosions caused by the meeting of lava and sea water meant that the island consisted of a loose pile of volcanic rock (scoria), which was eroded rapidly by north Atlantic storms during the winter. However, eruptions more than kept pace with wave erosion, and by February 1964, the island had a maximum diameter of over 1300 metres. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (972x648, 76 KB)Surtsey during its eruption. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (972x648, 76 KB)Surtsey during its eruption. ...
November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Eruption column over Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines An eruption column consists of hot volcanic ash emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption. ...
Fissure (Latin fissura, Plural fissurae) is a groove, natural division, deep furrow, or cleft found in the brain, spinal cord, and liver; or a tear in the anus. ...
Scoria Scoria is the vesicular ejecta of mafic to intermediate magmas such as basalt and andesite. ...
Categories: Stub | Municipalities of Libya ...
Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ...
November 24 is the 328th day (329th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Look up lava, Aa, pahoehoe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Scoria Scoria is the vesicular ejecta of mafic to intermediate magmas such as basalt and andesite. ...
The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ...
Winter is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ...
One interesting event early in the island's life was the landing of three French journalists representing the magazine Paris Match on 6 December 1963. They stayed for about 15 minutes before violent explosions encouraged them to leave. The journalists This does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Alexandre Coste, son of Albert II of Monaco, on the cover of Paris Match Paris Match is a French magazine. ...
December 6 is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
claimed French sovereignty over the island, but Iceland quickly asserted that the new island belonged Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ...
to it, having appeared in Icelandic territorial waters. Ferdinandea, near Sicily, is another island created by volcanic eruptions which has been subject to disputes over sovereignty. Map of Sealand and the United Kingdom, with territorial water claims of 3nm and 12nm shown. ...
Approximate location of Ferdinandea Ferdinandea is a submerged volcanic island that forms part of the newly discovered underwater volcano Empedocles 30 km south of Sicily. ...
Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ...
A permanent island
Surtsey as seen from above The explosive phreatomagmatic eruptions caused by the easy access of water to the erupting vents threw rocks up to a kilometre away from the island, and sent ash clouds as high as 10 km up into the atmosphere. The loose pile of unconsolidated tephra would quickly have been washed away had the supply of fresh magma dwindled, and large clouds of dust were often seen blowing away from the island during this stage of the eruption. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1944x1944, 2841 KB) Satellite image of the island Surtsey near Iceland Image Courtesy NASA Earth Observatory, found at: http://earthobservatory. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1944x1944, 2841 KB) Satellite image of the island Surtsey near Iceland Image Courtesy NASA Earth Observatory, found at: http://earthobservatory. ...
Phreatic eruption at the summit of Mount St. ...
Ash plume from Mt Cleveland, a stratovolcano Diamond Head, a well-known backdrop to Waikiki in Hawaii, is an ash cone that solidified into tuff Volcanic ash consists of very fine rock and mineral particles less than 2 mm in diameter that are ejected from a volcanic vent. ...
Layers of Atmosphere - not to scale (NOAA)[3] Earths atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity. ...
Tephra refers to air-fall material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition or fragment size. ...
By early 1964, though, the continuing eruptions had built the island to such a size that sea water could no longer easily reach the vents, and the volcanic activity became much less explosive. Instead, lava fountains and flows became the main form of activity. These resulted in a hard cap of extremely erosion-resistant rock being laid down on top of much of the loose volcanic pile, which prevented the island being washed away rapidly. Effusive eruptions continued until 1965, by which time the island had a surface area of 2.5 km². A lava fountain is a volcanic phenomenon is which lava is forcefully but non-explosively ejected from a crater or fissure. ...
In computer programming jargon, lava flow is a problem in which computer code, usually written under less than optimal conditions, is put into production and then built on when still in a developmental state. ...
