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Symmetric multiprocessing, or SMP, is a multiprocessor computer architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single shared main memory. Most common multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture. In case of multi-core processors, the SMP architecture applies to the cores, treating them as separate processors. Multiprocessing is traditionally known as the use of multiple concurrent processes in a system as opposed to a single process at any one instant. ...
Primary storage is a category of computer storage, often called main memory. ...
Diagram of an Intel Core 2 dual core processor, with CPU-local Level 1 caches, and a shared, on-die Level 2 cache. ...
SMP systems allow any processor to work on any task no matter where the data for that task are located in memory; with proper operating system support, SMP systems can easily move tasks between processors to balance the workload efficiently. An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ...
Alternatives
 Diagram of a typical SMP system. Three processors are connected to the same memory module through a bus or crossbar switch SMP is one of the earliest styles of multiprocessor machine achitectures, typically used for building smaller computers with up to 8 processors. Larger computer systems might use newer architectures such as NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access), which dedicates different memory banks to different processors. In a NUMA architecture, processors may access local memory quickly and remote memory more slowly. This can dramatically improve memory throughput as long as the data is localized to specific processes (and thus processors). On the downside, NUMA makes the cost of moving data from one processor to another, as in workload balancing, more expensive. The benefits of NUMA are limited to particular workloads, notably on servers where the data is often associated strongly with certain tasks or users. Non-Uniform Memory Access or Non-Uniform Memory Architecture (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessors, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to a processor. ...
In information technology, a server is an application or device that performs services for connected clients as part of a client-server architecture. ...
Other systems include asymmetric multiprocessing (ASMP), in which separate specialized processors are used for specific tasks, and computer clustered multiprocessing (e.g. Beowulf), in which not all memory is available to all processors. Asymmetric Multiprocessing or ASMP is a style of multiprocessing supported in DECs VMS V.3 as well as a number of older systems including TOPS-10 and OS-360. ...
An example of a Computer cluster A computer cluster is a group of tightly coupled computers that work together closely so that in many respects they can be viewed as though they are a single computer. ...
The Borg, a 52-node Beowulf cluster used by the McGill University pulsar group to search for pulsations from binary pulsars. ...
Examples of ASMP include many media processor chips that are a relatively slow base processor assisted by a number of hardware accelerator cores. High-powered 3D chipsets in modern videocards could be considered a form of asymmetric multiprocessing. Clustering techniques are used fairly extensively to build very large supercomputers. In this discussion a single processor is denoted as a uni processor (UN).
Advantages and disadvantages SMP has many uses in science, industry, and business where software is usually custom programmed for multithreaded processing. However, most consumer products such as word processors and computer games are written in such a manner that they cannot gain large benefits from SMP systems. For games this is usually because writing a program to increase performance on SMP systems can produce a performance loss on uniprocessor systems[citation needed]. Recently, however, multi-core chips have became the norm in new computers, and the balance between installed uni- and multi-core computers may change in the coming years. Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ...
A word processor (also more formally known as a document preparation system) is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of viewable or printed material. ...
This article needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ...
A uniprocessor system refers to a system with a single processor. ...
Due to the nature of the different programming methods, it would generally require two separate projects to support both uniprocessor and SMP systems with maximum performance. Programs running on SMP systems do, however, experience a performance increase even when they have been written for uniprocessor systems. This is because hardware interrupts that usually suspend program execution while the kernel handles them can run on an idle processor instead.[citation needed] The effect in most applications (e.g. games) is not so much a performance increase as the appearance that the program is running much more smoothly. In some applications, particularly software compilers and some distributed computing projects, one will see an improvement by a factor of (nearly) the number of additional processors.[citation needed] For other uses, see Hardware (disambiguation). ...
In computer engineering, an interrupt is a signal from a device which typically results in a context switch: that is, the processor sets aside what its doing and does something else. ...
A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer. ...
A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ...
Distributed computing is a method of computer processing in which different parts of a program are run simultaneously on two or more computers that are communicating with each other over a network. ...
In situations where more than one program is running at the same time, an SMP system will have considerably better performance than a uni-processor because different programs can run on different CPUs simultaneously.
Support for SMP must be built into the operating system. Otherwise, the additional processors remain idle and the system functions as a uniprocessor system. An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ...
