By far the most important of the many synods held at Jerusalem (see Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon, 2nd ed., vi. 1357 sqq.) is that of 1672; and its confession is the most vital statement of faith made in the Greek Church during the past thousand years. Jerusalem and the Old City. ... Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands. ... Greek Orthodox Church can refer to: the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, who is also the first among equals of the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ...

It refutes article by article the confession of Cyril Lucaris, which appeared in Latin at Geneva in 1629, and in Greek, with the addition of four questions, in 1633. Lucaris, who died in 1638 as patriarch of Constantinople, had corresponded with Western scholars and had imbibed Calvinistic views. Cyrillos Lukaris or Cyril Lucaris or Cyril Lucar (1572-June 1637) was a Greek prelate and theologian and a native of Crete. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Geneva (French: Genève, German: Genf, Italian: Ginevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland, situated where Lake Geneva (known in French as Lac Léman) flows into the Rhône River. ... Events March 4 - Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal charter. ... Events February 13 - Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... Calvinism is a soteriological system of Christian theology advanced by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and further developed by his followers, associates and admirers. ...

The great opposition which arose during his lifetime continued after his death, and found classic expression in the highly venerated confession of Petro Mohyla, metropolitan of Kiev (1643). Though this was intended as a barrier against Calvinistic influences, certain Protestant writers, as well as Roman Catholics, persisted in claiming the support of the Greek Church for sundry of their own positions. Peter Mogila Peter Mogila (Ukrainian: Петро Могила, Petro Mohyla; Romanian: Petru Movilă; Russian: Pyotr Mogila; December 21, 1596 â€“ December 22, 1646) was a Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia from 1633 until his death. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Against the Calvinists the synod of 1672 therefore aimed its rejection of unconditional predestination and of justification by faith alone, also its advocacy of what are substantially the Roman doctrines of transubstantiation and of purgatory; the eastern hostility to Calvinism had been fanned by the Jesuits. Predestination is a religious idea, under which the relationship between the beginning of things and the destiny of things is discussed. ... Sola fide (by faith alone), also historically known as the justification of faith, is a doctrine that distinguishes Protestant denominations from Catholicism and Eastern Christianity in Christianity The doctrine of Sola Fide or Faith Alone asserts that it is on the basis of Gods grace through the believers... Transubstantiation is the belief held by many Christian denominations that the Eucharistic elements of bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Jesus during Consecration. ... The term purgatory in accordance with Catholic teaching is a place or condition of temporal punishment for those who, departing this life in Gods grace, are, not entirely free from venial faults, or have not fully paid the satisfaction due to their transgressions. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...

Against the Church of Rome, however, there was directed the affirmation that the Holy Ghost proceeds from God the Father and not from both Father and Son; this rejection of the filioque was not unwelcome to the Turks. Curiously enough, the synod refused to believe that the heretical confession it refuted was actually by a former patriarch of Constantinople; yet the proofs of its genuineness seem to most scholars overwhelming. In negotiations between Anglican and Russian churchmen the confession usually comes to the front. The Holy Spirit, from the Christian viewpoint, while related to Gods will, is not Gods will personified. ... In many religions, the supreme God is given the title and attributions of Father. ... In Christian theology the filioque clause or filioque controversy (filioque meaning and the Son) is a disputed part of the Nicene Creed and is most often referred to as simply filioque or the filioque. ... Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the ‘catholic’ or orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. ... The Anglican Communion is a world-wide organisation of Anglican Churches. ...

Authorities

The confession of Dositheus, or the eighteen decrees of the Synod of Jerusalem, appeared in 1676 at Paris as Synodus Patriarch of Jerusalem (1669-1707), who presided over the synod. Bethlehemitica; a revised text in 1678 as Synodus Jerosolymitana; Jean Hardouin, Acta conciliorum, vol. xi.; Kimmel, Monumenta fidei ecclesiae orientalis (Jena, 1850; critical edition); Philip Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom, vol. ii. (text after Hardouin and Kimmel, with Latin translation); The Acts and Decrees of the Synod of Jerusalem translated from the Greek, with notes, by JNWB Robertson (London, 1899); J Michalcescu, Die Bekenntnisse and die wichtigsten Glaubenszeugnisse der griechisch-orientalischen Kirche (Leipzig, 1904; Kimmel's text with introductions). Jean Hardouin (1646 - September 3, 1729), French classical scholar, was born at Quimper in Brittany. ... Philip Schaff (January 1, 1819-1893), was a Swiss-born, German-educated theologian and a historian of the Christian church, who, after his education, lived and taught in the United States. ...

Literature

The Doctrine of the Russian Church translated by RW Blackmore (Aberdeen, 1845), p. xxv. sqq.; Schaff, i. § 17; Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon (2nd ed.)( vi. 1359 seq.; See also: Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (3rd ed.), viii. 703-705 ; Michalcescu, 123 sqq.

References

• This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, a publication in the public domain.

Supporters contend that the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910-1911) represents the sum of human knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century; indeed, it was advertised as such. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

External Links

• Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (After 1291)
• Schaff: Synod of Jerusalem