NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sustainable architecture

Sustainable architecture applies techniques of sustainable design to architecture. From the root words sus– (under) + tenere (to hold); to keep in existence; to maintain or prolong. It is related to the concept of "green building" (or "green architecture"). The two terms, however are often used interchangeably to relate to any building designed with environmental goals in mind, often regardless of how they actually function in regard to such goals. Environmental technology or green technology is the application of the environmental sciences to conserve the natural environment and resources, and by curbing the negative impacts of human involvement. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Air Pollution#Control devices. ... For articles on specific fuels used in vehicles, see Biogas, Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biodiesel, and Straight vegetable oil. ... An active compost heap, steaming on a cold winter morning. ... Conservation biology, or conservation ecology, is the science of analyzing and protecting Earths biological diversity. ... The conservation ethic is an ethic of resource use, allocation, exploitation, and protection. ... Ecoforestry is forestry that emphasizes holistic practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystems1 instead of traditional forestry that maximizes economic productivity. ... For the physical concepts, see conservation of energy and energy efficiency. ... Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sustainable energy resources through knowledge, skills, and constructions. ... Environmental design is the process of addressing environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. ... An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is an assessment of the likely influence a project may have on the environment. ... Envirnonmental preservation is the strict setting aside of natural resources to prevent the use or contact by humans or by human intervention. ... This article is about green building construction. ... This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ... Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by mans industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use. ... Natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Renewable energy utilizes natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. ... // Renewable energy development covers the advancement, capacity growth, and use of renewable energy sources by humans. ... Generally, remediation means giving a remedy. ... The following page contains a list of different forms of waste treatment Anaerobic digestion ArrowBio Composting Gasification Incineration In-vessel composting Landfill Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical heat treatment Plasma Pyrolysis Recycling Sewage treatment Tunnel composting UASB Windrow composting Categories: | ... This article is about a concept related to renewable energy, of which sustainable energy is a superset. ... Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfilment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. ... The following page consist of a list of waste water treatment technologies: Activated sludge Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic lagoon Cesspit Combined sewer overflow Composting toilet Constructed wetland Imhoff tank Floculation Reed bed Septic tank Sequencing batch reactor UASB Aerobic Granular Reactor This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... Control room and schematics of the water purification plant to Bret lake. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Waste For the company, see Waste Management, Inc. ... Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment; with a focus on pollution and degradation of the environment related to human activities; and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability from local and global development. ... It has been suggested that Green design be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about building architecture. ... This article is about green building construction. ...

Sustainable architecture is framed by the larger discussion of sustainability and the pressing economic and political issues of our world. In the broad context, sustainable architecture, seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo. ...

Sustainable Energy

Energy efficiency over the entire Life cycle of a building is the most important single goal of sustainable architecture. Architects use many different techniques to reduce the energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their own energy. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Windsor is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. ... Hansen Yuncken is a Melbourne based construction company, founded in 1918. ... Passive solar building design involves the modeling, selection and use of appropriate passive solar technologies to maintain the building environment at a desired temperature range (usually based around human thermal comfort) throughout the suns daily and annual cycles. ... A photovoltaic cell is a device that turns light into electric energy. ... Sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from waste-water or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and a sludge. ... View of a Johad at village Thathawata View of a stepwell at Fatehpur,Shekhawati. ... Solar hot water refers to water heated by solar energy. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (945x741, 146 KB) Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (945x741, 146 KB) Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt, Germany One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt The term Passive house (Passivhaus in German) refers to the rigorous, voluntary, Passivhaus standard for energy use in buildings. ... In physics and engineering, including mechanical and electrical engineering, energy efficiency is a dimensionless number, with a value between 0 and 1 or with times 100 given in percent. ... Life cycle refers to: Biological life cycle New product development Honeybee life cycle This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency

The most important and cost effective element of an efficient heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a well insulated building. A more efficient building requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but may require more ventilation capacity to expel polluted indoor air. Cost-effectiveness In economics, comparison of the relative expenditure (costs) and outcomes (effects) associated with two or more courses of action. ... HVAC may also stand for High-voltage alternating current HVAC systems use ventilation air ducts installed throughout a building that supply conditioned air to a room through rectangular or round outlet vents, called diffusers; and ducts that remove air from return-air grilles Fire-resistance rated mechanical shaft with HVAC... Common insulation applications inside an apartment building in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. ... Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) deals with the content of interior air that could affect health and comfort of building occupants. ...