In cases where many jobs are being processed in an SMP environment, administrators often experience a loss of hardware efficiency. Software programs have been developed to schedule jobs so that the processor utilization reaches its maximum potential. Good software packages can achieve this maximum potential by scheduling each CPU separately, as well as being able to integrate multiple SMP machines and clusters.
Access to RAM is serialized; this and cache coherency issues causes performance to lag slightly behind the number of additional processors in the system. Cache coherence refers to the integrity of data stored in local caches of a shared resource. ...
Entry-level systems Before about 2006, entry-level servers and workstations with two processors dominated the SMP market. With the introduction of dual-core devices, SMP is found in most new desktop machines and in many laptop machines. The most popular entry-level SMP systems use the x86 instruction set architecture and are based on Intel’s Xeon, Pentium D, Core Duo, and Core 2 Duo based processors or AMD’s Athlon64 X2, Quad FX or Opteron 200 and 2000 series processors. Servers use those processors and other readily available non-x86 processor choices including the Sun Microsystems UltraSPARC, Fujitsu SPARC64, SGI MIPS, SGI f1200, Intel Itanium, Hewlett Packard PA-RISC, Hewlett-Packard (formerly Compaq formerly Digital Equipment Corporation) DEC Alpha, IBM POWER and Apple Computer PowerPC (specifically G4 and G5 series, as well as earlier PowerPC 604 and 604e series) processors. In all cases, these systems are available in uniprocessor versions as well. In information technology, a server is an application or device that performs services for connected clients as part of a client-server architecture. ...
A computer workstation, often colloquially referred to as workstation, is a high-end general-purpose microcomputer designed to be used by one person at a time and which offers higher performance than normally found in a personal computer, especially with respect to graphics, processing power and the ability to carry...
Diagram of an Intel Core 2 dual core processor, with CPU-local Level 1 caches, and a shared, on-die Level 2 cache. ...
x86 or 80x86 is the generic name of a microprocessor architecture first developed and manufactured by Intel. ...
An instruction set is (a list of) all instructions, and all their variations, that a processor can execute. ...
Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ...
This article is about the Intel microprocessor. ...
Pentium D logo as of 2006. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Intel Core. ...
The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intels consumer 64-bit dual-core and MCM quad-core CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set, and based on the Intel Core microarchitecture, which derived from the 32-bit dual-core Yonah laptop processor. ...
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ...
Athlon 64 X2 Logo Athlon 64 X2 E6 3800+ The Athlon 64 X2 is the first dual-core desktop CPU manufactured by AMD. It is essentially a processor consisting of two Athlon 64 cores joined together on one die with some additional control logic. ...
The AMD Quad FX platform is an AMD platform targeted at enthusiasts. ...
The Opteron is AMDs x86 server processor line, and was the first processor to implement the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). ...
Sun Microsystems, Inc. ...
SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) is a RISC microprocessor architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ...
For the district in Saga, Japan, see Fujitsu, Saga. ...
SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) is a RISC microprocessor architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ...
Silicon Graphics, Inc. ...
A MIPS R4400 microprocessor made by Toshiba. ...
2007 Itanium logo Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). ...
HP redirects here. ...
PA-RISC is a microprocessor architecture developed by Hewlett-Packards Systems & VLSI Technology Operation. ...
Compaq Computer Corporation is an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. ...
Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ...
DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor die photo Package for DEC Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessor Alpha AXP 21064 bare die mounted on a business card with some statistics The DEC Alpha, also known as the Alpha AXP, is a 64-bit RISC microprocessor originally developed and fabricated by Digital Equipment Corp...
For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ...
Look up Power in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Apple Inc. ...
PowerPC is a RISC microprocessor architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. Originally intended for personal computers, PowerPC CPUs have since become popular embedded and high-performance processors as well. ...
Earlier SMP systems used motherboards that have two or more CPU sockets. More recently, microprocessor manufacturers introduced CPU devices with two or more processors in one device, for example, the POWER, UltraSPARC, Opteron, Athlon, Core 2, and Xeon all have multi-core variants. Athlon and Core 2 Duo multiprocessors are socket-compatible with uniprocessor variants, so an expensive dual socket motherboard is no longer needed to implement an entry-level SMP machine. It should also be noted that dual socket Opteron designs are technically ccNUMA designs, though they can be programmed as SMP for a slight loss in performance. Look up Power in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) is a RISC microprocessor architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ...
The Opteron is AMDs x86 server processor line, and was the first processor to implement the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). ...