28 December 1963 saw the onset of submarine activity 2.5 km to the north-east of Surtsey, which formed a ridge 100 m high on the sea floor. This seamount was named Surtla, but never reached sea level. Eruptions at Surtla ended on 6 January 1964, and it has since been eroded from its minimum depth of 23 m to 47 m below sea level. December 28 is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 3 days remaining. ...
Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
A seamount is a mountain rising from the seafloor that does not reach to the surface of the ocean. ...
January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 359 days (360 in leap years) remaining. ...
1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ...
The eruption gradually dies down In 1965 the activity on the main island diminished, but at the end of May that year an eruption began at a vent 0.6 km off the northern shore. By 28 May an island had appeared, and was named Syrtlingur. Eruptions at Syrtlingur continued until the beginning of October 1965, by which time the islet had an area of 0.15 km², but it was rapidly eroded away once the eruptions had ceased, disappearing beneath the waves on 24 October. Image File history File links Surtsey craters, in 1999. ...
Image File history File links Surtsey craters, in 1999. ...
May 28 is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
During December 1965, more submarine activity occurred 0.9 km south-west of Surtsey, and another island was formed. It was named Jólnir, and over the following eight months it grew to 70 m in height, covering 0.3 km². Like Syrtlingur, though, after activity ceased on 8 August 1966, it was rapidly eroded, and dropped below sea level during October 1966. Jolnir (or Jólnir) was formerly a volcanic island south of Iceland. ...
is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ...
19 August 1966 saw the return of effusive eruptions on the main island, giving it further resistance to erosion. The eruption rate diminished steadily though, and on 5 June 1967, the eruption ended. The volcano has been dormant ever since. The total volume of lava emitted during the three-and-a-half-year eruption was about one cubic kilometre, and the island's highest point was 174 metres above sea level. August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ...
June 5 is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...
For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ...
Since the end of the eruption, erosion has seen the island diminish in size. A large area on the south-east side has been eroded away completely, while a sand spit called Norðurtangi (north point) has grown on the north side of the island. It is estimated that about 0.024 km³ of material has been lost due to erosion – this represents about a quarter of the original above sea level volume of the island.[2]
The settlement of life A classic site for the study of biocolonisation from founder populations that arrive from outside (allochthonous), Surtsey was declared a nature reserve in 1965 while the eruption was still in active progress. Today only a small number of scientists are permitted to land on Surtsey; the only way anyone else can see it closely is with a small plane. When a species invades a new area, especially an island, the original, small population is called a founder population. ...
In geology, rocks or sections or units of rocks which have been moved from their original site of formation are called allochthon (from greek allo = other, and chthon = earth). ...
Plant life Life began to settle on the island. The first life to appear was moss and lichen, which began to appear on the island as early as 1965. Mosses and lichens now cover much of the island. During the island's first 20 years, 20 species of plants were observed at one time or another, but only 10 became established in the nutrient-poor sandy soil. Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. ...
Lichenes from Ernst Haeckels Artforms of Nature, 1904 Lichens are symbiotic associations of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as the phycobiont) that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight. ...
As birds began nesting on the island, soil conditions improved, and more advanced species of plants were able to survive. In 1998, the first bush was found on the island – a Salix phylicifolia bush, which can grow to heights of up to 4 metres. In total at least 60 species of plant have been found on Surtsey, of which about 30 have become established. More species continue to arrive, at a typical rate of roughly 2–5 new species per year.[3] A woody plant is a vascular plant that has a stem (or more than one stem) that is lignified to a high degree. ...
Birds
 The first puffin nests were found on Surtsey in 2004 The expansion of bird life on the island has both relied on and helped to advance the spread of plant life. Birds use plants for nesting material, but also assist in the spreading of seeds, and fertilise the soil with their guano. Birds began nesting on Surtsey three years after the eruptions ended, with fulmar and guillemot the first species to set up home. Eight species are now regularly found on the island. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (457x640, 43 KB) copied from italian wikipedia, Author: Tomi File links The following pages link to this file: Surtsey Puffin ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (457x640, 43 KB) copied from italian wikipedia, Author: Tomi File links The following pages link to this file: Surtsey Puffin ...
