NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Swan River Colony

Swan River Colony was a British settlement established at the Swan River on the west coast of Australia in 1829. Strictly speaking, the Swan River Colony existed only from 1829 until 1832, and encompassed only the lands around and to the south of the Swan River. When the colony's Lieutenant-Governor, Captain (later Admiral Sir) James Stirling, belatedly received his commission in early 1832, the colony was officially referred to by the name Western Australia, and its lands were extended to include the entire western third of Australia. However the name "Swan River Colony" continued to be used informally for many years. Image File history File links Flag_of_Australia. ... The history of Australia began when people first migrated to the Australian continent from the north, at least 40,000-45,000 years ago. ... Adelaide is the capital city of the Australian state of South Australia. ... Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, is named for Sir Thomas Brisbane (1773â€“1860), British soldier and colonial administrator born in Ayrshire, Scotland. ... The History of Canberra details the development of the city of Canberra from the time before white settlement to Canberras planning by the Chicago architect Walter Burley Griffin and subsequent development to the present day. ... The first settlement in Hobart was started in 1803 as a penal colony at Risdon Cove on the eastern shores of the Derwent River, amid British concerns over the presence of French explorers. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article details the History of Perth from the first human activity in the region to the 20th century. ... History of Sydney stretches back to prehistoric times. ... The first detailed map of the Swan River, drawn by FranÃ§ois-Antoine Boniface Heirisson in 1801 Black swan and family The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ... Flag of the Governor of Western Australia The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of Australias head of state, Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor performs important constitutional, ceremonial and community functions, including: presiding over the Executive Council; proroguing and dissolving the Legislative Assembly and the... Admiral Sir James Stirling Admiral Sir James Stirling (January 28, 1791â€“April 23, 1865) was a British marine officer and colonial administrator. ... Capital Perth Government Const. ...

European Exploration

The first recorded Europeans to sight land where Perth is now located were Dutch sailors. The Perth skyline veiwed from the Swan River This article is about the urban area of Perth, Western Australia. ...

Most likely the first visitor to the Swan River area was Frederick de Houtman on 19 July 1619, travelling on the ships Dordrecht and Amsterdam. His records indicate he first reached the Western Australian coast at latitude 32°20' which would equate to Rottnest or just south of there. He did not land because of heavy surf, and so proceeded northwards without much investigation. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979) The first detailed map of the Swan River, drawn by FranÃ§ois-Antoine Boniface Heirisson in 1801 Black swan and family The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ... Frederick de Houtman (1571â€”1627) was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia (see History of Western Australia) en route to Batavia. ... July 19 is the 200th day (201st in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 165 days remaining. ... Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ... Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi, , gives the location of a place on Earth north or south of the equator. ... Rottnest Island, a popular weekend getaway for both locals and visitors, is located 17 kilometres off the Western Australian coast near Fremantle. ...

On 28 April 1656, the Vergulde Draeck (Gilt Dragon) en route to Batavia (now Jakarta) was shipwrecked only 107 km north of the Swan River near Ledge Point. Of the 193 on board, only 75 made it to shore. A small boat that survived the wreckage then sailed to Batavia for help, but a subsequent search party found none of the survivors. The wreck was rediscovered in 1963. [1] April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... // Events Mehmed KÃ¶prÃ¼lÃ¼ becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ... // Historical This site is significant in the early European exploration of Australia and parts of the Western Australian coast. ... Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta), formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... The first detailed map of the Swan River, drawn by FranÃ§ois-Antoine Boniface Heirisson in 1801 Black swan and family The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ...

In 1658, three ships, also partially searching for the Vergulde Draeck visited the area. The Waekende Boey under Captain S. Volckertszoon, the Elburg under Captain J. Peereboom and the Emeloort under Captain A. Joncke sighted Rottnest but did not proceed any closer to the mainland because of the many reefs. They then travelled north and subsequently found the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck (but still no survivors). They gave an unfavourable opinion of the area partly due to the dangerous reefs. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979) Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (StorebÃ¦lt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by... Rottnest Island, a popular weekend getaway for both locals and visitors, is located 17 kilometres off the Western Australian coast near Fremantle. ...