Athlon is the brand name applied to a series of different x86 processors designed and manufactured by AMD. The original Athlon, or Athlon Classic, was the first seventh-generation x86 processor and, in a first, retained the initial performance lead it had over Intels competing processors for a significant...
Core 2 Duo brand logo This article is about Intel processors branded as Intel Core 2. ...
This article is about the Intel microprocessor. ...
The Opteron is AMDs x86 server processor line, and was the first processor to implement the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). ...
Non-Uniform Memory Access or Non-Uniform Memory Architecture (NUMA) is a computer memory architecture, used in multiprocessors, where the memory access time depends on the memory location. ...
Mid-level systems SMP was first implemented on the Burroughs B5500 in 1961.[1] [2] It was implemented later on other mainframes. Mid-level servers, using between four and eight processors, can be found using the Intel Xeon MP, AMD Opteron 800 and 8000 series and the above-mentioned UltraSPARC, SPARC64, MIPS, Itanium, PA-RISC, Alpha and POWER processors. High-end systems, with sixteen or more processors, are also available with all of the above processors. The Burroughs large systems were the largest of three series of Burroughs Corporation mainframe computers. ...
This article is about the Intel microprocessor. ...
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ...
The Opteron is AMDs x86 server processor line, and was the first processor to implement the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). ...
Sequent Computer Systems built large SMP machines using Intel 80386 (and later 80486) processors. There were a few smaller 80486 systems, but the major x86 SMP market began with the Intel Pentium technology supporting up to two processors. The Intel Pentium Pro expanded SMP support with up to four processors natively, and systems with as many as two thousand Pentium Pro processors were built. ( ASCI Red had 4,510.) Later, special versions of the Intel Pentium II, and Intel Pentium III processors allowed dual CPU systems. In 2001 AMD released their Athlon MP, or MultiProcessor CPU, together with the 760MP motherboard chipset as their first offering in the dual processor marketplace. This was followed by the Intel Pentium II Xeon and Intel Pentium III Xeon processors could be used with up to four processors in a system natively. Although several much larger systems were built, they were all limited by the physical memory addressing limitation of 64 GiB. With the introduction of 64-bit memory addressing on the AMD64 Opteron in 2003 and EM64T Xeon in 2005, systems are able to address much larger amounts of memory; their addressable limitation of 16 EiB is not expected to be reached in the foreseeable future.[citation needed] Sequent Computer Systems, or Sequent, was a computer company that designed and manufactured multiprocessing computer systems. ...
Intel i486 DX2- top view The Intel i486 (also called 486 or 80486) is a range of Intel CISC microprocessors which is part of the Intel x86 family of processors. ...
The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor (P6 core) produced by Intel and was originally intended to replace the original Pentium in a full range of applications, but later, was reduced to a more narrow role as a server and high-end desktop chip. ...
Intel Pentium II Logo The Pentium II is an x86 architecture microprocessor by Intel, introduced on May 7, 1997. ...
Pentium III logo The Pentium III is an x86 (more precisely, an i686) architecture microprocessor by Intel, introduced on February 26, 1999. ...
i have no idea what they are This article is a stub. ...
The term gib may refer to: a castrated male cat or ferret an abbreviation for gibibyte (GiB) or gibibit (Gib) an abbreviation for Gibraltar an abbreviation for Gib Board, itself an abbreviation of Gibraltar Board, all Winston Wallboards[1] tradenames for drywall (plasterboard). ...
AMD64 Logo AMD64 (also x86-64 or x64) is a 64-bit microprocessor architecture and corresponding instruction set designed by Advanced Micro Devices. ...
The Opteron is AMDs x86 server processor line, and was the first processor to implement the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). ...
Extended Memory 64-bit Technology (EM64T) is Intels implementation of AMD64, a 64-bit extension to the IA-32 architecture. ...
This article is about the Intel microprocessor. ...
An exabyte (derived from the SI prefix exa-) is a unit of information or computer storage equal to approximately one quintillion bytes. ...
SMP-Supporting Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Server 2003 operating systems support SMP. Among the 32-bit versions, MS Windows Server 2003 Web Edition supports two-way SMP, the MS Windows 2003 Standard Edition supports four-way SMP, the Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition supports eight-way SMP and the Datacenter Edition supports 32-way SMP. The 64-bit Windows Server 2003 versions support the same SMP standards as theri 32-bit equivalents, except for the 64-bit Datatcenter editions, which includes a 128-SMP version that includes two SMP partitions with 64 SMPs each.[3] Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ...
Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. ...
See also Non-Uniform Memory Access or Non-Uniform Memory Architecture (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessors, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to a processor. ...
Sequent Computer Systems, or Sequent, was a computer company that designed and manufactured multiprocessing computer systems. ...
In multiprocessor computer systems, software lockout is the issue of performance degradation due to the idle wait times spent by the CPUs in kernel-level critical sections. ...
Operating systems running on SMP computers INTEGRITY is a real-time operating system (RTOS) produced and marketed by Green Hills Software. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...
UNIVAC serves as the catch-all name for the American manufacturers of the lines of mainframe computers by that name, which through mergers and acquisitions underwent numerous name changes. ...
EXEC 8 (sometimes referred to as EXEC VIII) was UNIVACs operating system developed for the UNIVAC 1108 in 1964. ...
The TOPS-10 System was a computer operating system from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for the PDP-10 released in 1964 and later on for the DEC-System10. ...
The PDP-10 was a computer manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from the late 1960s on; the name stands for Programmed Data Processor model 10. It was the machine that made time-sharing common; it looms large in hacker folklore because of its adoption in the 1970s by many...
QNX (pronounced either Q-N-X or Q-nix) is a commercial POSIX-compliant Unix-like real-time operating system, aimed primarily at the embedded systems market. ...
A real-time operating system (RTOS)[Generally pronounced as: Or-tos] is a multitasking operating system intended for real-time applications. ...
This article relates to both the original Classic Mac OS as well as Mac OS X, Apples more recent operating system. ...
Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ...
Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ...
BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ...
Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ...
AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) is the name given to a series of proprietary operating systems sold by IBM for several of its computer system platforms, based on UNIX System V. Before the product was ever marketed, the acronym AIX originally stood for Advanced IBM UNIX. The latest scalable AIX 5L...
HP-UX (Hewlett Packard UniX) is Hewlett-Packards proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on System V (initially System III). ...
IRIX is a computer operating system developed by Silicon Graphics, Inc. ...
The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel. ...
Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system, primarily used as a research vehicle. ...
BeOS is an operating system for personal computers which began development by Be Inc. ...
SkyOS is a proprietary operating system currently in production. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
OpenVMS[1] (Open Virtual Memory System or just VMS) is the name of a high-end computer server operating system that runs on the VAX[2] and Alpha[3] family of computers developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts (DIGITAL was then purchased by Compaq, and is now owned...
VxWorks is a Unix-like real-time operating system made and sold by Wind River Systems of Alameda, California, USA. Like most RTOSes, VxWorks includes a multitasking kernel with pre-emptive scheduling and fast interrupt response, extensive inter-process communications and synchronization facilities, and a file system. ...
Windows NT 4. ...
Microsoft Windows 2000 (also referred to as Win2K or Windows NT 5. ...
A typical Windows XP desktop. ...
Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. ...
Windows Vista is the scheduled next version of Microsoft Windows operating system, superseding Windows XP. It was previously known by its codename Longhorn, after the Longhorn Saloon, a popular bar (pub) in Whistler, British Columbia. ...
i5/OS is an operating system used on IBMs line of System i (previously called AS/400) computers. ...
Tandem Computers was an early manufacturer of fault tolerant computer systems, marketed to the growing number of transaction processing customers who used them for ATMs, banks, stock exchanges and other similar needs. ...
SMP capable processors - Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
- Azul Systems
- DEC/Alpha
- Hewlett-Packard
- International Business Machines (IBM)
- Inmos
- Intel
- Sun Microsystems
- SGI/MIPS
- Razamicroelectronic
i have no idea what they are This article is a stub. ...
Athlon 64 X2 Logo Athlon 64 X2 E6 3800+ The Athlon 64 X2 is the first dual-core desktop CPU manufactured by AMD. It is essentially a processor consisting of two Athlon 64 cores joined together on one die with additional control logic. ...
The AMD Opteron is the first eighth-generation x86 processor (K8 core), and the first of AMDs AMD64 (x86_64) processors, released April 22, 2003. ...
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ...
PA-RISC is a microprocessor architecture developed by Hewlett-Packards Systems & VLSI Technology Operation. ...
PowerPC is a RISC microprocessor architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. Originally intended for personal computers, PowerPC CPUs have since become popular embedded and high-performance processors as well. ...
POWER is a RISC instruction set architecture designed by IBM. The name is a acronym for Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC. POWER is also the name of a series of microprocessors that implements the instruction set architecture. ...