Species Fratercula arctica Fratercula corniculata Fratercula cirrhata For prehistoric species, see article text. ...
The Chincha guano islands in Peru. ...
“Aves†redirects here. ...
Species (Linnaeus, 1761) (A. Smith, 1840) For other uses, see Fulmar (disambiguation). ...
A Guillemot is a variety of seeabird. ...
A gull colony has been present since 1986, although gulls were seen briefly on the shores of the new island only weeks after it first appeared. The gull colony has been particularly important in developing the plant life on Surtsey, and the gulls have had much more of an impact on plant colonisation than other breeding species due to their abundance. An expedition in 2004 found the first evidence of Atlantic Puffins nesting on the island. Puffins are extremely common in the rest of the archipelago. Look up gull in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Binomial name Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus, 1758) The Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica) is a seabird in the auk family. ...
The Mergui Archipelago An archipelago is a landform which consists of a chain or cluster of islands. ...
As well as providing a home for some species of birds, Surtsey has also been used as a stopping-off point for migrating birds, particularly those en route between the British Isles and Iceland. Species that have been seen briefly on the island include whooper swans, various species of goose, and ravens. Although Surtsey lies to the east of the main migration routes to Iceland, it has become a more common stopping point as its vegetation has improved.[4] mtDNA-based chart of large human migrations. ...
Location of the British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands off the north west coast of continental Europe comprising Great Britain, Ireland and a number of smaller islands. ...
Binomial name Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus, 1758) Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) is a large Northern Hemisphere swan. ...
Look up goose in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Species See text. ...
Marine life Soon after the island's formation, seals were seen around the island. They soon began basking there, particularly on the northern spit, which grew as the waves eroded the island. Seals were found to be breeding on the island in 1983, and a group of up to 70 made the island their breeding spot. Grey seals are more common on the island than common seals, but both are now well established. The presence of seals attracts killer whales, which are frequently seen in the waters around the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago and now frequent the waters around Surtsey. Families Odobenidae Otariidae Phocidae Pinnipeds (fin-feet, lit. ...
Binomial name Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791) Grey Seal range (in blue) The Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean. ...
Binomial name bobbi Linnaeus,, 1758 Common or Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina) are true seals of the Northern Hemisphere. ...
Binomial name Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758 Orca range (in blue) The orca (Orcinus orca), commonly known as the killer whale, and sometimes called the grampus, is the largest member of the oceanic dolphin family. ...
On the submarine portion of the island, many marine species are found. Starfish are abundant, as are sea urchins and limpets. The rocks are covered in algae, and seaweed covers much of the submarine slopes of the volcano, with its densest cover between 10 and 20 metres below sea level.[5] Orders Brisingida (100 species[1]) Forcipulatida (300 species[2]) Paxillosida (255 species[3]) Notomyotida (75 species[4]) Spinulosida (120 species[5]) Valvatida (695 species[6]) Velatida (200 species[7]) For other uses, see Starfish (disambiguation). ...
Subclasses Euechinoidea Superorder Atelostomata Order Cassiduloida Order Spatangoida (heart urchins) Superorder Diadematacea Order Diadematoida Order Echinothurioida Order Pedinoida Superorder Echinacea Order Arbacioida Order Echinoida Order Phymosomatoida Order Salenioida Order Temnopleuroida Superorder Gnathostomata Order Clypeasteroida (sand dollars) Order Holectypoida Perischoechinoidea Order Cidaroida (pencil urchins) Sea urchins are small spiny sea creatures...
Suborders See text. ...
A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the branches are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. ...
Ascophyllum nodosum exposed to the sun in Nova Scotia, Canada Dead Mans Fingers (Codium fragile) off Massachusetts coast For the band, see; Seaweed (band) For the rock musician, see; Seaweed (musician) Seaweeds are any of a large number of marine benthic algae. ...
