The notes, or swaras, of Indian music are Shadjam, Rishabham, Gandharam, Madhyamam, Panchamam, Dhaivatam and Nishadam. Collectively these notes are known as the sargam. In singing, these become Sa, Ri(Carnatic) or Re(Hindustani), Ga, Ma, Pa, Da(Carnatic) or Dha(Hindustani), and Ni. ("Sargam" stands for "Sa-R(i,e)-Ga-M(a)"). Only these syllables are sung, and further designations are never vocalized. When writing these become, S, R, G, M, P, D, N. A dot above a letter indicates that the note is sung one octave higher, a dot below indicates a note one octave lower. A line below a letter indicates it is flat or komal, an acute accent above a letter indicates it is sharp or tivar. In some notation systems, the distinction is made with capital and lowercase letters. Natural is called shudda. Re, Ga, Dha, and Ni may be either shudda or komal; Ma may be either shudda or tivar and is then called tivra Ma. Sa and Pa are immovable (once Sa is selected), forming a just perfect fifth. The perfect fifth or diapente is one of three musical intervals that span five diatonic scale degrees; the others being the diminished fifth, which is one semitone smaller, and the augmented fifth, which is one semitone larger. ...

Sargam is the Hindustani (North Indian) and Carnatic (South Indian) equivalent to the western solfege, a technique for the teaching of sight-singing. Sargam is practiced against a drone and the emphasis is not on the scale but on the intervals, thus it may be considered just intonation. Hindustani (हिन्‍दुस्‍थानी) classical music is an Indian classical music tradition originating in the North of the Indian subcontinent circa the 13th and 14th centuries CE. Developing a strong and diverse tradition over several centuries, it has contemporary... Carnatic music, also known as is one of the two styles of Indian classical music, the other being Hindustani music. ... In music, solfege (or solmization) is a pedagogical technique for the teaching of sight-singing in which each note of the score is sung to a special syllable, called a solfege syllable (or sol-fa syllable). The seven syllables normally used for this practice in the West are: Do, Re... Sight reading is reading and performing a work of music without having seen it before. ... In music, a drone is a harmonic or monophonic effect or accompaniment where a note or chord is continuously sounded throughout much or all of a piece, sustained or repeated, and most often establishing a tonality upon which the rest of the piece is built. ... In music, a scale is a set of musical notes that provides material for part or all of a musical work. ... In music theory, the term interval describes the difference in pitch between two notes. ... In music, just intonation, also called rational intonation, is any musical tuning in which the frequencies of notes are related by ratios of whole numbers. ...

In certain forms of Indian classical music and qawwali, when a rapid, 16th note sequence of the same note is to be sung, sometimes different sylables are used in a certain sequence to make the whole easier to pronounce. For example instead of "sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-sa" said very quickly, it might be "sa-da-da-li-sa-da-da-li" which lends itself more to a quick and light tongue movement. Qawwali (Urdu: قوٌالی, Hindi: क़वाली) is the devotional music of the Sufis of the Indian sub-continent. ...

Timeline and Samples Genres Classical (Carnatic and Hindustani) - Rock - Pop - Hip hop Awards Bollywood Music Awards - Punjabi Music Awards Charts Festivals Sangeet Natak Akademi – Thyagaraja Aradhana – Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Media Sruti, The Music Magazine National anthem Jana Gana Mana, also national song Vande Mataram Music of the states Andaman and... The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of scriptures, part of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas. ... Carnatic music, also known as is one of the two styles of Indian classical music, the other being Hindustani music. ... A chronological list of Carnatic music composers. ... Carnatic music is the classical music of South India. ... Hindustani Classical Music is an Indian classical music tradition that took shape in northern India in 13th and 14th centuries AD from existing religious, folk, and theatrical performance practices. ... Filmi is Indian popular music as written and performed for Indian cinema. ... “Folk song” redirects here. ... The śruti (Sanskrit thing heard, sound) is the smallest interval of the tuning system of Indian classical music. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... Melakarta is the collection of Ragas in Carnatic music. ... The katapayadi sankhya is a way of determining the number of a melakarta ragam from the first two syllables of the name of the raga. ... In Indian classical music, Tala (tāl (Hindi), tāla (anglicised from talam; in Sanskrit), literally a clap, is a rhythmical pattern that determines the rhythmical structure of a composition. ... In the music of India, a mudra is the signature of a composer on a composition, usually in the form of a few unique words added to the song. ...

