NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tacoma Narrows Bridge

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a pair of mile-long (1600 meter) suspension bridges with main spans of 2800 feet (850 m), they carry Washington State Route 16 across the Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound between Tacoma and the Kitsap Peninsula, USA. The first bridge, nicknamed Galloping Gertie, was opened to traffic on July 1, 1940, and became famous four months later for a dramatic wind-induced structural collapse that was caught on motion picture film. The first replacement bridge opened in 1950, and a parallel bridge opened in 2007. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 533 pixelsFull resolution (2304 Ã— 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ... Washington State Route 16 is a highway in the state of Washington, U.S.A. It extends just over 27 miles (43 km) from Tacoma in the southeast to Gorst in the northwest. ... The Tacoma Narrows, a strait, is part of Puget Sound. ... Nickname: Location of Tacoma in Pierce County and Washington State Coordinates: , Country United States of America State Washington County Pierce Government - Mayor Bill Baarsma (D) Area - City 62. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been created since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Tacoma, with Mount Rainier in background You may be looking for Takoma or Tacoma class frigate. ... The Kitsap Peninsula, at times called the Indian Peninsula or the Great Peninsula, is the arm of land in Washington state (USA) that lies west of Seattle across Puget Sound and east of the Olympic Peninsula across Hood Canal. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been created since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge. ... Washington State Route 16 is a highway in the state of Washington, U.S.A. It extends just over 27 miles (43 km) from Tacoma in the southeast to Gorst in the northwest. ... The Tacoma Narrows, a strait, is part of Puget Sound. ... Puget Sound For the university in this region, see University of Puget Sound. ... Nickname: Location of Tacoma in Pierce County and Washington State Coordinates: , Country United States of America State Washington County Pierce Government - Mayor Bill Baarsma (D) Area - City 62. ... The Kitsap Peninsula, at times called the Indian Peninsula or the Great Peninsula, is the arm of land in Washington state (USA) that lies west of Seattle across Puget Sound and east of the Olympic Peninsula across Hood Canal. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Structural failure refers to loss of the load-carrying capacity of a component or member within a structure or of the structure itself. ...

Westbound bridge

The current westbound bridge was designed and rebuilt with open trusses and stiffening struts and openings in the roadway to let wind through. It opened on October 14, 1950, and is 5,979 feet (1822 m) long — 40 feet (12 m) longer than "Galloping Gertie", the first bridge. It and its parallel eastbound bridge are currently the fifth-longest suspension bridges in the United States. Local residents nicknamed the new bridge "Sturdy Gertie", as the oscillations that plagued the previous design had been eliminated. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units which are constructed with straight slender members whose ends are connected at joints. ... A strut is a structural component designed to resist longitudinal compression. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

When built, the westbound bridge was the third-largest suspension bridge in the world.^[1] Like other modern suspension bridges, the westbound bridge was built with steel plates that feature sharp entry edges rather than the flat plate sides used in the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge (see the suspension bridge article for an example). The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge has the largest span of any bridge This list of the largest suspension bridges ranks the worlds suspension bridges by the length of main span (distance between the suspension towers). ... A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been created since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge. ...

The bridge was designed to handle 60,000 vehicles a day. It carried both westbound and eastbound traffic until the eastbound bridge opened on July 15, 2007.^[2] is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...

Eastbound bridge

In 1998, voters in several Washington counties approved an advisory measure to create a second Narrows span. Construction of the new span, which carries eastbound traffic parallel to the current bridge, began on October 4, 2002, was completed in July, 2007. The Washington State Department of Transportation collects a $3.00 toll on the eastbound bridge to recoup construction costs. The existing span has been toll-free since 1965, and will remain so. The new bridge marks the first installation of the new Good To Go! electronic toll collection system. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3264x2448, 3615 KB)[edit] Summary I was told by a Tacoma, WA local that this was the first load of bridge sections that were outsourced to Seoul, South Korea that are being added to the Narrows bridge. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3264x2448, 3615 KB)[edit] Summary I was told by a Tacoma, WA local that this was the first load of bridge sections that were outsourced to Seoul, South Korea that are being added to the Narrows bridge. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... The Washington State Department of Transportation, or WSDOT, led by a Secretary and overseen by the Governor, is a Washington governmental agency that constructs, maintains, and regulates the use of the states transportation infrastructure. ... Good To Go! is the electronic toll collection system to be used by the Washington State Department of Transportation. ... Many ETC systems use transponders like this one to electronically debit the accounts of registered cars without their stopping Transponder used in some Chilean expressways Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), an adaptation of military identification friend or foe technology, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads. ...