Other life Insects arrived on Surtsey soon after its formation, and were first detected in 1964. The original arrivals were flying insects, carried to the island by winds and their own power. Some were believed to have been blown across from as far away as mainland Europe. Later insect life arrived on floating driftwood, and both live animals and corpses washed up on the island. When a large, grass-covered tussock was washed ashore in 1974, scientists took half of it for analysis and discovered 663 land invertebrates, mostly mites and springtails, the great majority of which had survived the crossing [3]. Look up mite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Families [1] Suborder Arthropleona Superfamily Entomobryoidea Entomobryidae Isotomidae Oncopoduridae Paronellidae Tomoceridae Superfamily Poduroidea Brachystomellidae Hypogastruridae Neanuridae Odontellidae Onychiuridae Poduridae Suborder Symphypleona Dicyrtomidae Katiannidae Sminthuridae Sminthurididae Bourletiellidae Arrhopalitidae Springtails (Order Collembola) form the largest of the three orders of modern hexapods that are no longer considered to be insects (along with...
The establishment of insect life provided some food for birds, and birds in turn helped many species to become established on the island. The bodies of dead birds provide sustenance for carnivorous insects, while the fertilisation of the soil and resulting promotion of plant life provides a viable habitat for herbivorous insects. This article deals with meat-eating animals. ...
In zoology, an herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plants (rather than meat). ...
Some higher forms of land life are now colonising the soil of Surtsey. The first earthworm was found in a soil sample in 1993, probably carried over from Heimaey by a bird. Slugs were found in 1998, and appeared to be similar to varieties found in the southern Icelandic mainland. Spiders and beetles have also become established.[6][7] Families Acanthodrilidae Ailoscolecidae Alluroididae Almidae Criodrilidae Eudrilidae Exxidae Glossoscolecidae Lumbricidae Lutodrilidae Megascolecidae Microchaetidae Ocnerodrilidae Octochaetidae Sparganophilidae Earthworm is the common name for the largest members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. ...
Heimaey off of southwest Iceland Heimaey (pronounced HAY-mah-ay or IPA: ) is the largest island (13. ...
Subinfraorders, superfamilies, and families See text Slugs are gastropod mollusks without shells or with very small internal shells, in contrast to snails, which have a prominent coiled shell. ...
Diversity 111 families, 40,000 species Suborders Mesothelae Mygalomorphae Araneomorphae See table of families Closeup image of a Wolf Spider Wikispecies has information related to: Spiders Spiders are predatory invertebrate animals that have two body segments, eight legs, no chewing mouth parts and no wings. ...
Suborders Adephaga Archostemata Myxophaga Polyphaga See subgroups of the order Coleoptera Beetles are the most diverse group of insects. ...
The future of Surtsey
The island of Surtsey in 1999 Following the end of the eruption, scientists established a grid of benchmarks against which they measured the change in the shape of the island. In the 20 years following the end of the eruption, measurements revealed that the island was steadily slumping vertically and had lost about a metre in height. The rate of slumping was initially about 20 cm per year but slowed to 1–2 cm a year by the 1990s. It had several causes: settling of the loose tephra forming the bulk of the volcano, compaction of sea floor sediments underlying the island, and downward warping of the lithosphere due to the weight of the volcano.[8] Surtsey in 1999. ...
Surtsey in 1999. ...
Tephra refers to air-fall material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition or fragment size. ...
This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ...
The tectonic plates of the Lithosphere on Earth. ...
The typical pattern of volcanism in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago is for each eruption site to see just a single eruption, and so the island is unlikely to be enlarged in the future by further eruptions. The heavy seas around the island have been eroding it ever since the island appeared, and since the end of the eruption almost half its original area has been lost. The island currently loses about 10,000 square metres of its surface area each year.[9]
Other islands in the archipelago show the effects of centuries of erosion However, the island is unlikely to disappear entirely in the near future. The eroded area consisted mostly of loose tephra, easily washed away by wind and waves. Most of the remaining area is capped by hard lava flows, which are much more resistant to erosion. In addition, complex chemical reactions within the loose tephra within the island have gradually formed highly erosion resistant tuff material, in a process known as palagonitization. On Surtsey this process has happened quite rapidly, due to high temperatures not far below the surface.[10] Image File history File links Islands in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago give an indication of what Surtsey might look like after many centuries of erosion. ...