T414B transputer chip The INMOS transputer (the all-lowercase transputer was the official written form) was a pioneering concurrent computing microprocessor design of the 1980s from INMOS, a British semiconductor company based in Bristol (the University of the West of England in Bristol had, for a while, a transputer centre). ...
The Xeon is Intels current generation of server-class microprocessors for PCs. ...
The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor by Intel originally intended to replace the Pentium Classic in a full range of applications, but later reduced to a more narrow role as a server and high-end desktop chip. ...
Pentium II – front view The Pentium II is an x86 architecture microprocessor by Intel, introduced on May 7, 1997. ...
The Pentium III is an x86 (more precise - i686) architecture microprocessor by Intel, introduced on February 26, 1999. ...
The Intel Core microarchitecture (previously known as the Intel Next-Generation Micro-Architecture, or NGMA) is a multi-core processor microarchitecture unveiled by Intel in Q1 2006. ...
2007 Itanium logo Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). ...
Sun UltraSPARC II Microprocessor Sun UltraSPARC T1 (Niagara 8 Core) SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) is a RISC microprocessor instruction set architecture originally designed in 1985 by Sun Microsystems. ...
A MIPS R4400 microprocessor made by Toshiba. ...
The XLR connector is a rugged electrical connector design. ...
References - ^ http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Parallel.html 1962
- ^ BRL Report 1964
- ^ Managing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment, by Dan Holme and Orin Thomas, Copyright 2006, Microsoft Corporation, 0-7356-2289-2
- ^ http://www.inwap.com/pdp10/paper-smp.txt
- ^ OS/2's Symmetrical Multiprocessing Demystified - EDM2
- ^ BYTE.com
- ^ Real-Time Measurement and Control - Products and Services - National Instruments
- ^ BYTE.com
External links | Parallel computing topics | | General | High-performance computing There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
Parallel computing is the simultaneous execution of the same task (split up and specially adapted) on multiple processors in order to obtain results faster. ...
Image File history File links Cray2. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Supercomputing. ...
| | Parallelism | Bit-level parallelism · Instruction level parallelism · Data parallelism · Task parallelism Bit-level parallelism is a form of parallel computing based on increasing processor word size. ...
Instruction-level parallelism (ILP) is a measure of how many of the operations in a computer program can be dealt with at once. ...
Data Parallelism is a form of parallelization of computer code. ...
Task Parallelism is a form of parallelization of computer code. ...
| | Theory | Speedup · Amdahl's law · Flynn's taxonomy (SISD • SIMD • MISD • MIMD) · Cost efficiency · Gustafson's law · Karp-Flatt metric In parallel computing, speedup refers to how much a parallel algorithm is faster than a corresponding sequential algorithm. ...
The speedup of a program using multiple processors in parallel computing is limited by the sequential fraction of the program. ...
Flynns taxonomy is a classification of computer architectures, proposed by Michael J. Flynn in 1972. ...
SISD is an acronym for Single Instruction stream over a Single Data stream. ...
-1...
Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD) is a type of parallel computing architecture where many functional units perform different operations on the same data. ...
Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) is a type of parallel computing architecture where many functional units perform different operations on different data. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
Gustafsons Law (also known as Gustafson-Barsis law) is a law in computer engineering which states that any sufficiently large problem can be efficiently parallelized. ...
The Karp-Flatt Metric is a measure of parallelization of code in parallel processor systems. ...
| | Elements | Process · Thread · Fiber · Parallel Random Access Machine In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. ...
For the form of code consisting entirely of subroutine calls, see Threaded code. ...
A fiber in computer science is a term for a particularly lightweight thread of execution. ...
PRAM stands for Parallel Random Access Machine, which is an abstract machine for designing the algorithms applicable to parallel computers. ...
| | Coordination | Multiprocessing · Multithreading · Multitasking · Memory coherency · Cache coherency · Barrier · Synchronization · Distributed computing · Grid computing Multiprocessing is traditionally known as the use of multiple concurrent processes in a system as opposed to a single process at any one instant. ...
Multithreading computers have hardware support to efficiently execute multiple threads. ...
In computing, multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is...
Memory coherence (also cache coherence or cache consistency) is the property of the shared memory systems (multiprocessors and distributed shared memory systems) in which any shared piece of memory (cache line or memory page) gives consistent values with accordance to earlier agreed consistency model despite accesses (maybe parallel) from different...
