NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sympathomimetic amine

Sympathomimetic drugs are substances that mimic the effects of the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) and the hormome/neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Image File history File links Adrenaline. ... Image File history File links Adrenaline. ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Image File history File links Norepinephrine_structure. ... Image File history File links Norepinephrine_structure. ... Norepinephrine (INN) or noradrenaline (BAN) is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine with chemical formula C8H11NO3. ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek ÏŒÏÎ¼Î® - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Chemical structure of D-Aspartic Acid, a common Amino Acid neurotransmitter. ... Norepinephrine (INN) or noradrenaline (BAN) is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine with chemical formula C8H11NO3. ...

Mechanisms of action

Norepinephrine transporter blockade

Classical sympathomimetic drugs are amphetamines (including MDMA), ephedrine and cocaine, which act by blocking and reversing norepinephrine transporter (NET) activity. NET is a transport protein expressed on the surface of some cells that clears noradrenaline and adrenaline from the extracellular space and into cells, terminating the signaling effects. Amphetamine is a synthetic drug originally developed (and still used) as an appetite suppressant. ... ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ... Ephedrine (EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine similar in structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and methamphetamine. ... Cocaine (or crack in its freebase form) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ... The norepinephrine transporter or NET is a monoamine transporter that transports the neurotransmitter norepinephrine from the synapse back to its vesicles for storage until later use. ... In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means outside the cell. This space is usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell. Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ...

Adrenergic receptor agonism

Direct stimulation of the α- and β-adrenergic receptors can produce sympathomimetic effects. Albuterol is a very commonly used direct-acting β2-agonist. Epinephrine Norepinephrine The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines. ... Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. It is marketed by the Allen & Hanburys respiratory division of GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Ventolin. ... Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists are a class of drugs used to treat asthma. ...

Inhibition of epinephrine and norepinephrine metabolism

Inhibition of norepinephrine metabolism can produce sympathomimetic effects. Norepinephrine is mainly metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase, the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) drugs can induce such effects. Monoamine oxidase Monoamine oxidases (singular abbreviation MAO) (EC 1. ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. ...

Cross-reactivity

Substances like cocaine also affect dopamine, and some substances like MDMA affect serotonin. Cocaine (or crack in its freebase form) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ... Dopamine is a chemical naturally produced in the body. ... ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ... Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract. ...

Norepinephrine is synthesized by the body into epinephrine, causing central nervous system stimulation. Thus, all sympathimimetic amines fall into the larger group of stimulants (see psychoactive drug chart). Many of these stimulants have therepeutic use and abuse potential, can induce tolerance, and possibly physical dependence. A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Stimulants are drugs that increase alertness and wakefulness. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. ... Drug abuse has a wide range of definitions related to taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. ... It has been suggested that toleration be merged into this article or section. ... Physical dependence describes increased tolerance of a drug combined with a physical need of the drug to function. ...

External links

v • d • e

Sympathomimetic amines (R01, A08, and others)

Alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone, Aminorex, d-Amphetamine & l,d-Amphetamine, d-Methamphetamine & l-Methamphetamine, Benzylpiperazine, Cathinone, CFT, Chlorphentermine, Clobenzorex, Cocaine, Cyclopentamine, Desoxypipradrol, Diethylpropion, Ephedrine, 4-FMP, 4-MTA, Fencamfamine, Fenfluramine, Fenproporex, Mazindol, MDPV, 4-Methyl-aminorex, Methylone, Methylphenidate, Pemoline, Phendimetrazine, Phenmetrazine, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Pipradrol, Propylhexedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Pyrovalerone, Sibutramine, Synephrine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A division of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System A Alimentary tract and metabolism A08A Antiobesity preparations, excluding diet products A08AA Centrally acting antiobesity products A08AA01 Phentermine A08AA02 Fenfluramine A08AA03 Amfepramone A08AA04 Dexfenfluramine A08AA05 Mazindol A08AA06 Etilamfetamine A08AA07 Cathine A08AA08 Clobenzorex A08AA09 Mefenorex A08AA10 Sibutramine A08AA56 Ephedrine, combinations A08AB Peripherally... Alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (Î±-PPP) is a stimulant drug. ... Aminorex is an anorectic stimulant drug of the 2-Amino-5-Aryloxazoline class. ... Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... Amphetamine (alpha-methyl-phenethylamine), is a stimulant that is now primarily used to treat narcolepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. ... Dextromethamphetamine (dextro-N-Î±-dimethyl-phenethylamine is an N-methylated analog of dextroamphetamine. ... Levmetamfetamine (other names: l-desoxyephedrine, l-methamphetamine, levo-methamphetamine) is the l- stereoisomer of methamphetamine, a sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor which may be used in over-the-counter nasal decongestants. ... Benzylpiperazine (BZP) is a recreational drug with euphoric, stimulant effects. ... Cathinone (Î²-ketoamphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (Khat). ... (-)-2-Î²-Carbomethoxy-3-Î²-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane naphthalenedisulfonate (CFT) is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor structurally similar to cocaine. ... Chlorphentermine (Apsedon, Desopimon, Lucofen) is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. ... Clobenzorex (also known under the brand names Asenlix, Finedal, or Rexigen; or the US slang greenies) is a stimulant drug used as an anorectic (that is, a medication that suppresses appetite). ... Cocaine (or crack in its freebase form) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ... Cyclopentamine is a stimulant drug structurally related to methamphetamine, wherein the aromatic phenyl ring is replaced with a cyclopentane ring. ... Desoxypipradrol, also known as 2-(diphenylmethyl)piperidine or 2-DPMP, is a long-acting stimulant drug. ... Diethylpropion (TenuateÂ®) is a sympathomimetic stimulant drug marketed as an appetite suppressant. ... Ephedrine (EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine similar in structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and methamphetamine. ... 4-FMP molecular structure 4-FMP 4-FMP, also known by its full chemical name 4-fluoroamphetamine, or 4-Fluoro-alpha-Methyl-Phenethylamine, is a central nervous system stimulant. ... 4MT structure 4-methylthioamphetamine is a drug known as 4MT, 4-MTA, Flatliners, 1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-2-aminopropane. ... Fencamfamine (Glucoenergan, Reactivan) is a stimulant which was developed in the 1960s as an appetite supressant, but was later withdrawn for this application due to problems with dependence and abuse. ... Fenfluramine is a drug that was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity (the other drug being phentermine). ... This page may meet Wikipediaâ€™s criteria for speedy deletion. ... 4-Methyl-aminorex is a stimulant drug of the 2-Amino-5-Aryloxazoline class. ... Methylone is a designer drug that is an analog of MDMA (Ecstasy). ... Methylphenidate (MPH) is an amphetamine-like prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. ... Pemoline is a medication for Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... Phendimetrazine (BontrilÂ®) is a weight loss medication. ... Phenmetrazine is an amphetamine-like drug. ... Phentermine is a drug primarily used as an appetite suppressant. ... Phenylephrine or neosynephrine is an Î±-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as a decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil and, rarely, to increase blood pressure. ... Pipradrol (Meretran) is a mild CNS stimulant which is no longer widely used in most countries due to concerns about its abuse potential, although this is less of a problem than with other stimulants that still are in current use such as methylphenidate. ... Propylhexedrine, also known as hexahydrodesoxyephedrine or dimethylcyclohexaneethanamine, is a sympathomimetic with varied medicinal uses, is an adrenergic compound used mainly to provide temporary symptomatic relief of nasal congestion due to colds, allergies and allergic rhinitis. ... Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a decongestant. ... Pyrovalerone (Centroton, Thymergix) is a stimulant drug developed in the late 1960s and used in France and some other European countries. ... Sibutramine (MeridiaÂ® in the USA, ReductilÂ® in Europe), usually as sibutramide hydrochloride monohydrate, is an orally administered agent for the treatment of obesity. ... Synephrine Synephrine is a dietary supplement aimed at encouraging fat loss. ...

See also amphetamines Amphetamine (alpha-methyl-phenethylamine), is a stimulant that is now primarily used to treat narcolepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. ...

Contents