A group called "NarrowsBridgeLights.org" advocates illuminating both bridges with twinkling lights. The group recommends solar powered lighting, for both safety and beauty.^[3]

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 244 pixelsFull resolution (3279 Ã— 1000 pixel, file size: 667 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The new westbound Span of the Tacoma Narrows bridge with the old eastbound span behind it. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 244 pixelsFull resolution (3279 Ã— 1000 pixel, file size: 667 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The new westbound Span of the Tacoma Narrows bridge with the old eastbound span behind it. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Panoramic photography. ...

Galloping Gertie

Desire for a bridge at this location dates back to 1889 with a Northern Pacific Railway proposal for a trestle, but concerted efforts began in the mid-1920s. The Tacoma Chamber of Commerce began campaigning and funding studies in 1923. Several noted bridge architects, including Joseph B. Strauss, who went on to be chief engineer of the Golden Gate Bridge, and David B. Steinman builder of the Mackinac Bridge, were consulted. Steinman made several Chamber-funded visits culminating in a preliminary proposal presented in 1929 but by 1931 the Chamber decided to cancel the agreement on the grounds that Steinman was "not sufficiently active" in working to obtain financing. Another problem with financing the first bridge was buying out the ferry contract from a private firm running service on The Narrows at the time. A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been created since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Northern Pacific Railway (AAR reporting marks NP) was a railway that operated in the north-central region of the United States. ... Joseph Baermann Strauss (January 9, 1870 - May 16, 1938) was an American engineer and designer. ... The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening into the San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. ... David Bernard Steinman (June 11, 1886 - August 21, 1960) was an American engineer He was the designer of the Mackinac Bridge and many other notable bridges, and a published author. ... The Mackinac Bridge (pronounced , with a silent c), is a suspension bridge spanning the Straits of Mackinac to connect the non-contiguous Upper and Lower peninsulas of the U.S. state of Michigan. ...

The road to Tacoma's doomed bridge continued in 1937, when the Washington State legislature created the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority and appropriated $5,000 to study the request by Tacoma and Pierce County for a bridge over the Narrows. Pierce County is the second most populous county in the state of Washington. ...

From the start, financing was the issue; revenue from tolls would not be enough to cover construction costs. But there was strong support for a bridge from the U.S. Navy, which operated the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, and from the U.S. Army, which ran McChord Field and Fort Lewis in Tacoma. USN redirects here. ... Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (PSNS) is a United States Navy shipyard covering 179 acres (0. ... Sinclair Inlet and Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (left), Dyes Inlet (middle distance) and Manette and Warren Avenue Bridges (left to right) across Port Washington Narrows Bremerton is a city in Kitsap County, Washington, USA. The population was 37,259 at the 2000 census. ... The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... McChord Air Force Base (IATA: TCM, ICAO: KTCM) is a United States Air Force base in Pierce County, Washington. ... Fort Lewis is a census-designated place and U.S. Army post located in Pierce County, Washington. ...

Washington State engineer Clark Eldridge came up with a preliminary, "tried and true conventional bridge design," and the toll bridge authority requested $11 million from the federal Public Works Administration (PWA). But, according to Eldridge, prominent "Eastern consulting engineers" — led by New York engineer Leon Moisseiff — petitioned the PWA to build the bridge for less. The Public Works Administration of 1933 (PWA) was a part of the first New Deal agency that made contracts with private firms for construction of public works. ... Leon Moisseiff was an American architect primarily notable for having inadequately designed the Tacoma Narrows Bridge across Puget Sound. ...