Significant amounts of energy are flushed out of buildings in the water, air and compost streams. Off the shelf, on-site energy recycling technologies can effectively recapture energy from waste hot water and stale air and transfer that energy into incoming fresh cold water or fresh air. Recapture of energy for uses other than gardening from compost leaving buildings requires centralized anaerobic digesters. A handful of compost A double-wide bin with compost at different stages of decomposition Compost is the aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials. ... When buying things, Off the shelf refers to products that have already been designed and made, compared to Made to measure (One-off, Custom-Built, etc. ... Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) in its strictest sense refers to any waste treatment that creates energy in the form of electricity or heat from a waste source that would have been disposed of in landfill, also called energy recovery. ... Two-stage, low-solids, UASB anaerobic digesters as part of a mechanical biological treatment system, with sequencing batch reactor Anaerobic digestion (AD) is where the naturally occurring processes of anaerobic degradation is harnessed and contained. ...

Site and building orientation have a major effect on a building’s HVAC efficiency.

Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot water panels. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate materials with high thermal mass that retain heat effectively and strong insulation that works to prevent heat escape. In addition, low energy buildings typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as American colonial saltbox designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in a small scale building. Passive solar building design involves the modeling, selection and use of appropriate passive solar technologies to maintain the building environment at a desired temperature range (usually based around human thermal comfort) throughout the suns daily and annual cycles. ... Active solar is a term which refers to the use of solar energy to actively convert the energy in sunlight into other forms. ... A photovoltaic cell is a device that turns light into electric energy. ... Solar hot water refers to water heated by solar energy. ... Solar panels are used in passive and active solar hot water systems Passive solar technologies convert sunlight into usable heat, cause air-movement for ventilation or cooling, or store heat for future use, without the assistance of other energy sources. ... Thermal mass, in the most general sense, is any mass that absorbs and holds heat. ... Thermal insulation on the Huygens probe The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer. ... This thermogram compares a traditional building (left) to one built to the German passive house standard (right) Generically, a low-energy house is any type of house that uses less energy than a regular house. ... In general, the word colonial means of or relating to a colony. In United States history, the term Colonial is used to refer to the period before US independence. ... The Comfort Starr House, Guilford, New Haven County, Connecticut. ...

Windows are placed to maximize the input of heat-creating light while minimizing the loss of heat through glass, a bad insulator. In the northern hemisphere this usually involves installing a large number of south facing windows to collect direct sun and severely restricting the number of north facing windows. Certain window types, such as double or triple glazed insulated windows with gas filled spaces and low emissivity (low-E) coatings, provide much better insulation than single-pane glass windows. Preventing excess solar gain in the summer months is important to reduce cooling needs. Deciduous trees are often planted in front of windows to block excessive sun in summer with their leaves but allow light through in winter when their leaves disappear. Louvers or light shelves are installed to allow the sunlight in during the winter (when the sun is lower in the sky) and keep it out in the summer (when the sun high in the sky). Coniferous or evergreen plants are often planted to the north of buildings to shield against cold north winds. Northern hemisphere highlighted in yellow. ... Insulated Glazing Unit or Insulating Glass Unit (commonly referred to as IGU) is described as two or more lites of glass spaced apart and hermetically sealed to form a single glazed unit with an air space between each lite. ... Low-emittance (Low-E) coatings are microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window or skylight glazing surface primarily to reduce the U-factor by suppressing radiative heat flow. ... Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off). ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ...

In colder climates, heating systems are a primary focus for sustainable architecture because they are typically one of the largest single energy drains in buildings.

In warmer climates where cooling is a primary concern passive solar designs can also be very effective. Masonry building materials with high thermal mass are very valuable for retaining the cool temperatures of night throughout the day. In addition builders often opt for sprawling single story structures in order to maximize surface area and heat loss. Buildings are often designed to capture and channel existing winds particularly the especially cool winds coming from nearby bodies of water. Many of these valuable strategies are employed in some way by the traditional architecture of warm regions, such as southwestern mission buildings. // Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. ... Thermal mass, in the most general sense, is any mass that absorbs and holds heat. ... Lulworth Cove in Dorset, England (Great Britain) A fjord (Lysefjorden) in Norway River Gambia flowing through Niokolokoba National Park Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia A tide pool on Gabriola Island, British Columbia showing ochre sea stars A body of water is any significant accumulation of water such as an ocean, a... Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize a method of construction which uses locally available resources to address local needs. ...

In climates with four seasons, an integrated energy system will increase in efficiency: when the building is well insulated, when it is sited to work with the forces of nature, when heat is recaptured (to be used immediately or stored), when the heat plant relying on fossil fuels or electricity is greater than 100% efficient, and when renewable energy is utilized. This page has been deleted, and should not be re-created without a good reason. ... Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal and petroleum (fuel oil or natural gas), formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals[1] by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earths crust over hundreds of millions of years[2]. The theory that hydrocarbons were formed from these... Renewable energy utilizes natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. ...