The Flemish captain Willem de Vlamingh was the next European in the area. Commanding three ships, the Geelvink, Nyptangh and the Wezeltje, he arrived at and named Rottnest on 29 December 1696, and on 10 January 1697 discovered and named the Swan River. His ships couldn't sail up the river because of a sand bar at its mouth, so he sent out a sloop which even then required some dragging over the sand bar. They sailed until reaching mud flats probably near Heirisson Island. They saw some Aboriginals but were not able to meet any close up. Vlamingh was also not impressed with the area, and this was probably the reason for a lack of Dutch exploration from then on. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979) Image File history File links Battye_freycinet_swanriver_lg. ... Image File history File links Battye_freycinet_swanriver_lg. ... Flanders (Dutch: ) has several main meanings: the social, cultural and linguistical, scientific and educational, economical and political community of the Flemings; some prefer to call this the Flemish community (others refer to this as the Flemish nation) which is, with over 6 million inhabitants, the majority of all Belgians; a... Willem de Vlamingh (born 28 November 1640, died ?) was a Dutch sailor who explored the southwest coast of Australia (then New Holland) in the late 17th Century. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... The year 1696 had the earliest equinoxes and solstices for 400 years in the Gregorian calendar, because this year is a leap year and the Gregorian calendar would have behaved like the Julian calendar since March 1500 had it have been in use that long. ... January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events September 11 - Battle of Zenta, Prince Eugene of Savoy crushed Ottoman army of Mustafa II September 20 - The Treaty of Ryswick December 2 â€“ St Pauls Cathedral opened in London Peter the Great travels in Europe officially incognito as artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov Use of palanquins increases in Europe Christopher... Heirisson Island is named after Midshipman Francois Boniface Heirisson, who discovered it in June 1801. ... Australian Aborigines are the main indigenous people of Australia. ...

In 1801, the French ships Geographe captained by Nicolas Baudin and Naturaliste captained by Emmanuel Hamelin visited the area from the south. While the Geographe continued northwards, the Naturaliste remained for a few weeks. A small expedition dragged longboats over the sand bar and explored the Swan River. They also gave unfavourable descriptions regarding any potential settlement due to many mud flats upstream and the sand bar (the sand bar wasn't removed until the 1890s when C. Y. O'Connor built Fremantle harbour). The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Nicolas Baudin Nicolas-Thomas Baudin (February 17, 1754 - September 16, 1803) was a French explorer. ... Baron Jacques FÃ©lix Emmanuel Hamelin (October 13, 1768 in Honfleur, Calvados, France - April 23, 1839 in Paris) was a rear admiral of the French navy and later a Baron. ... C. Y. OConnor Charles Yelverton OConnor (11 January 1843â€“March 10, 1902) was an Irish engineer, who is best-known for his work in Australia, especially the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme. ...

Later in March 1803, the Geographe with another ship Casuarina passed by Rottnest on their way eventually back to France, but did not stop longer than a day or two.[2][3] 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

The next visit to the area was the first Australian-born maritime explorer, Philip Parker King in 1822 on the Bathurst. King was also the son of former Governor Philip Gidley King of New South Wales. However, King also was not impressed with the area. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979) Admiral Phillip Parker King, R.N. F.R.S. (13 December 1793-1856) was an early explorer of the Australian coast. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Philip Gidley King Naval pioneer and colonial governor Captain Philip Gidley King RN (23 April 1758 â€“ 3 September 1808) was an English naval officer and colonial administrator. ... Capital Sydney Government Const. ...

So, of all the early visitors to the Swan River Colony area, none had a favourable opinion.

Background to the Settlement

The founding father of modern Western Australia was Captain James Stirling who, in 1827, explored the Swan River area in HMS Success which first anchored off Rottnest, and later in Cockburn Sound. He was accompanied by Charles Fraser, the New South Wales botanist. The first detailed map of the Swan River, drawn by FranÃ§ois-Antoine Boniface Heirisson in 1801 Black swan and family The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ... Rottnest Island from space The Basin and Bathurst Lighthouse Rottnest Island ( ) is located 19 km off the coast of Western Australia, near Fremantle. ... Charles Fraser or Frazer (1788â€“22 December 1831) was Colonial Botanist of New South Wales from 1821 to 1831. ... Capital Sydney Government Const. ...

