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TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (TNM) is the system developed and maintained by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) to maintain consensus on one globally recognised standard for categorising cancer. The TNM classification is also used by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). In 1987, the UICC and AJCC staging systems were unified into a single staging system. When normal cells are damaged or old they undergo apoptosis; cancer cells, however, avoid apoptosis. ...
1987 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Broad outline
Each tumor has its own TNM classification. Not all tumors have TNM classifications, but most do. For instance, there is no TNM classification for brain tumors.
The general outline for the TNM classification is below. The values given in parenthesis give a range of what can be used for all cancer types, but not all cancers use this full range.
There are other criteria which can also be taken into account: See the article about cancer for the main article about malignant tumors. ...
In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ...
Structure of the lymph node. ...
Metastasis (Greek: change of the state) is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body. ...
- G (1-4): the grade of the cancer cells (i.e. they are "low grade" if they appear similar to normal cells and "high grade" if they appear poorly differentiated)
- R (0/1/2): the completeness of the operation (resection-boundaries free of cancer cells or not)
- L (0/1) invasion into lymphatic vessels
- V (0/1) invasion into veins
Modifiers are: Cellular differentiation is a concept from developmental biology describing the process by which cells acquire a type. The morphology of a cell may change dramatically during differentiation, but the genetic material remains the same, with few exceptions. ...
In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ...
In biology, a vein is a blood vessel which returns blood from the microvasculature to the heart. ...
- p (prefix): stage given by pathologic examination of a surgical specimen
- C (1-4): the certainty (quality) of the last mentioned parameter
- y (prefix): stage assessed after neoadjuvant therapy
For the T, N and M parameters exist subclassifications for some cancer-types (e.g. T1a, Tis, N1i). Pathology (in ancient Greek pathos = feeling, pain, suffering and logos = discourse or treatise, i. ...
In medicine, adjuvants are agents which modify the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves. ...
Examples - Small, low grade cancer, no metastasis, no spreading to lymph nodes, cancer completely removed, resection material seen by pathologist - pT1 pN0 M0 R0 G1
- Big, high grade cancer, with spread to lymph nodes and other organs, not completely removed, seen by pathologist - pT4 pN2 M1 R1 G3
Uses and aims Some of the aims for adopting a global standard are to: - Aid medical staff in staging the tumour helping to plan the treatment.
- Give an indication of prognosis.
- Assist in the evaluation of the results of treatment.
- Enable facilities around the world to collate information more productively.
Since the number of combinations of categories is high, combinations are grouped to stages for better analysis. Prognosis (older Greek πρόγνωσις, modern Greek πρόγνωση - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctors prediction of how a patients disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. ...
Therapy (in Greek: θεÏαπεία) or treatment is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis. ...
See also Ann Arbor staging is the staging system for lymphomas, both in Hodgkins disease and non-Hodgkins lymphoma. ...
Lymphoma is a general term for localized malignancies that develop in the lymphatic or reticuloendothelial system. ...
Reference - Sobin LH, Wittekind Ch (eds). TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 6th Edition. Wiley, 2002. ISBN 0471222887.
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