Classification of swaras

Although the sapta swara contains only seven kinds of notes, each member of these(Sa, Ri or Re, Ga, Ma, Pa etc.) may designate up to two different pitches. The exceptions are Sa and Pa, which are fixed. The basic mode of reference is that which is equivalent to the Western Ionian mode (this is called Bilawal thaat in Hindustani music). All relationships between pitches follow from this basic arrangement of intervals. In any given seven-tone mode, the second, third, sixth, and seventh notes can be natural (shuddha, lit. 'pure') or flat (komal, 'soft') but never sharped, and the fourth note can be natural or sharp (tivra) but never flatted, making up the twelve notes in the Western equal tempered chromatic scale (but without Western pitch equivalencies like, for example, A# and Bb). When abbreviating these tones, the form of the note which is relatively lower in pitch always uses a lowercase letter, while the form which is higher in pitch uses an uppercase letter. So komal Re uses the letter r and shuddha Re, the letter R, but shuddha Ma uses m because it has a raised form--tivra Ma--which uses the letter M. Sa and Pa always are always abbreviated as S and P, respectively, since they cannot be altered. If a note with the same name--Sa, for example--is an octave higher than the note represented by S, an apostrophe is placed to the right: S'. If it is an octave lower, the apostrophe is placed to the left: 'S. Apostrophes can be added as necessary to indicate the octave: for example, ``g would be the note komal Ga in the octave two octaves below that which begins on the note S (that is, two octaves below g). (In some cases, rather than apostrophes, a dot above the note is used to indicate upper octave and a dot below lower octave. In addition, sometimes upper- and lowercase letters are replaced with accent marks or lines above or below the letter indicating komal and tivra). The chart below assumes Sa to be at C, although the tone Sa is not associated with any particular pitch as it can be interchangeable. As in Western moveable-Do solfege, Sa refers to the tonic of a piece or scale rather than to any particular pitch. The Ionian mode is a musical mode or diatonic scale. ... Bilawal is the basic thaat (musical mode) in Hindustani classical music. ... A thaat is a musical mode in Hindustani music which always has seven notes (excluding the repeated tonic) and is mainly used for the classification of ragas in a system created by Pt. ... In musical notation, a natural sign is a sign used to cancel a flat or sharp from either a preceding note or the key signature. ... Figure 1. ... The word sharp or acronym SHARP has several uses: Look up sharp in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Equal temperament is a scheme of musical tuning in which the octave is divided into a series of equal steps (equal frequency ratios). ... The chromatic scale is the scale that contains all twelve pitches of the Western tempered scale. ...

What they mean

Each shuddha swara (i.e., Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Da, and Ni) is traditionally held to have originated in the sound of a different animal, and some have additional meanings of their own. Also, each swara is associated with one of the seven chakras of the body. Just as the swaras ascend through the saptak, so they are mapped onto the chakras in the body in ascending order. Komal notes are associated with the left side of each chakra; the left channel, Ida Nadi, is the side of emotion and intuition. Shuddha and tivra notes are associated with the right side; the right channel, Pingala Nadi, is the side of logic. Ragas, therefore, have more or less of an effect on a given chakra depending on the notes they contain. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Saptak denotes the set of seven notes (Swaras), viz. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ...

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Further reading

• Mathieu, W. A. (1997). Harmonic Experience: Tonal Harmony from Its Natural Origins to Its Modern Expression. Inner Traditions Intl Ltd. ISBN 0-89281-560-4. An autodidactic ear-training and sight-singing book that uses singing sargam syllables over a drone in a just intonation system based on perfect fifths and major thirds.

William Allaudin Mathieu (b. ...

External links

• North India Sargam Notation System
• Sargam
• www.soundofindia.com Article on vivadi swaras, by Haresh Bakshi
• Swara in music

See also

• Hindustani classical music
• Carnatic music