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Synthetic fuel or synfuel is any liquid fuel obtained from coal, natural gas, or biomass. It can sometimes refer to fuels derived from other solids such as oil shale, tar sand, waste plastics, or from the fermentation of biomatter. It can also (less often) refer to gaseous fuels produced in a similar way. Liquid fuels are those combustible or energy-generating molecules which can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, which in turn usually produces kinetic energy, and which also must take the shape of their container. ...
Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal (pronounced ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ...
For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ...
For the use of the term in ecology, see Biomass (ecology). ...
Oil shale Oil shale is a general term applied to a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing significant traces of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) that have not been buried for sufficient time to produce conventional fossil fuels. ...
Open pit mining Tar sands, also referred to as oil sand or bituminous sand, is a combination of clay, sand, water, and bitumen. ...
For other uses, see Plastic (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Fermentation. ...
Biomass is organic non-fossil material, collectively. ...
Processes
The process of producing synfuels is often referred to as Coal-To-Liquids (CTL), Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) or Biomass-To-Liquids (BTL), depending on the initial feedstock. Synthetic crude may also be created by upgrading bitumen (a tar like substance found in tar sands), or synthesizing liquid hydrocarbons from oil shale and synthesis gas: a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal (pronounced ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ...
Gas to liquids or GTL is a refinery process to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons. ...
Biomass to liquid (BTL) is a (multi step) process to produce liquid fuels out of biomass: It mainly aims at using the whole plant to improve the CO2 balance and the costs. ...
A visbreaker is a chemical plant based on a techology whereby via thermal cracking in a furnace reactor (at high temperature) heavy hydrocarbons (e. ...
Ewer from Iran, dated 1180-1210CE. Composed of brass worked in repoussé and inlaid with silver and bitumen. ...
Athabasca Oil Sands Tar sands is a common name of what are more properly called bituminous sands, but also commonly referred to as oil sands or (in Venezuela) extra-heavy oil. ...
Oil refineries are key to obtaining hydrocarbons; crude oil is processed through several stages to form desirable hydrocarbons, used in fuel and other commercial products. ...
Oil shale Oil shale is a general term applied to a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing significant traces of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) that have not been buried for sufficient time to produce conventional fossil fuels. ...
It has been suggested that Town gas be merged into this article or section. ...
Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ...
This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
The best known synthesis process is the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which was used on a large scale in Germany during World War II. Other processes include the Bergius process, the Mobil process and the Karrick process. An intermediate step in the production of synthetic fuel is often syngas, a stoichiometric mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which is sometimes directly used as an industrial fuel. Comparison between a clean Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel (flask with clear liquid) and conventional No. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
The methanol to gasoline process is a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel from methanol by heating with ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. ...
Karrick Process, from U.S. Patent #1,958,918. ...
It has been suggested that Town gas be merged into this article or section. ...
In chemistry, stoichiometry is the study of the combination of elements in chemical reactions. ...
Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ...
This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
Commercialization
 Ruins of the German synthetic petrol plant (Hydrierwerke Pölitz – Aktiengeselschaft) in Police, Poland Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (960 × 1,280 pixels, file size: 449 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (960 × 1,280 pixels, file size: 449 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat Police County Gmina Police Government - Mayor Władysław Diakun Area - Town 36. ...
Sasol The leading company in the commercialization of synthetic fuel is Sasol, a company based in South Africa. Sasol currently operates the world's only commercial coal-to-liquids facility at Secunda, with a capacity of 150,000 barrels a day [1]. Other companies that have developed coal- or gas-to-liquids processes (at the pilot plant or commercial stage) include Shell, Exxon, StatoilHydro, Rentech, and Syntroleum [2]. Worldwide commercial gas-to-liquids plant capacity is 60,000 barrels per day [3], including plants in South Africa (Mossgas), Malaysia (Shell Bintulu) and New Zealand (Motor-fuel production at the New Zealand Synfuel site has been shut down since the mid nineties, although production of methanol for export continues [4]. This site ran on the Mobil process converting gas to methanol and methanol to gasoline). Sasol (originally South African Steenkolen en Olie) is a South African company involved in mining, energy, chemicals and synfuels. ...
The Shell emblem known as the Pecten Shell Oil Company (SOC) is the Houston, Texas based wholly-owned subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. ...
This article is about the fuel brand. ...
StatoilHydro ASA (OSE: STL) is a Norwegian energy company, formed by the 2007 merger of Statoil with the oil and gas business of Norsk Hydro. ...
This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...