Alternative Energy Production and Building Design

Active solar devices such as photovoltaic solar panels help to provide sustainable electricity for any use. Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic panels to collect at maximum efficiency, and some buildings even move throughout the day to follow the sun. The Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies (SIMS)at Lonavala, near Pune India, has the longest photovoltaic wall in the world, at over ninety meters long. Undersized wind turbines (normal turbines are often over 250 feet) may have been oversold and do not always provide the returns promised, particularly for North American households[1]. Active solar water heating systems have long provided heating-specific energy in a sustainable manner. Occasionally houses that use a combination of these methods achieve the lofty goal of "zero energy" and can even begin generating excess energy for use in other structures. Active solar is a term which refers to the use of solar energy to actively convert the energy in sunlight into other forms. ... A solar cell, a form of photovoltaic cell, is a device that uses the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from light, thus generating solar power (energy). ... A photovoltaic module is composed of individual PV cells. ... This article is about the machine for converting the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical energy. ... A trio of propane water heaters. ...

Building placement

One central and often ignored aspect of sustainable architecture is building placement. Although many environmentalists envision the ideal home or office structure as an isolated place in the middle of the woods this kind of placement is often detrimental to the environment. First such structures often serve as the unknowing frontlines of suburban sprawl. Second isolated structures usually increase the energy consumption required for transportation and lead to unnecessary auto emissions. Ideally most building should avoid suburban sprawl in favor of the kind of light urban development articulated by the New Urbanist movement. Careful mixed use zoning can make commercial, residential, and light industrial areas more accessible for those traveling by foot, bicycle, or public transit, as proposed in the Principles of Intelligent Urbanism. Urban sprawl (also: suburban sprawl) is the spreading out of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area. ... Energy consumption is a measure of the rate of energy use such as fuels or electricity. ... Urban planning is concerned with the ordering and design of settlements, from the smallest towns to the worlds largest cities. ... Overview New Urbanism is an urban design movement that became very popular beginning in the 1980s and early 1990s. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

Sustainable Building Materials

Some examples of sustainable building materials include recycled denim or blown-in fiber glass insulation, sustainably harvested wood, bamboo, which is one of the strongest and fastest growing woody plants, and non-toxic low-VOC glues and paints. This article is about the material denim. ... For other uses, see Bamboo (disambiguation). ... A woody plant is a vascular plant that has a stem (or more than one stem) that is lignified to a high degree. ... This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the Terminology and legal definitions section. ...

Waste management

Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of waste, incorporating things such as grey water systems for use on garden beds, and composting toilets to reduce sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site food waste composting and off-site recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of packaging waste. Greywater is wastewater generated by household processes such as washing dishes, laundry and bathing. ... Composting toilets use biological processes to deal with the disposal and processing of human excrement into organic compost material. ...

Re-Using Structures and Materials

Some sustainable architecture incorporates recycled or second hand materials. The reduction in use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in embodied energy (energy used in the production of materials). Often sustainable architects attempt to retro-fit old structures to serve new needs in order to avoid unnecessary development. Embodied Energy refers to the quantity of energy required to manufacture, and supply to the point of use, a product, material or service. ...

Social sustainability in architecture

Architectural design can play a large part in influencing the ways that social groups interact. Communist Russia's Constructivist Social condensers are a good example of this, buildings which were designed with the specific intention of controlling or directing the flow of everyday life to "create socially equitable spaces". In sociology, a group is usually defined as a collection of humans or animals, who share certain characteristics, interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity. ... Tatlin Tower. ... From Soviet constructivist theory, the social condenser is a spatial idea practiced in architecture. ...

Sustainable design can help to create a sustainable way of living within a community. While the existing social constructs can be seen to influence architecture, the opposite can also be true. An overtly socially sustainable building, if successful, can help people to see the benefit of living sustainably; this can be seen in many of Rural Studio's buildings in and around Hale County, Alabama, for example. The same can be said for environmentally sustainable design, in that architecture can lead the way for the greater community. It has been suggested that Green design be merged into this article or section. ... Sustainable living might best be defined as a lifestyle that could, hypothetically, be sustained unmodified for many generations without exhausting any natural resources. ... The Rural Studio is a design-build architecture studio run by Auburn University which aims to teach students about the social responsibilities of the profession of architecture while also providing safe, well-constructed and inspirational homes and buildings for poor communities in rural west Alabama, part of the so-called... Hale County is a county of the State of Alabama. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

Art can be a powerfully positive social force. It can help to reduce stress in many situations, lowering the risk of stress-related health problems, both physical and mental. Art can also be a way of individual expression, which can add to the community as a whole. Hundertwasser's buildings in Austria are an inspiring example of art giving back to the community. Friedensreich Regentag Dunkelbunt Hundertwasser (December 15, 1928 â€“ February 19, 2000) was an Austrian painter and architect. ...