Their initial exploration began on the 8 March in a cutter and gig with parties continuing on foot from the 13 March. In late March, the HMS Success moved to Sydney, arriving there on 15 April. Stirling arrived back in England in July 1828, promoting in glowing terms the agricultural potential of the area. His lobbying was for the establishment of a "free" (unlike the now well established penal settlements at New South Wales, Port Arthur and Norfolk Island) colony in the Swan River area with himself as its governor. As a result of these reports, and a rumour in London that the French were about to establish a penal colony in the western part of Australia, possibly at Shark Bay, the Colonial Office assented to the proposal in mid-October 1828. Image File history File links James Stirling Image downloaded from Constutional Centre of Western Australia website File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links James Stirling Image downloaded from Constutional Centre of Western Australia website File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in leap years). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia with a metropolitan area population of over 4. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... Capital Sydney Government Const. ... Inside the separate prison, Port Arthur, Tasmania Port Arthur is a town and former convict settlement on the Tasman Peninsula, in Tasmania, Australia. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... DIE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Italic text ...

A set of regulations were worked out for distributing land to settlers on the basis of land grants. Negotiations for a privately run settlement were also started with a consortium of four gentlemen headed by Potter McQueen, a member of Parliament who had already acquired a large tract of land in New South Wales. The consortium withdrew after the Colonial Office refused to give it preference over independent settlers in selecting land, but one member, Thomas Peel, accepted the terms and proceeded alone. Peel was allocated 500,000 acres (2,000 km²), conditional on his arrival at the colony before November 1, 1829 with 400 settlers. Peel arrived after this date with only 300 settlers, but was still granted 250,000 acres (1000 km²). In no case, no arrangements were made for recompense to Aboriginal peoples for the seizure and expropriation of their land, in violation of British common law principles. The Swan River Colony, established in June 1829, was the only British colony in Australia established on the basis of land grants to settlers. ... Capital Sydney Government Const. ... Thomas Peel (1795-1864) was one of the very early settlers of Western Australia. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ...

The events of the settlement

The first ship to reach the Swan River was the HMS Challenger. After anchoring off Garden Island on April 25, 1829, its Captain Charles Fremantle declared the Swan River Colony for Britain on 2 May 1829. April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... Eight ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Challenger, most famously the survey vessel Challenger that carried the Challenger expedition from 1872 to 1876. ... Admiral Sir Charles Howe Fremantle (June 1, 1800 _ May 25, 1869) was a Captain of the British Royal Navy. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ... The Parmelia was a barque that was used to transport the first civilian officials and settlers of the Swan River Colony to Western Australia in 1829. ... Admiral Sir James Stirling Admiral Sir James Stirling (January 28, 1791â€“April 23, 1865) was a British marine officer and colonial administrator. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... HMS Sulphur was a Royal Navy bomb vessel in which Edward Belcher explored the Pacific coast of South America. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... October 5 is the 278th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (279th in Leap years). ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... October 17 is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining until the end of the year. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Thomas Peel (1795-1864) was one of the very early settlers of Western Australia. ... Eight ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Challenger, most famously the survey vessel Challenger that carried the Challenger expedition from 1872 to 1876. ... Garden Island is a slender island about 10 km long and 1. ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Admiral Sir Charles Howe Fremantle (June 1, 1800 _ May 25, 1869) was a Captain of the British Royal Navy. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

The Parmelia arrived on June 1, HMS Sulphur on June 8. Three merchant ships arrived shortly after: the Calista on August 5, the St Leonard on August 6 and the Marquis of Anglesey on August 23. June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ...

A series of accidents followed the arrivals which probably nearly caused the abandonment of the expedition. The Challenger and Sulphur both struck rocks while entering Cockburn Sound and were fortunate to escape with only minor damage. The Parmelia however, under Stirlings "over confident pilotage", also ran aground, lost her rudder and damaged her keel, which necessitated extensive repairs. With winter now set in, the settlers were obliged to land on Garden Island. Bad weather and the required repairs to Parmelia meant that the settlers did not manage to move to the mainland until early August. In early September a major disaster occurred: the Marquis of Anglesea was driven ashore during a gale and wrecked beyond repair. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (712x935, 128 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: History of Western Australia Swan River Colony ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (712x935, 128 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: History of Western Australia Swan River Colony ... Cockburn Sound is an inlet of the Indian Ocean on the coast of Western Australia. ... Garden Island is a slender island about 10 km long and 1. ...

