A table of contents, usually headed simply "Contents," is a list of the parts of a book or document organized in the order in which the parts appear. The contents usually includes the titles or descriptions of the first-level headers, such as chapter titles in longer works, and often includes second-level or section titles (A-heads) within the chapters as well, and occasionally even third-level titles (subsections or B-heads). The depth of detail in tables of contents depends on the length of the work, with longer works having less. Formal reports (ten or more pages and being too long to put into a memo or letter) also have tables of contents. Documents of fewer than ten pages do not require tables of contents, but often have a short list of contents at the beginning. A document contains information. ... A memorandum is an informal, or recorded, form of communication, usually used by businesses from executives to employees. ...

Some style manuals recommend keeping tables of contents under three pages so they can be surveyed easily. Since they lack the alphabetical arrangement that makes indexes so accessible, anything longer can be become difficult to scan. Style guides generally give guidance on language use. ... An index is a detailed list, usually arranged alphabetically, of the specific information in a publication, whether a book, periodical, database or multimedia collection. ...

Location

In English language book-length works, the table of contents is at the beginning; in French and Spanish ones it is at the back, by the index. Magazines and journals often display the table of contents on the front cover, in which case it might be continued on the back cover if it does not all fit in the front. In longer works with many detailed sections, a top-level table of contents may appear in the normal position, which detailed table of contents appear at the beginning of each major part or chapter within the document.

Within an English-language book, the table of contents usually appears after the title page, copyright notices, and, in technical journals, the abstract; and before any lists of tables or figures, the foreword, and the preface. The title page of a book, thesis or other written work is the page at or near the front which displays its title, and author, as well as other information. ... Copyright symbol Copyright is a set of exclusive rights regulating the use of a particular expression of an idea or information. ... An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the papers purpose. ... A figure in writing and publishing is any graphic, text, table or other representation that is unaligned from the main flow of text. ... A foreword is a literary device that is often found in the beginning of a piece of literature, before the introduction. ... A preface (Med. ...

Content

Printed tables of contents indicate page numbers where each part starts, while online ones offer links to go to each part. The format and location of the page numbers is a matter of style for the publisher. If the page numbers appear after the heading text, they might be preceded by characters called leaders, usually dots or periods, that run from the chapter or section titles on the opposite side of the page, or the page numbers might remain closer to the titles. In some cases, the page number appears before the text. A hyperlink (often referred to as simply a link), is a reference or navigation element in a document to another section of the same document, another document, or a specified section of another document, that automatically brings the referred information to the user when the navigation element is selected by... Look up Leader in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A full stop or period (sometimes stop, full point or dot), is the punctuation mark commonly placed at the end of several different types of sentences in English and several other languages. ...

If a book or document contains chapters, articles, or stories by different authors, the author's name also usually appears in the table of contents.

In some cases, tables of contents contain a description of the chapter's or first-level header's section content rather than subheadings.

Matter preceding the table of contents is generally not listed there. However, all pages except the outside cover are counted and the table of contents is often numbered with a lowercase Roman numeral page number.

Examples

Example with leaders:

 Chapter 1: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Example without leaders:

 Chapter 1: Getting Started 1 Introduction 2 Next Steps 3 

Example with authors:

 1. Introduction to Biology Arthur C. Smith 1 2. Microbiology Susan Jones 10 3. Advances in Biotechnology T.C. Chang 24 

Example with descriptive text:

 Chapter 1 3 In which we first meet our hero and heroine, attend a gala feast, and begin an unexpected journey. Chapter 2 12 The journey takes an unusual turn, and new villainy is discovered. 

References

• Chicago Manual of Style (15th Edition)
• Gerald J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, Walter E. Oliu (2003). Handbook of Technical Writing. ISBN 0-312-30923-6.