Criticism

Sustainable Architecture, it can be argued, does not rigorously form a part of Architecture as a discipline. Rather it is a concern in Building Construction industry as a whole, and given the dominance of construction techniques and building subsystes, it should be considered a part of Civil Engineering as a discipline. Numerous schools of architecutre shun "Sustainable Architecture" as a part of their curriculun, and it is considered to be a Fashionable subject at the moment. A number of Architects practicing this type of architecture (see below) have been criticised as exploiting a dominant concern in the name of architecture just so as to gain reputability and garner profects Citation Needed. The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. ... A fashion consists of a current (constantly changing) trend, favoured for frivolous rather than practical, logical, or intellectual reasons. ...

Designers noted for their contribution to sustainable architecture

Tom Bender began to make his mark in the early 1970s as an architect, author, and strategic planner. ... Laurence Wilfred Laurie Baker (March 2, 1917 â€“ April 1, 2007) was an award-winning British-born Indian architect, renowned for his initiatives in cost reduction and low-cost housing. ... Eric Corey Freed (b. ... Richard Buckminster â€œBuckyâ€ Fuller (July 12, 1895 â€“ July 1, 1983)[1] was an American visionary, designer, architect, poet, author, and inventor. ... William A. McDonough (1951, Tokyo, Japan - ) is an American architect whose career is focused on designing environmentally sustainable buildings and transforming industrial manufacturing processes, with the twin goals of eliminating pollution and increasing the profits of his clients. ... Glenn Murcutt (born 25 July 1936, London, England) is an Australian Architect. ... Edward Mazria is an internationally recognized architect, author and educator with a long and distinguished career. ... The Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church in San Giovanni Rotondo. ... Sim Van der Ryn is acknowledged as a leader in sustainable architecture. ... Walter Segal (1907 â€“ 1985) was an architect who developed a system of self-build housing. ... Michael Sorkin (1948, Washington, D.C. - ) Michael Sorkin, is the principal of the Michael Sorkin Studio in New York City, a design practice devoted to both practical and theoretical projects at all scales with a special interest in the city. ... Professor Brenda Vale and Doctor Robert Vale are architects, writers, pioneer researchers and leading experts in the field of sustainable housing. ... James Wines (1932- ) is an American architect associated with environmental design. ... Dr. Ken Yeang (Chinese: æ¨ç»æ–‡/æ¥Šç¶“æ–‡; pinyin: YÃ¡ng JÄ«ngwÃ©n) is a prolific Malaysian architect and writer best known for developing environmental design solutions for high-rise buildings in the tropics. ... Rendering of Sprint Center in Kansas City[1] Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum or HOK is a major, international architecture, interiors, engineering, planning and consulting firm established in 1955. ... ArquÃ may refer to two different communes (municipalities) in the Veneto region of north-eastern Italy: ArquÃ Petrarca, in the province of Padua ArquÃ Polesine, in the province of Rovigo Category: ... Binomial name Bos gaurus H. Smith, 1827 The Gaur (Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large, dark-coated ox of the hilly areas of India and Southeast Asia, which may be found wild or domesticated. ... Charles Correa (born in Hyderabad, India on September 1, 1930) is an Indian architect, planner, activist, theoretician and a fundamental figure in the world-wide panorama of contemporary architecture. ...

See also

Image File history File links Portal. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... A windcatcher (Badgir; Ø¨Ø§Ø¯Ú¯ÛŒØ±) is a traditional Persian architectural device used for many centuries to create natural ventilation in buildings. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solar Tower. ... One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt, Germany One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt The term passive house (Passivhaus in German) refers to the rigorous, voluntary, Passivhaus standard for energy use in buildings. ... Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. ... Superinsulation is an approach to building design, construction and retrofitting. ... Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize a method of construction which uses locally available resources to address local needs. ... Similar or related terms: Near zero energy building, Zero energy house, Near zero energy house A zero energy building (ZEB) can be described as structure with a net energy consumption of zero over a typical year. ... Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition. ... This article is about green building construction. ... Further detailed information formerly in this article was moved to Wikibooks in May 2006 Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses straw bales as structural elements, insulation, or both. ... Deconstruction of a Building. ... The New urbanism is an American urban design movement that arose in the early 1980s. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... A low-energy-house is any type of house that uses less energy than a regular house. ... As a direct contribution to building knowledge in the fields of architecture and urban design the Fab Tree Hab supposes ecology as the main driver for dwelling. ...