Cache coherence refers to the integrity of data stored in local caches of a shared resource. ...
In parallel computing, a barrier is a type of synchronization method. ...
In computer science, especially parallel computing, synchronization means the coordination of simultaneous threads or processes to complete a task in order to get correct runtime order and avoid unexpected race conditions. ...
Distributed computing is a method of computer processing in which different parts of a program are run simultaneously on two or more computers that are communicating with each other over a network. ...
Grid computing is a phrase in distributed computing which can have several meanings: Multiple independent computing clusters which act like a grid because they are composed of nodes not located within a single administrative domain or at a single geographical location. ...
| | Programming | Programming model · Implicit parallelism · Explicit parallelism Programming redirects here. ...
A parallel programming model is a set of software technologies to express parallel algorithms and match applications with the underlying parallel systems. ...
In computer science, implicit parallelism is a characteristic of a programming language that allows a compiler to automatically exploit the parallelism inherent to the computations expressed by some of the languages constructs. ...
In computer programming, explicit parallelism is the representation of concurrent computations by means of primitives in the form of special-purpose directives or function calls. ...
| | Hardware | Computer cluster · Beowulf · Symmetric multiprocessing · Non-Uniform Memory Access · Cache only memory architecture · Asymmetric multiprocessing · Simultaneous multithreading · Shared memory · Distributed memory · Massively parallel processing · Superscalar processing · Vector processing · Supercomputer · Stream processing · GPGPU Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. ...
An example of a Computer cluster A computer cluster is a group of tightly coupled computers that work together closely so that in many respects they can be viewed as though they are a single computer. ...
The Borg, a 52-node Beowulf cluster used by the McGill University pulsar group to search for pulsations from binary pulsars. ...
Non-Uniform Memory Access or Non-Uniform Memory Architecture (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessors, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to a processor. ...
Cache only memory architecture (COMA) is a computer memory organization for use in multiprocessors in which the local memories (typically DRAM) at each node are used as cache. ...
Asymmetric Multiprocessing or ASMP is a style of multiprocessing supported in DECs VMS V.3 as well as a number of older systems including TOPS-10 and OS-360. ...
Simultaneous multithreading, often abbreviated as SMT, is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar CPUs. ...
// Diagram of a typical Shared memory system. ...
Distributed memory is a concept used in parallel computing. ...
Massive parallelism is a term used in computer architecture and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design. ...
Simple superscalar pipeline. ...
Processor board of a CRAY YMP vector computer A vector processor, or array processor, is a CPU design that is able to run mathematical operations on multiple data elements simultaneously. ...
For other uses, see Supercomputer (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Event Stream Processing. ...
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU, also referred to as GPGP and to a lesser extent GP²) is a recent trend focused on using GPUs to perform computations rather than the CPU. The addition of programmable stages and higher precision arithmetic to the rendering pipelines allowed software developers...
| | Software | Distributed shared memory · Application checkpointing · Warewulf Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ...
Distributed Shared Memory (DSM), in computer science, refers to a wide class of software and hardware implementations, in which each node of a cluster has access to a large shared memory in addition to each nodes limited non-shared private memory. ...
To quote Matt Dillon (of DragonFly BSD), Checkpointing allows you to freeze a copy of an application so that, in theory, you can restore the program to that running state at a later point in time. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
| | APIs | POSIX Threads · OpenMP · Message Passing Interface (MPI) · Intel Threading Building Blocks API and Api redirect here. ...
POSIX Threads is a POSIX standard for threads. ...
OpenMP logo The OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming interface (API) that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in C/C++ and Fortran on many architectures, including Unix and Microsoft Windows platforms. ...
Message Passing Interface (MPI) is computer software that allows many computers to communicate with one another. ...
Intel Threading Building Blocks (also known as TBB) describes a C++ template library for writing parallel programs. ...
| | Problems | Embarrassingly parallel · Grand Challenge · Software lockout In the jargon of parallel computing, an embarrassingly parallel workload (or embarrassingly parallel problem) is one for which no particular effort is needed to segment the problem into a very large number of parallel tasks, and there is no essential dependency (or communication) between those parallel tasks. ...
A Grand Challenge Problem is a general category of unsolved problems. ...
In multiprocessor computer systems, software lockout is the issue of performance degradation due to the idle wait times spent by the CPUs in kernel-level critical sections. ...
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