Image File history File links Islands in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago give an indication of what Surtsey might look like after many centuries of erosion. ...
Welded tuff at Golden Gate in Yellowstone National Park Tuff (from the Italian tufo) is a type of rock consisting of consolidated volcanic ash ejected from vents during a volcanic eruption. ...
Palagonite is a form of volcanic glass similar to obsidian but with a chemical composition more closely related to basalt. ...
While the island will undoubtedly get smaller yet, it will nonetheless probably persist for many centuries before being eroded away completely. An idea of what it will look like in the future is given by the other small islands in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, which formed in the same way as Surtsey several thousand years ago, and have eroded away substantially since they were formed.[9] In 2001, the Icelandic government submitted the island to be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[11] UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ...
A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State...
References - ^ http://www.surtsey.is/pp_ens/geo_2.htm
- ^ Surtsey Topography (November 12, 1998). Retrieved on 2006-04-29.
- ^ The volcano island: Surtsey, Iceland: Plants. Our Beautiful World (August 29, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-04-29.
- ^ The volcano island: Surtsey, Iceland: Birdlife. Our Beautiful World (August 29, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-04-29.
- ^ The volcano Island Surtsey, Iceland: Sealife. Our Beautiful World (August 29, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-04-29.
- ^ The volcano island: Surtsey, Iceland: Insects. Our Beautiful World (August 29, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-04-29.
- ^ Finnur Gudmundsson (2000), Surtsey Research Report No. XI, Museum of Natural History, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- ^ JG Moore, Sveinn Jakobsson, Josef Holmjarn (1992), Subsidence of Surtsey volcano, 1967–1991, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, p 17–24
- ^ a b Jakobssen, SP (2005) Erosion of the Island, [1], retrieved 17 August 2005
- ^ Jakobssen, SP (2005) The Formation of Palagonite Tuffs, [2], retrieved 17 August 2005
- ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1610/
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
April 29 is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
April 29 is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
April 29 is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
April 29 is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
April 29 is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
See also // This is a list of the extreme points of Europe, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location in Europe. ...
This is a list of the extreme points of Iceland, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. ...
The (most important) Fjords of Iceland Faxaflói Hvalfjörður Borgarfjörður Breiðafjörður Hvammsfjörður Ísarfjarðardjúp Húnaflói Skagafjörður Eyjafjörður Skjálfandi (bay) Öxarfjörður Vopnafjörður Héraðsflói Seyðisfjörður...
Iceland is a large island with extensive volcanic and geothermal activity located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean east of Greenland immediately south of the Arctic Circle. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
The Iceland Plume is an upwelling of anomalously hot rock in the Earths mantle beneath Iceland whose origin probably lies at the boundary between the core and the mantle in ca. ...
Lakes of Iceland partially indicating surface or depth Þórisvatn 83-88 km², 114 m Þingvallavatn 82 km², 114 m Lagarfljót(Lögurinn) 53 km², 112 m Mývatn 37 km², 4,5 m Hvitárvatn 30 km², 84 m Hóp 29 - 44 km², depending on tides Langisjór...
This is a list of islands off Iceland. ...
This is a list of active and extinct volcanoes in Iceland. ...
Rivers of Iceland On an island like Iceland, rivers are never very long. ...
Eruption at Eldfell volcano, just outside a town of 5000 people, in 1973 Iceland has a very high number of active volcanoes due to its unique geological conditions. ...
Gullfoss, in southern Iceland Iceland is unusually suited for waterfalls. ...
External links Coordinates: 63.30° N 20.62° W Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...
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