The first reports of the new colony arrived back in England in late January 1830. They described the poor conditions and the land as being totally unfit for agriculture. They went on to say that the settlers were in a state of near starvation and (incorrectly) said that the colony had been abandoned. As a result of these reports, many people cancelled their migration plans or diverted to Cape Town or New South Wales. Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... City motto: Spes Bona (Latin: Good Hope) Location of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape Province Province Western Cape Mayor Helen Zille Area - % water 2,499 kmÂ² N/A Population - Total (2004) - Density Not ranked 2,893,251 1,158/kmÂ² Established 1652 Time zone SAST (UTC+2... Capital Sydney Government Const. ...

Nevertheless a few settlers arrived and additional stores were despatched. By 1832 the settler population of the colony had reached about 1,500 (Aboriginal people were not counted but in the south west have been estimated to number 15,000), but the difficulty of clearing land to grow crops were so great that by 1850 the population had only increased to 5,886. This population had settled mainly around the southwestern coastline at Bunbury, Augusta and Albany. Location of Bunbury, Western Australia The port of Bunbury (, ) is the largest city in Regional Western Australia outside the metropolitan area, and is situated 175 kilometres south of Perth, the state capital. ... Augusta is a town on the south-west coast of Western Australia, where the [Blackwood River] emerges into Flinders Bay. ... Albany, (IPA: ; ; post code: 6330), is a city on the south coast of Western Australia, 408 kilometres south-southeast of Perth. ...

Consequences for Indigenous people

The basic injustice of the settlement, and its violation of common ethical standards of the day was noted by some prominent local people. Lawyer William Naire Clarke in the Inquirer of 1842 stated:

He went on to say that the first question asked by colonists on arrival was: "'How much land will you give us?' when a more serious question 'What right have you to give us land? What consideration have you given for that right?' But no, the boon was a gift which we were eager to accept; we looked not too scrupulously to the title of the donor." He warned:

Amongst those who viewed as unethical the taking of land already occupied was a farmer from Scotland, Robert Menli Lyon. He called for the recognition of prior Aboriginal rights to be considered, and considered the new colony had an immense opportunity to act justly. In the Perth Gazette of 1833 he wrote: Robert Menli Lyon (born 1789, date of death unknown) was an early Western Australian settler who became one of the first outspoken advocates of Australian Aboriginal rights and welfare in the colony. ...

The settlement resulted in the seizure of the best lands available to the traditional Aboriginal people, the Whadjuk Noongars who had initially welcomed settlers and given assistance at times of need. Within two years of settlement, Aboriginal peoples suffered their first famine, caused by indiscriminate white hunting of kangaroo and the export of kangaroo skins. 1830 saw the first major measles epidemic strike the Noongar population, killing the young and vulnerable. Unable to explain the deaths except by sorcery, "pay back" reprisal killings within the Aboriginal community also occurred accelerating mortality to levels never seen by the Aboriginal people in pre-contact times. Whadjuk, also called Wadjuk, Whajook and Wadjug, is the name according to Norman Tindale for the Aboriginal group inhabiting the Western Australian region of the Perth bioregion. ... The Noongar (alternate spellings: Nyungar / Nyoongar/Nyoongah)[1], are an indigenous Australian people who live in the southwest corner of Western Australia from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. ... In epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during a...

See also

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... The human history of Western Australia spans between the first inhabitants arriving on the northwest coast about 55,000 years ago to events in the twentieth century. ... The Swan River Colony, established in June 1829, was the only British colony in Australia established on the basis of land grants to settlers. ... The Noongar (alternate spellings: Nyungar/Nyoongar/Nyoongah),[1] are an indigenous Australian people who live in the southwest corner of Western Australia from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. ... Whadjuk, also called Wadjuk, Whajook and Wadjug, is the name according to Norman Tindale for the Aboriginal group inhabiting the Western Australian region of the Perth bioregion. ... The Pindjarup or Pinjareb is the name of the Indigenous Australian group of Nyungar speakers, living in the region of South West Western Australia between Port Kennedy on the coast, north of Mandurah to Australind on the Leschenault Inlet, and between a point between Byford and Armadale on the Darling...