External links

Categories: Low-energy building | Architecture | Sustainable building The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UM or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan, and one of the foremost universities in the United States. ... The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo. ... Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sustainable energy resources through knowledge, skills, and constructions. ... Future energy development, providing for the worlds future energy needs, currently faces great challenges. ... The 2000 Watt society is a vision, originated by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at the end of the 1998, in which each person in the developed world would cut their energy use to an average of no more than 2,000 Watts by the year 2050, without lowering... It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Peak oil and Hubbert peak theory, accessible from a disambiguation page. ... For other uses, see Peak oil (disambiguation). ... Kardashev scale projections ranging from 1900 to 2100. ... For other uses, see Air car (disambiguation). ... The definition of alternative fuel varies according to the context of its usage. ... Alternative propulsion is a term used frequently for power train concepts differing to the standard internal combustion engine concept used in gasoline- or diesel-fueled vehicles. ... For electric vehicles other than battery powered passenger automobiles, see electric vehicle. ... For other uses, see Bicycle (disambiguation). ... Bioalcohol is alcohol obtained from biological sources, not from petroleum. ... This article is about transesterified plant and animal oils. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Biogas-bus in Bern, Switzerland Biogas typically refers to a (biofuel) gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter including manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste or any other biodegradable feedstock, under anaerobic conditions. ... Biomass to liquid (BTL) is a (multi step) process to produce liquid fuels out of biomass: It mainly aims at using the whole plant to improve the CO2 balance and the costs. ... Busways redirects here. ... White bicycles for free use, in Hoge Veluwe national park, the Netherlands Community bicycle programs (also known as Yellow bicycle programs or White bicycle programs) are one variation on an international movement to provide environmentally friendly transportation options to citizens. ... Ecodriving is a term used in Europe to name initiative which support energy efficient use of vehicles. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Power-assisted cycle. ... For battery powered passenger automobiles, see battery electric vehicle. ... A Toyota Prius, one example of a hybrid electric vehicle. ... A hydrogen station is a storage or filling station for hydrogen, usually located along a road or highway, or at home as part of the distributed generation resources concept. ... Sequel, a fuel cell-powered vehicle from General Motors A hydrogen vehicle is a personal transportation vehicle, such as an automobile, that uses hydrogen as its on-board fuel for motive power, or another vehicle, such as an aircraft, that use hydrogen in a similar fashion. ... A low-energy vehicle is any type of vehicle that uses less energy than a regular vehicle. ... Hybrids Plus PHEV Toyota Prius conversion with PHEV-30 (30 mile all-electric range) battery packs A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid vehicle with batteries that can be recharged by connecting a plug to an electrical power source. ... // Production battery electric vehicles (BEVs) like the GM EV1 and Chevrolet S10 EV, Chrysler TEVan, Honda EV Plus, Ford Ranger EV, Nissan Altra, Toyota RAV4 EV, and Solectria Force have been made available to the consumer market in very limited quantities and locations. ... Bangkok Skytrain. ... Further information: electric bus A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus powered by two overhead wires, from which it draws electricity using two trolley poles. ... The Twike (TWin bIKE) is a Light Electric Vehicle (LEV) with hybrid human power as an option. ... Ugandan bicycle taxi or bodaboda Cargo-bicycle and Trike for rent Bremen. ... Waste Vegetable Oil which has been filtered. ... In physics and engineering, energy conversion is any process of converting energy from one form to another. ... Electricity generation is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. ... Distributed generation generates electricity from many small energy sources. ... It has been suggested that Wind turbines (UK domestic) be merged into this article or section. ... A sustainable community energy system is an integrated approach to supplying a local community with its energy requirements from renewable energy or high-efficiency co-generation energy sources. ... Modern technology uses large amounts of electrical power. ... In thermodynamics, biological thermodynamics (Greek: bios = life and logikos = reason + Greek: thermos = heat and dynamics = power) or bioenergetics[1] is the study of energy transformation in the biological sciences. ... Two-stage, low-solids, UASB anaerobic digesters as part of a mechanical biological treatment system, with sequencing batch reactor Anaerobic digestion (AD) is where the naturally occurring processes of anaerobic degradation is harnessed and contained. ... See biomass (ecology) for the use of the term in ecology, where it refers to the cumulation of living matter Switchgrass, a tough plant used in the biofuel industry in the United States Rice chaff. ... Mechanical biological treatment (MBT), or mechanical biological pre-treatment is a category of waste treatment technologies that enables recovery of the resources contained in waste. ... In chemistry, a chemical bond is the force which holds together atoms in molecules or crystals. ... Blue energy is the energy retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water with the use of osmosis or reverse electro dialysis (RED) with ion specific membranes. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ... Hydrogen production is done in bulk today from hydrocarbon fossil fuels via a chemical path. ... Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power is energy generated by heat stored beneath the Earths surface. ... Deep lake water cooling uses cold water pumped from the bottom of a lake as a heat sink for climate control systems. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by hydropower. ... Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation whereby the natural flow and elevation drop of a river are used to generate electricity. ... Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that exploits the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides, or the movement of water caused by tidal currents. ... Kaplan turbine and electrical generator cut-away view. ... Wave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work - including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs). ... This article is about applications of nuclear fission reactors as power sources. ... An Inertial fusion power plant is intended to industrially produce electric power by use of inertial confinement fusion techniques. ... The deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction is considered the most promising for producing fusion power. ... Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ... // A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) is a simple electrical generator which obtains its power from radioactive decay. ... Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ... Active solar is a term which refers to the use of solar energy to actively convert the energy in sunlight into other forms. ... The Barra system, developed by Horazio Barra in Italy, is a passive solar building technology. ... Central solar heating is the provision of central heating and hot water from solar energy by a system in which the water is heated centrally by arrays of solar thermal collectors (central solar heating plants - CSHPs) and distributed through district heating pipe networks (or block heating systems in the case... This article is about electricity power generation by downdraft created by evaporation of water sprayed at the top of a tall hollow cylinder. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Solar panels are used in passive and active solar hot water systems Passive solar technologies convert sunlight into usable heat, cause air-movement for ventilation or cooling, or store heat for future use, without the assistance of other energy sources. ... Passive solar building design involves the modeling, selection and use of appropriate passive solar technologies to maintain the building environment at a desired temperature range (usually based around human thermal comfort) throughout the suns daily and annual cycles. ... Photovoltaic tree in Styria, Austria Photovoltaics, or PV for short, is a solar power technology that uses solar cells or solar photovoltaic arrays to convert light from the sun directly into electricity. ... A photovoltaic module is composed of individual PV cells. ... A solar cell, made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. ... A solar combisystem is a solar heating system that provides both space heating and hot water from a common array of solar thermal collectors, normally linked to an auxiliary non-solar heat source. ... A solar heater A laundromat in California with solar hot water panels on the roof. ... A Solar pond is large-scale solar energy collector with integral heat storage for supplying thermal energy. ... An artists depiction of a solar satellite, which could send energy wirelessly to a space vessel or planetary surface. ... The solar power tower at Solar Two in California The solar power tower (also known as Central Tower power plants or Heliostat power plants or power towers) is a type of solar furnace using a tower to receive the focused sunlight. ... Photovoltaic solar panels on a house roof. ... Solar Shingles (or Photovoltaic Shingles) are a new type of solar energy system that, at first glance, look like regular asphalt shingles but are actually photovoltaic cells (PV). ... Solar Thermal Collector Dish A solar thermal collector is a solar collector specifically intended to collect heat: that is, to absorb sunlight to provide heat. ... Solar thermal energy is a technology for harnessing solar power for practical applications from solar heating to electrical power generation. ... A backyard installation of passive singleâ€“axis trackers, DC rated at 2340 watts. ... Schematic of a Solar updraft tower This article is about a type of power plant. ... Passive solar design using an unvented trombe wall and summer shading A Trombe wall is a sun-facing wall built from material that can act as a thermal mass (such as stone, concrete, adobe or water tanks), combined with an air space, insulated glazing and vents to form a large... Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) in its strictest sense refers to any waste treatment that creates energy in the form of electricity or heat from a waste source that would have been disposed of in landfill, also called energy recovery. ... Two-stage, low-solids, UASB anaerobic digesters as part of a mechanical biological treatment system, with sequencing batch reactor Anaerobic digestion (AD) is where the naturally occurring processes of anaerobic degradation is harnessed and contained. ... For the water carbonator, see Gasogene. ... For other forms of waste plant that produce energy see waste-to-energy. ... Mechanical biological treatment (MBT), or mechanical biological pre-treatment is a category of waste treatment technologies that enables recovery of the resources contained in waste. ... Simple sketch of pyrolysis chemistry Pyrolysis usually means the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, except possibly steam. ... An example of a wind turbine. ... A wind farm is a collection of wind turbines in the same location. ... This article is about the machine for converting the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical energy. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Energy storage is the storing of some form of energy that can be drawn upon at a later time to perform some useful operation. ... Symbols representing a single Cell (top) and Battery (bottom), used in circuit diagrams. ... NASA G2 flywheel Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor (flywheel) to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy. ... Ffestiniog pumped storage power station upper reservoir Grid energy storage lets energy producers send excess electricity over the electricity transmission grid to temporary electricity storage sites that become energy producers when electricity demand is greater. ... Hydrogen storage is the main technological problem of a viable hydrogen economy. ... A seasonal thermal store (also known as a seasonal heat store or inter-seasonal thermal store) is a store designed to retain heat deposited during the hot summer months for use during colder winter weather. ... Thermal energy storage can refer to a number of technologies that store energy in a thermal reservoir for later reuse. ... The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo. ... Humankind benefits from a multitude of resources and processes that are supplied by natural ecosystems. ... Ecovillages are intended to be socially, economically and ecologically sustainable intentional communities. ... For the physical concepts, see conservation of energy and energy efficiency. ... Energy demand management is also known as demand side management (DSM). ... Green Map of Cambridge, Massachusetts Green Maps are environmentally themed maps which are usually created as a grassroots effort with a symbol set licensed from the non-profit Green Map System. ... Infrastructural capital refers to any physical means of production or means of protection beyond that which can be gathered or found directly in nature, i. ... Permaculture Mandala summarising the ethics and principles of permaculture design. ... Renewable energy utilizes natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... Simple living (or voluntary simplicity) is a lifestyle individuals may pursue for a variety of motivations, such as spirituality, health, or ecology. ... Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfilment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. ... Sustainable living might best be defined as a lifestyle that could, hypothetically, be sustained unmodified for many generations without exhausting any natural resources. ... The Natural Step is a nonprofit organization founded in Sweden in 1989 by Swedish scientist, Karl-Henrik RobÃ¨rt. ... The ton of oil equivalent (TOE) is a unit for measuring energy. ... In economics, value of Earth is the ultimate in ecosystem valuation, and important to value of life calculations. ... World power usage in terawatts (TW), 1965-2005. ... Zoning in Permaculture design refers to a method of ensuring that elements are correctly placed. ... Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. ... The air engine is an emission-free piston engine using compressed air. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Off-the-grid. ... Cob building dated 1539 in Devon, England. ... Composting toilets use biological processes to deal with the disposal and processing of human excrement into organic compost material. ... The albedo of several types of roofs Cool roofs are an effective alternative to bulk attic insulation under roofs in humid tropical and subtropical climates. ... Earth covered farm houses in Keldur, Iceland. ... Energy-efficient landscaping is a type of landscaping designed for the purpose of conserving energy. ... Re-creation of Viking houses in Labrador Several grass roofs can be seen in the village of BÃ¸ur in the Faroe Islands. ... Hypermodernity is a type, mode, or stage of society that reflects a deepening or intensification of modernity. ... A low-energy-house is any type of house that uses less energy than a regular house. ... One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt, Germany One of the original Passive Houses at Darmstadt The term passive house (Passivhaus in German) refers to the rigorous, voluntary, Passivhaus standard for energy use in buildings. ... Rammed earth walls form part of the entrance building for the Eden Project in Cornwall, England. ... Sheet composting is the process of composting organic matter directly onto the soil as a mulch and letting it decay there, rather than in a heap. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solar Tower. ... Further detailed information formerly in this article was moved to Wikibooks in May 2006 Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses straw bales as structural elements, insulation, or both. ... Superinsulation is an approach to building design, construction and retrofitting. ... When plotted on a logarithmic graph, 15 separate lists of paradigm shifts for key events in human history show an exponential trend. ... A windcatcher (Badgir; Ø¨Ø§Ø¯Ú¯ÛŒØ±) is a traditional Persian architectural device used for many centuries to create natural ventilation in buildings. ... It has been suggested that Small-scale agriculture be merged into this article or section. ... Subsistence farmers with a Treadle Pump. ... Forest gardening (also known as 3-Dimensional Gardening) is a food production and land management system based on replicating woodland ecosystems, substituting trees (such as fruit or nut trees), bushes, shrubs, herbs and vegetables which have yields directly useful to mankind. ... Humanure is a neologism designating human waste (feces and urine) that is recycled via composting for agricultural or other purposes. ... This is a list of companion plant relationships. ... This is a list of repellent plants. ... Ancient technique re-introduced by Masanobu Fukuoka. ... Vermicompost (also called worm compost, vermicast, worm castings, worm humus or worm manure) is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by some species of earthworm. ... Similar or related terms: Near zero energy building, Zero energy house, Near zero energy house A zero energy building (ZEB) can be described as structure with a net energy consumption of zero over a typical year. ... It has been suggested that Green design be merged into this article or section. ... Environmental design is the process of addressing environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. ... Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. ... Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that addresses the dynamic and spatial interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Green economics is an unconventional approach to economics by non-economists. ... Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP) is an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored in. ... A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical economy in which energy is stored and transported as hydrogen (H2), particularly as an energy carrier for vehicle applications (e. ... A liquid nitrogen (LN2) economy is a hypothetical proposal for a future economy in which the primary form of energy storage and transport is liquid nitrogen. ... A low-carbon economy is an economy in which carbon dioxide emissions from the use of carbon based fuels (coal, oil and gas) are significantly reduced. ... The triple bottom line, measuring organizational (and societal) success; economic, environmental and social. ... The earliest mention of the phrase sustainable industries appeared in 1990 in a story about a Japanese group reforesting a tropical forest to help create sustainable industries for the local populace. ... Parkland in Burkina Faso: Sorghum grown under Faidherbia albida and Borassus akeassii near Banfora, Burkina Faso Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. ... Ecoforestry is forestry that emphasizes holistic practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystems1 instead of traditional forestry that maximizes economic productivity. ... Timber Exploitation of natural resources is an essential condition of the human existence. ... This article is about green building construction. ... Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. ... Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. ... Industrial ecology is the shifting of industrial process from open loop systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes. ... Natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. ... This article is about a concept related to renewable energy, of which sustainable energy is a superset. ... It has been suggested that American Tree Farm System be merged into this article or section. ... Sustainable procurement is a spending and investment process typically associated with public policy, although it is equally applicable to the private sector. ... Girl on a bicycle in a car free area in Frankfurt Sustainable transport is a phrase which was coined in the late 20th century to describe all forms of transport which minimise emissions of carbon dioxide and pollutants. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Waste For the company, see Waste Management, Inc. ... The living machine at Oberlin College with a settlement tank in the foreground and filtering tanks in the background Living Machines are a form of biological wastewater treatment designed to mimic the cleansing functions of wetlands. ... Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation, the process of using microbes to return an environment (usually soil) contaminated by pollutants to a less contaminated state. ... Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfilment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. ... Contents // Categories: Stub | United Nations specialized agencies | Sustainability | Development ... Human development theory is an economic theory that merges older ideas from ecological economics, sustainable development, welfare economics, and feminist economics. ... Practical Action - the working name of Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) – is a charity registered in the United Kingdom which works directly in four regions of the developing world – Latin America, East Africa, Southern Africa and South Asia, with particular concentration on Peru, Kenya, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka... Maldevelopment is the state of an organism or an organisation that did not develop in the normal way (used in medicine, e. ... The precautionary principle is a moral and political principle which states that if an action or policy might cause severe or irreversible harm to the public, in the absence of a scientific consensus that harm would not ensue, the burden of proof falls on those who would advocate taking the... The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. ... According to its web site, Rocky Mountain Institute is an entrepreneurial nonprofit organization that fosters the efficient and restorative use of natural, human and other capital to make the world more secure, just, prosperous, and life-sustaining. ... Sim Van der Ryn is acknowledged as a leader in sustainable architecture. ... Underdevelopment is the state of an organism or of an organisation (e. ... The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) bis a CEO-led, global association of some 190 companies dealing exclusively with business and sustainable development. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Earth Summit 2002. ... Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ... Asheville City Hall. ... Vitebsk Railway Station one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture. ... Future Systems blobitecture design for the 2003 Selfridges department store, is intended to make a statement and rejuvenate Birmingham city centre. ... Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. ... Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ... The Sydney Opera House - designed to evoke the sails of yatchs in Sydney harbour Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning. ... De Stijl redirects here. ... Libeskinds Imperial War Museum North in Manchester comprises three apparently intersecting curved volumes. ... Expressionist architecture occurs in architecture when an architect distorts a building or design for an emotional effect. ... Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. ... Perspective drawing from La Citta Nuova by SantElia, 1914. ... The Space Needle, built for Seattles 1962 Worlds Fair GoogIe (with a capital i) redirects here. ... An architecture style developed in the 1970s, High Tech Architecture got its name from High Tech: The Industrial Style and Source Book for The Home, a book published in 1978 by Joan Kron and Suzanne Slesin. ... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Jugendstil is defined as a style of architecture or decorative art similar to Art Nouveau, popular in German-speaking areas of Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries [1]. Jugendstil was also popular in the Nordic countries, where it became integrated with the National Romantic Style. ... Mid-Century modern is an architectural, interior and product design form that generally describes post-war developments in modern design from roughly 1949 to 1965. ... Modernisme in Catalan, (not to be confused with modernism) is the Catalan variant of Art Nouveau. ... Walter Gropius Bauhaus, Dessau For the literary and artistic aspects of this movement, see New Objectivity. ... Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition. ... It has been suggested that Prairie Houses be merged into this article or section. ... 1000 de La GauchetiÃ¨re, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ... Bathers building, now a Maritime Museum at San Franciscos Aquatic Park, 1937, evokes a streamlined doubleâ€“ended ferryboat Judges tower at San Franciscos Aquatic Park The Bauhaus style, also kown as Art Moderne, the International Style or Streamline Moderne succeeded the closely related Art Deco style...

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