Syntroleum Corporation (NASDAQ: SYNM) is a United States company engaged in development and commercialization of proprietary Gas to liquids (GTL) and Coal to liquids (CTL) processes known jointly as the Syntroleum Process. ...
Commercialization in the United States Numerous US companies (TECO, Progress Energy, DTE, Marriott) have also taken advantage of coal-based synfuel tax credits established in the 1970s, however many of the products qualifying for the subsidy (for example slurries or briquettes) are not true synthetic fuels since they are not the portable, convenient, end-user liquids that the credit was established for.[neutrality disputed] The coal industry currently uses the credit to increase profits on coal-burning powerplants by introducing a "pre-treatment" process that satisfies the technical requirements, then burns the result the same as it would burn coal. Sometimes the amount gained in the tax credit is a major factor in the economic operation of the plant. The synfuel tax credit has been used primarily in this manner since the cheap gas prices of the 1980's killed any major efforts to create a transportation fuel with the credit, and its continuation is seen as a major "pork project" win for coal industry lobbyists, to the tune of $9 billion per annum.[neutrality disputed][1]The total production of such synfuels in the US was an estimated 73 million tons in 2002. The TECO power plant as seen from Apollo Beach, Florida TECO Energy, Inc. ...
Progress Energy Inc. ...
DTE may refer to: data terminal equipment, a term in computer science DTE Energy, a power company based in Detroit, MI Dithioerythritol, a chemical compound with two reducing SH-groups Down to Earth, a common abbreviation used on social networking websites, i. ...
Marriott International, Inc. ...
The Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program was a program run by the United States Bureau of Mines to create the technology to produce synthetic fuel from coal. ...
The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ...
The United States Department of Energy projects that domestic consumption of synthetic fuel made from coal and natural gas will rise to 3.7 million barrels per day in 2030 based on a price of $57 per barrel of high sulfur crude (Annual Energy Outlook 2006, Table 14, pg52). The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ...
Barrel can refer to: Barrels for storage. ...
Economics Synthetic fuels require a relatively high price of crude oil in order to be competitive with petroleum-based fuels without subsidies.[dubious – discuss] However, they offer the potential to supplement or replace petroleum-based fuels if oil prices continue to rise. Several factors make synthetic fuels attractive relative to competing technologies such as biofuels, ethanol/methanol or hydrogen: Biofuel is any fuel that derives from biomass _ recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts, such as manure from cows. ...
This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
- The raw material (coal) is available in quantities sufficient to meet current demand for centuries
- It can produce gasoline, diesel or kerosene directly without the need for additional steps such as reforming or cracking
- There is no need to convert vehicle engines to use a different fuel
- There is no need to build a new distribution network
Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas, typically having low octane ratings, into high-octane liquid products called reformates which are components of high-octane gasoline (also known as petrol). ...
Factory of Shukhov cracking process, Baku, USSR, 1934 In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules (e. ...
Environmental aspects Liquified coal emits twice as much carbon dioxide as burning oil, so carbon sequestration is proposed to prevent an adverse impact on greenhouse gas emissions.[2] Carbon sequestration from a fossil-fuel power station A carbon dioxide sink or CO2 sink is a carbon reservoir that is increasing in size, and is the opposite of a carbon source. The main sinks are the oceans and growing vegetation. ...
Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ...
See also Image File history File links Crystal_128_energy. ...
Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). ...
// The Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Karrick Process, from U.S. Patent #1,958,918. ...
It has been suggested that Town gas be merged into this article or section. ...
For the water carbonator, see Gasogene. ...
The methanol to gasoline process is a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel from methanol by heating with ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. ...
For articles on specific fuels used in vehicles, see Biogas, Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biodiesel, and Straight vegetable oil. ...
Gas to liquids or GTL is a refinery process to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons. ...
Mobil 1 oil Synthetic oil is oil consisting of chemical compounds which were not originally present in crude oil (petroleum) but were artificially made (synthesized) from other compounds. ...
The Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program was a program run by the United States Bureau of Mines to create the technology to produce synthetic fuel from coal. ...
Factory of Shukhov cracking process, Baku, USSR, 1934 In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules (e. ...
Oil shale extraction refers to the process that converts kerogen, an immature form of hydrocarbon trapped in the oil shale, into a useable hydrocarbons in form of a petroleum-like shale oil—a form of non-conventional oil—and combustible shale gas. ...
Simple sketch of pyrolysis chemistry Pyrolysis usually means the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, except possibly steam. ...
References - Synfuel Plants Expand In W. Va (Coal Age, Feb 1, 2002)
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