References

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British Empire, Commonwealth and overseas territories

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Europe

18th century
1708-1757 Minorca
1713 Gibraltar
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19th century
1800-1964 Malta
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North America

16th century
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17th century
1607-1784 Thirteen Colonies
1619          Bermuda
1670-1870 Rupert's Land

18th century
Canada (British Imperial)
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World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... For other uses, see Newfoundland (disambiguation). ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... In 1775, the British claimed authority over the red and pink areas on this map and Spain ruled the orange. ... Ruperts Land Ruperts Land was a territory consisting of much of modern Canada. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... // Main article: Province of Quebec (1763-1791) In North America, Seven Years War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. ... Province of Quebec (COLONIAL PERIOD, 1763-1791) Great Britain acquired Canada by the Treaty of Paris (1763) when King Louis XV of France and his advisors chose to keep the territory of Guadeloupe for its valuable sugar crops instead of New France, which was viewed as a vast, frozen wasteland... Map of Lower Canada (green) Lower Canada was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791-1841). ... Flag Map of Upper Canada (orange) Capital Newark 1792 - 1797 York 1797 - 1841 Language(s) English Religion Church of England Government Constitutional monarchy Sovereign - 1791-1820 George III - 1837-1841 Victoria Lieutenant-Governor See list of Lieutenant-Governors Legislature Parliament of Upper Canada - Upper house Legislative Council - Lower house Legislative...

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Latin America and the Caribbean

17th century
1605-1979 St. Lucia
1624-1966 Barbados
1627-1979 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1632          Montserrat
1643-1860 Bay Islands
1650          Anguilla
1655-1850 Mosquito Coast (protectorate)
1655-1962 Jamaica
1666          British Virgin Islands
1670          Cayman Islands
1670-1973 Bahamas
1671-1816 Leeward Islands

18th century
1762-1974 Grenada
1763-1978 Dominica
1799          Turks and Caicos Islands
Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... West Indian redirects here. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Islas de la BahÃa (Bay Islands) is one of the 18 departments (departamentos) into which the Central American nation of Honduras is divided. ... Mosquito Coast, Honduras/Nicaragua The article is about the Central American area. ... The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

19th century
1831-1966 British Guiana
1833-1960 Windward Islands
1833-1960 Leeward Islands
1860-1981 Antigua and Barbuda
1871-1964 British Honduras (Belize)
1882-1983 St. Kitts and Nevis
1889-1962 Trinidad and Tobago Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... British Guiana and its boundary lines, 1896 Flag of British Guiana British Guiana was the name of the British colony on the northern coast of South America, now the independent nation of Guyana. ... The Windward Islands are the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles. ... The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles. ... Flag of British Honduras British Honduras was the former name of a British colony on the east coast of Central America just to the south-east of Mexico, now the independent nation of Belize. ...

20th century
1958-1962 West Indies Federation (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... National motto: Official language English Political status Overseas territory of the UK Capital Chaguaramas Largest cities Kingston and Port of Spain Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Patrick George Thomas Buchan-Hepburn Prime Minister Grantley Herbert Adams (West Indies Federal Labour Party) Creation January 3, 1958 (union of most of...

