Synovium means 'with egg', because the (synovial) fluid in joints that have a cavity between the bearing surfaces is like egg-white. Synovium is the name given to the soft tissue which lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities. Synovium is very variable but often has two layers. The outer layer, or subintima, can be of almost any type; fibrous, fatty or loosely 'areolar'. The inner layer, or intima, consists of a sheet of cells thinner than a piece of paper. Where the underlying subintima is loose the intima sits on a pliable 'membrane' giving rise to the term synovial membrane. This membrane, together with the cells of the intima provide something like an 'inner tube' sealing the synovial fluid from the surrounding tissue (effectively it stops you squeezing your joints dry when you run). The intimal cells are of two types, fibroblasts and macrophages, both of which are different in certain respects from smilar cells in other tissues. The fibroblasts manufacture a long chain sugar polymer called hyaluronan, which is what makes the synovial fluid 'ropy' like egg-white, together with a molecule called lubricin, which lubricates the joint surfaces. The water of synovial fluid is not secreted as such, but is effectively trapped in the joint space by the hyaluronan. The macrophages are responsible for the removal of undesirable substances from the synovial fluid. The surface of synovium may be flat or may be covered with finger-like projections or villi, which probably help to allow the soft tissue to change shape as the joint surfaces move one on another. Just beneath the intima most synovium has a dense net of small blood vessels which provide nutrients not only for synovium, but also for the avascular cartilage. In any one position much of the cartilage is close enough to get nutrition direct from synovium (a film of fluid about a twentieth of a millimetre thick is in between, but this is of no real significance). Some areas of cartilage have to obtain nutrients indirectly and may do so either from diffusion through cartilage or possibly by 'stirring' of synovial fluid, although the film is very thin. Biological tissue is a group of cells that perform a similar function. ... This article is about a joint in zootomical anatomy. ...

Although a biological joint can resemble a man-made joint in being a hinge or a ball and socket, the engineering problems that nature must solve are very different because the joint works within an almost completely solid structure, with no wheels or nuts and bolts. In general the bearing surfaces of man made joints interlock, as in a hinge. This is rare for biological joints, although the badger's jaw interlocks. More often the surfaces are held together by cord-like ligaments. Virtually all the space between muscles, ligaments, bones and cartilage is filled with pliable solid tissue. The fluid-filled gap is mostly only a twentieth of a millimetre thick. This means that synovium has certain rather unexpected jobs to do. These may include: 1. Providing a plane of separation, or disconnection, between solid tissues so that movement can occur with minimum bending of solid components. If this separation is lost, as in a 'frozen shoulder' the joint cannot move. 2. Providing a packing that can change shape in whatever way is needed to allow the bearing surfaces to move on each other. 3. Controlling the volume of fluid in the cavity so that it is just enough to allow the solid components to move over each other freely. This volume is normally so small that the joint is under slight suction.

Synovium can become irritated and thickened in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. When this happens, the synovium can become a danger to the bearing surface structure in a variety of ways. Excess synovial fluid 'weeping' from inflamed synovium can provide a barrier to diffusion of nutrients to cartilage. The synovial cells may also use up nutrients so that the glucose level in the tissue is almost zero. These factors may lead to starvation and death of cartilage cells. Synovial cells may also produce enzymes which can digest the cartilage surface, althoug it is not clear that these will damage cartilage with healthy cells. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints. ...

Reference: Edwards, JCW. The Synovium. In 'Rheumatology', editors Hochberg MC et al, Mosby (an imprint of Elsevier), Edinburgh, 2003, chapter 17, pp 159-168.