NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Swarm

The term swarm (schooling or swarming) is applied to fish, birds and insects and describes a behavior of an aggregation (school) of animals of similar size and body orientation, generally cruising in the same direction. herring school - image Uwe Kils GFDL larger image on http://www. ... Family Clupeidae This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... In Biology operculum (Latin for little lid) has been used to describe several completely separate features. ... In aquatic organisms, gills are a respiratory organ for the extraction of oxygen from water and for the excretion of carbon dioxide. ... Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus, the most abundant fish species in the world. ... Orders Many - see section below. ... A database query syntax error has occurred. ... Look up Aggregation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The term aggregation may refer to— in economics, any attempt to bypass information asymmetry by systematically amassing information about prices and other features of goods on the market. ... Phyla Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria Placozoa Subregnum Bilateria Acoelomorpha Orthonectida Rhombozoa Myxozoa Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ...

Swarming of honeybees is a more specific term, referring to the reproductive action of an entire colony of bees (as opposed to the reproduction of single bees); see Queen bee and Honeybee life cycle. New honeybee colonies are formed when queen bees leave the colony with a large group of worker bees, a process called swarming. ... Reproduction is the creation of one thing as a copy of, product of, or replacement for a similar thing, e. ... In biology, a colony (from Latin colonia) means several individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual benefit, such as stronger defences, the ability to attack bigger prey etc. ... Families Andrenidae Anthophoridae Apidae Colletidae Ctenoplectridae Halictidae Heterogynaidae Megachilidae Melittidae Oxaeidae Sphecidae Stenotritidae bee or bees, see bee (disambiguation). ... For the Queen bee in clique & social groups, see Clique Peanut-like queen brood cells extend outward and downward from the broodcomb. ... Honeybees are social insects that live in a colony. ...

Underwater video (looping) of a school of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus on its migration to their spawning grounds in the Baltic. With such high speed they can migrate over thousands of kilometers. Some scientists are of the opinion that cruising in a close group has advantages in the energy consumption, one fish utilizing the pressure field created by the next fish. In the North Atlantic herring cruise between Norway and Greenland every year.

Shoal (or school) is the collective noun for fish. Animal behaviourists use the term "shoal" for any group of fish, reserving "school" for more closely knit groups of the same species swimming in a highly synchronized and polarized manner. herring school - (Video by Uwe Kils, free in sense of Wikipedia:Copyrights) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... herring school - (Video by Uwe Kils, free in sense of Wikipedia:Copyrights) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Binomial name Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 Atlantic herring Clupea harengus is the most abundant species of fish on the planet as noted by the Guinness Book of Records. ... Baltic can refer to: The Baltic Sea Council of the Baltic Sea States - an intergovernmental organization Baltic sea countries - countries with access to the Baltic Sea The term Baltic countries is sometimes used more or less synonymously for Northern Europe (Russia not included) The Baltic region (Balticum) Baltic States - the... For other uses, see Atlantic (disambiguation) The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of its surface. ... Collective nouns (also known as terms of venery or nouns of assemblage) in English are subject-specific words used to define a grouping of people, animals, objects or concepts. ... Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus, the most abundant fish species in the world. ...

Fish derive many benefits from shoaling behaviour including defense against predators (by enanced predator detection and diluting the chance of capture), enhanced foraging success, and higher success of finding a mate. It is also likely that fish benefit from shoal membership through increased hydrodynamic efficiency. Forage is the herbaceous plant material (mainly grasses and legumes) eaten by grazing animals. ... Hydrodynamics is fluid dynamics applied to liquids, such as water, alcohol, oil, and blood. ...

juvenile herring hunt for the very alert and evasive copepods in schools: The copepods can sense with their antennae the pressure-wave of the approaching herring and react with a fast escape jump. The length of the jump is quite similar. The fish arrange in a grid of this caracteristic jumplength. The copepods can dart ca. 80 times before they tire out. It takes 60 milliseconds to spread out the antennae again, and this timeslot is utilized often by the herring to snap finally a copepod. A single juvenile herring would never be able to catch a large copepod ("Synchropredation" - results from in situ videos taken from the ATOLL laboratory).

One feature of a shoal is the strong resemblance between member fish. Fish use many traits to choose shoal mates including size of shoal, species type, body size, health of shoal members, and kinship. Image File history File links synchropredation animation by uwe kils gfdl self File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links synchropredation animation by uwe kils gfdl self File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Orders Calanoida Cyclopoida Gelyelloida Harpacticoida Misophrioida Monstrilloida Mormonilloida Platycopioida Poecilostomatoida Siphonostomatoida Copepods are small, aquatic animals living in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat, a form of plankton, specifically zooplankton, some copepods are parasitic. ... In biology, antenna (plural: antennae) refers to the sensing organs of several arthropods. ... The ATOLL laboratory, here in front of the Kiel powerplant together with netcages with salmonids The Antarctic Technology Offshore Lagoon Laboratory (ATOLL) was a floating oceanographic laboratory for in situ observation experiments and for field testing new instruments and equipment for polar expeditions. ...

Fish often choose to be in a shoal that consists of individuals similar in appearance to themselves; the "oddity effect" posits that any shoal member that stands out in appearance will be preferentially targeted by predators. The oddity effect would therefore tend to homogenize shoals.

One puzzling aspect of shoal selection is how a fish can choose to join a shoal of animals of similar appearance, given that it cannot know its own colour. Experiments with zebrafish have shown that shoal preference is a learned ability, not innate. A zebrafish tends to associate with shoals that resemble shoals that it was reared in (that is, a form of imprinting). The name zebrafish applies to several different kinds of fish with striped bodies considered to resemble a zebra: Brachydanio rerio, also called Danio rerio or the Zebra Danio, is a commonly used model organism in studies of biological development. ... Imprinting is the term used in psychology and ethology to describe any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior. ...

Other open questions of shoaling behaviour include determining the direction of shoal movement. In the case of Migratory movement, most members of a shoal seem to know where they are going, but foraging behaviour is more problematic. Animal behaviourist Stephan G. Reebs, writing in the journal Animal Behaviour, argues that shoals of golden shiner (a kind of minnow) were led by a small number of more experienced individuals. Migration occurs when living things move from one biome to another. ... The word minnow can mean, in decreasing order of specificity: The Eurasian minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Any, particularly small, fish of the family Cyprinidae Fish of the family Galaxiidae, in particular those of genus galaxiid occurring in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

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