Africa

18th century 1795-1803 Cape Colony A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Anthem: God Save the Queen Cape Colony Capital Cape Town Language(s) English and Dutch1 Religion Dutch Reformed Church, Anglican Government Constitutional monarchy Last Monarch King George VI Last Prime Minister - 1908 â€“ 1910 John X. Merriman Last Governor - 1901 - 1910 Walter Hely-Hutchinson Historical era 19th century - Dutch East India...	19th century 1806-1910 Cape Colony 1816-1965 Gambia 1856-1910 Natal 1868-1966 Basutoland 1874-1957 Gold Coast 1882-1922 Egypt 1884-1966 Bechuanaland 1884-1960 British Somaliland 1887-1897 Zululand 1888-1894 Matabeleland 1890-1980 Southern Rhodesia 1890-1963 Zanzibar 1891-1964 Nyasaland 1891-1907 British Central Africa 1893-1968 Swaziland 1895-1920 British East Africa 1899-1956 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem: God Save the Queen Cape Colony Capital Cape Town Language(s) English and Dutch1 Religion Dutch Reformed Church, Anglican Government Constitutional monarchy Last Monarch King George VI Last Prime Minister - 1908 â€“ 1910 John X. Merriman Last Governor - 1901 - 1910 Walter Hely-Hutchinson Historical era 19th century - Dutch East India... The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa. ... The mountainous and largely arid land that came to be Basutoland was populated by San (bushmen, Qhuaique) until the end of the 16th century. ... Flag of Gold Coast Map from 1896 of the British Gold Coast Colony. ... The Bechuanaland Protectorate (BP) was a protectorate established on March 31, 1885 by Britain in the area of what is now Botswana. ... The British Somaliland was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, and later part of Somalia and presently the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... Zululand was the Zulu-dominated area of what is now northern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. ... Matabeleland is a region in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. ... Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British colony situated immediately to the north of South Africa, known today as Zimbabwe. ... Motto: Uhuru na Umoja (Swahili: Freedom and Unity) Anthem: Mungu ibariki Afrika (God Bless Africa) Capital (and largest city) Stone Town English Government Republic - President Amani Abeid Karume - Prime Minister Shamsi Vuai Nahodha Independence From the United Kingdom - Tanganyika December 9, 1961 - Zanzibar December 19, 1963 - Merge April 26, 1964... Hominid remains and stone implements have been identified in Malawi dating back more than one million years, and early humans inhabited the vicinity of Lake Malawi 50,000 to 60,000 years ago. ... Flag of British Central Africa The British Central Africa Protectorate existed in the area of present-day Malawi between 1891 and 1907. ... British East Africa was a British protectorate in East Africa, covering generally the area of present-day Kenya and lasting from 1890 to 1920, when it became the colony of Kenya. ... Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was the name of Sudan between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt. ...	20th century 1900-1914 Northern Nigeria 1900-1914 Southern Nigeria 1900-1910 Orange River Colony 1910-1961 South Africa 1911-1964 Northern Rhodesia 1919-1960 Cameroons¹ 1920-1963 Kenya 1922-1961 Tanganyika 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Northern Nigeria was a British colony formed in 1900 from the interior territories of the Royal Niger Company, north from about where the Niger River and Benin River joined at Lokoja. ... Southern Nigeria was a British protectorate in the coastal areas of modern-day Nigeria, formed in 1900 from union of the Niger Coast Protectorate with territories chartered by the Royal Niger Company below Lokoja on the Niger River. ... Flag of Orange River Colony The Orange River Colony was a British colony created by the annexation of the Orange Free State in 1900, after the Boer War. ... Flag of Northern Rhodesia. ... Flag of Tanganyika Tanganyika was an East African republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, named after Lake Tanganyika, which formed its western border. ...
¹ League of Nations mandate Mandates in the Middle east and Africa. ...

Asia

17th century 1634-1947 Bengal World map showing the location of Asia. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Bengal, known as Bango ( Bengali:বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bangodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in Bengali, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ...	19th century 1839-1967 Aden 1841-1997 Hong Kong 1858-1947 India 1891-1971 Muscat and Oman protectorate 1892-1971 Trucial States protectorate Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Port of Aden (around 1910). ... Muscat and Oman was a country that encompassed the present day Sultanate of Oman and parts of the United Arab Emirates(UAE). ... History of the United Arab Emirates. ...	20th century 1918-1961 Kuwait protectorate 1920-1932 Iraq¹ 1921-1946 Transjordan¹ 1923-1948 Palestine¹ (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... For Kuwaits capital city, see Kuwait City. ... Map of the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine The Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political division of the British Mandate of Palestine, created as an administrative entity in April 1921 before the Mandate came into effect. ... Flag Palestine and Transjordan were incorporated (under different legal and administrative arrangements) into the British Mandate of Palestine, issued by the League of Nations to Great Britain on 29 September, 1923 Capital Not specified Organizational structure League of Nations Mandate High Commissioner - 1920 â€” 1925 Sir Herbert Louis Samuel - 1945 â€” 1948...
¹ League of Nations mandate Mandates in the Middle east and Africa. ...

Oceania and the Pacific

18th century
1788-1942 Australia
1794-1843 Sandwich Islands For the fictional superstate in George Orwells novel, see Oceania (Nineteen Eighty-Four). ... Pacific redirects here. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The Sandwich Islands was the name given to Hawaii by Captain James Cook on his discovery of the islands on January 18, 1778. ...

