The TAS classification can be used to assign names to many common types of volcanic rocks based upon the relationships between the combined alkali content and the silica content. These chemical parameters are useful, because the relative proportions of alkalis and silica play an important role in determining actual mineralogy and normative mineralogy. The classification appears to be and can be simple to use for rocks that have been chemically analyzed. Ignimbrite is a deposit of a pyroclastic flow. ... Normative mineralogy is a geochemical calculation of the whole rock geochemistry of a rock sample which estimates the idealised mineralogy of a rock according to the principles of geochemistry. ...

Before using the TAS or any other classification, however, the following words of Johannsen (1937) should be kept in mind. "Many and peculiar are the classifications that have been proposed for igneous rocks. Their variability depends in part upon the purpose for which each was intended, and in part upon the difficulties arising from the characters of the rocks themselves. The trouble is not with the classifications but with nature which did not make things right. … Rocks must be classified in order to compare them with others, previously described, of similar composition and appearance. If this cannot be done on a genetic basis, then an artificial system must answer in order to serve as a card index to rock descriptions. Although this may be an evil thing, it is, at least, the least of several evils." The subtitle of the classification chapter by Johannsen (1937) is "Chacun a son gout."

Furthermore, as discussed in considerable detail by Le Maitre and others (2002), the classification cannot be applied to all volcanic rocks. Certain rocks cannot be named using the diagram. For others, additional chemical, mineralogic, or textural criteria must be used, as for lamprophyres. Rock microstructure includes the texture of a rock and the small scale rock structures. ... Lamprophyres (Greek Lampros, bright, and the terminal part of the word porphyry, meaning rocks containing bright porphyritic crystals) are a group of rocks containing phenocrysts, usually of biotite and hornblende (with bright cleavage surfaces), often also of olivine and augite, but not of feldspar. ...

The TAS classification should be applied only to rocks for which the mineral mode cannot be determined (otherwise, use a scheme based on mineralogy, such as the QAPF diagram or one of the other diagrams presented in the entry for igneous rocks). Before classifying rocks using the TAS diagram, the chemical analyses must be recalculated to 100% excluding water and carbon dioxide. A QAPF diagram is a double triangle diagram which is used to classify igneous rocks based on mineralogic composition. ... Volcanic rock on North America Plutonic rock on North America Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock (magma) cools and solidifies, with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks. ...

TAS Diagram. This version is based upon coordinates provided by Le Maitre et al. (2002).

The names provided by Le Maitre et al. (2002) for fields in the TAS diagram are listed below.

B (Basalt) (Use normative mineralogy to subdivide) Basalt Basalt is a common gray to black volcanic rock. ... Normative mineralogy is a geochemical calculation of the whole rock geochemistry of a rock sample which estimates the idealised mineralogy of a rock according to the principles of geochemistry. ...

O1 (Basaltic andesite)

O2 (Andesite) A sample of andesite (dark groundmass) with amygdaloidal vesicules filled with zeolite. ...

O3 (Dacite) Gray, red, black, altered white/tan, flow-banded pumice dacite Dacite is a high-silica igneous, volcanic rock. ...

R (Rhyolite) Rhyolite Rhyolite is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock, of felsic composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. ...

T (Trachyte or Trachydacite) (Use normative mineralogy to decide) Trachyte is an igneous, volcanic rock with an aphanitic to porphyritic texture. ...

Ph (Phonolite) Phonolite is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock, of felsic composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. ...

S1 (Trachybasalt) *Sodic and potassic variants are Hawaiite and Potassic Trachybasalt

S2 (Basaltic trachyandesite) *Sodic and potassic variants are Mugearite and Shoshonite

S3 (Trachyandesite *Sodic and potassic variants are Benmoreite and Latite

Pc (Picrobasalt)

U1 (Basanite or Tephrite) (Use normative mineralogy to decide) Basanite is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock, of felsic composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. ...

U2 (Phonotephrite)

U3 (Tephriphonolite)

F (Foidite) (Name according to dominant feldspathoid when possible) The feldspathoids are a group of tectosilicate minerals which resemble feldspars but have a different structure and much lower silica content. ...

• Sodic as used above means that Na₂O - 2 is greater than K₂O, and potassic that Na₂O - 2 is less than K₂O. Yet other names have been applied to rocks particularly rich in either sodium or potassium (as are ultrapotassic igneous rocks).

Ultrapotassic igneous rocks are a class of rare, volumetrically minor generally ultramafic or mafic silica-depleted igneous rocks. ...

References

• Albert Johannsen, A Descriptive Petrography of the Igneous Rocks. Volume 1, Introduction, Textures, Classifications, and Glossary. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1937.
• R. W. Le Maitre (editor), A. Streckeisen, B. Zanettin, M. J. Le Bas, B. Bonin, P. Bateman, G. Bellieni, A. Dudek, S. Efremova, J. Keller, J. Lamere, P. A. Sabine, R. Schmid, H. Sorensen, and A. R. Woolley, Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN052166215 X