19th century
1803-1901 Van Diemen's Land
1824-1980 New Hebrides
1826-1946 Straits Settlements
1838 Pitcairn Islands
1840-1907 New Zealand
1841-1941 Kingdom of Sarawak
1877-1976 British Western Pacific Territories
1882-1963 British North Borneo
1884-1949 Territory of Papua
1885-1946 Unfederated Malay States
1888-1965 Cook Islands
1888-1984 Sultanate of Brunei
1889-1948 Union Islands
1892-1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands
1893-1978 British Solomon Islands
1895-1946 Federated Malay States Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Van Diemens Land was the original name used by Europeans for the island of Tasmania, now part of Australia. ... The New Hebrides are an island group in the South Pacific that now form the nation of Vanuatu. ... The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826. ... The White Rajahs refer to a dynasty that founded and ruled the Kingdom of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946. ... The British Western Pacific Territories was the name of a colonial entity, created in 1877, for the administration, under a single representative of the British Crown, styled High Commissioner (compare other uses of this title), of a series of relatively minor Pacific islands in and around Oceania // The island entities... Motto: Pergo et Perago (Latin: I undertake and I achieveâ€) British North Borneo Capital Jesselton Language(s) Malay, English Government Monarchy Monarch - 1882 - 1901 Victoria - 1952 - 1963 Elizabeth II Governor - 1896 - 1901 Robert Scott Historical era New Imperialism - North Borneo Company May, 1882 - British protectorate 1888 - Japanese invasion January 1... The Territory of Papua was an Australian possession comprising the southeastern quarter of the island of New Guinea, existing from roughly 1902 to 1949. ... The Unfederated Malay States were five Malay states, namely Johore Terengganu Kelantan Kedah Perlis Together the states were not a single entity but merely a category to describe those states which were not Federated Malay States or Straits Settlements. ... Motto: Always in service with Gods guidance(translation) Anthem: Allah Peliharakan Sultan God Bless the Sultan Capital (and largest city) Bandar Seri Begawan Official languages Malay (national), English Government Absolute monarchy - Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Independence - British protectorate ended January 1, 1984 Area - Total 5,765 kmÂ² (170th) 2,226... Geographic location of atolls: Atafu Nukunonu Fakaofo Languages Tokelauan, English Capital None; each atoll has its own administrative centre Political status Territory of New Zealand Head of State Queen Elizabeth II (as Queen of New Zealand) Administrator David Payton Head of Government Kolouei OBrien Area â€“ Total â€“ % water 12 km... The Gilbert and Ellice Islands were a British protectorate from 1892 and colony from 1916 — until 1 January 1976 when the islands were divided into two different colonies which became independent nations shortly after. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Federated Malay States (FMS) was a federation of four states on the Malay Peninsula - Pahang, Perak, Selangor, and Negeri Sembilan - established by the British government in 1895, and lasted until 1946, when they together with the Straits Settlements and the Unfederated Malay States formed the Malayan Union. ...

20th century
1900-1974 Niue
1907-1953 Dominion of New Zealand
1907-1949 Swan River Colony
1949-1975 Territory of Papua and New Guinea (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... For alternative meanings, see New Zealand (disambiguation). ... Flag Capital Canberra Language(s) English (official), Austronesian languages, Papuan languages, English creoles Organizational structure Colony King List of British monarchs Prime Minister List of Prime Ministers of Australia Legislature House of Assembly Historical era Cold War - Union established November 6, 1949 - Self-governing December 1, 1973 - Independence September 16...

South Atlantic

17th century 1659 St. Helena Look up Atlantic Ocean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...	19th century 1815 Ascension Island² 1816 Tristan da Cunha² 1833 Falkland Islands Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem: God Save the Queen Capital Georgetown Largest city Georgetown Official languages English Government Dependency of St. ... Motto: Our faith is our strength Anthem: God Save the Queen Capital Edinburgh of the Seven Seas Status Dependency of Saint Helena Official language(s) English Governor Michael Clancy Administrator Mike Hentley Area 201 kmÂ² Population ~280 Currency Saint Helenian pound (SHP) at parity with the UK Pound Sterling (GBP...	20th century 1908 British Antarctic Territory³ 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands³ (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Flag of the British Antarctic Territory The British Antarctic Territory is the British claim to land and islands in Antarctica, and is the oldest territorial claim on the continent. ... Motto: Leo Terram Propriam Protegat (Latin: Let the Lion protect his own land or May the Lion protect his own land) Official language English Capital Grytviken Commissioner Alan Huckle Area - Total - % water not ranked 3,903 kmÂ² - Population - Total (2006 E) - Density not ranked ~20 n/a; Currency GBP Time...
² Dependencies of St. Helena since 1922 (Ascension Island) and 1938 (Tristan da Cunha). ³ Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).

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