Preliminary construction plans had called for 25-foot-deep (7.6 m) girders to sit beneath the roadway and stiffen it. Moisseiff, respected designer of the famed Golden Gate Bridge, proposed shallower supports — girders 8 feet (2.4 m) deep. His approach meant a slimmer, more elegant design and reduced construction costs. Moisseiff's design won out. On June 23, 1938, the PWA approved nearly $6 million for the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Another $1.6 million was to be collected from tolls to cover the total $8 million cost. The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening into the San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean. ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The decision to use the shallower girders proved to be the first bridge's undoing. With the 8 foot (2.42 m) girders, the roadbed was insufficiently rigid and was easily moved about by winds. From the start, the bridge became notorious for its movement. A mild to moderate wind could cause alternate halves of the center span to visibly rise and fall several feet over 4 to 5 second intervals. This led to the bridge being referred to as "Galloping Gertie" by the local residents, due to the apparent "galloping" motion felt by the drivers on the roadway.

Collapse

The wind-induced collapse occurred on November 7, 1940 at 11:00 AM(Pacific time), due partially to a physical phenomenon known as mechanical resonance. ^[4] is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mechanical Resonance is the debut album by the American rock band Tesla. ...

From the account of Leonard Coatsworth, a driver who narrowly managed to escape the bridge before the collapse:

No human life was lost in the collapse of the bridge, though Coatsworth's cocker spaniel named "Tubby" was lost along with his car in the collapse. Theodore von Kármán, director of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory and world-renowned aerodynamicist, was a member of the board of inquiry into the collapse.^[5] He reported that the State of Washington was unable to collect on one of the insurance policies for the bridge, because its insurance agent fraudulently pocketed the insurance premiums. The agent, Hallett R. French who represented the Merchant's Fire Assurance Company, was charged with grand larceny for withholding the premiums for $800,000 worth of insurance. The bridge, however, was insured by many other policies that covered 80% of the $5.2–million structure's value. Most of these were collected without incident.^[6] Theodore von KÃ¡rmÃ¡n (SzÅ‘llÅ‘skislaki KÃ¡rmÃ¡n TÃ³dor) (May 11, 1881 â€“ May 6, 1963) was an engineer and physicist who was active primarily in the fields of aeronautics during the seminal era in the 1940s and 1950s. ... The Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT), was a research institute created in 1926, at first specializing in aeronautics research. ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ...

On November 28, 1940, the U. S. Navy's Hydrographic Office reported that the remains of the bridge were located at geographical coordinates 47°16′00″N, 122°33′00″W, at a depth of 180 feet (55 m). is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Film of collapse

The final destruction of the bridge was recorded on film by Barney Elliott, owner of a local camera shop. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse (1940) is preserved in the U.S. National Film Registry, and is still shown to engineering, architecture, and physics students as a cautionary tale.^[7] The National Film Registry is the registry of films selected by the United States National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of Congress. ... Engineering is the applied science of acquiring and applying knowledge to design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... This article is about building architecture. ... This is a discussion of a present category of science. ... A cautionary tale is a traditional story told in folklore, to warn its hearer of a danger. ...

Cause of collapse

The bridge was solidly built, with girders of carbon steel anchored in huge blocks of concrete. Preceding designs typically had open lattice beam trusses underneath the roadbed. This bridge was the first of its type to employ plate girders (pairs of deep I beams) to support the roadbed. With the earlier designs any wind would simply pass through the truss, but in the new design the wind would be diverted above and below the structure. Shortly after construction finished at the end of June (opened to traffic on July 1, 1940), it was discovered that the bridge would sway and buckle dangerously in relatively mild windy conditions for the area. This resonance was transverse, meaning the bridge buckled along its length, with the roadbed alternately raised and depressed in certain locations -- one half of the central span would rise while the other lowered. Drivers would see cars approaching from the other direction disappear into valleys which were dynamically appearing and disappearing. From this behavior, a local humorist coined the nickname "Galloping Gertie". However, the mass of the bridge was considered sufficient to keep it structurally sound. For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... This article is about the construction material. ... I-beams are beams with an I- or H-shaped cross-section. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bold text For other uses, see Wind (disambiguation). ... This article is about resonance in physics. ... A light wave is an example of a transverse wave. ...

The failure of the bridge occurred when a never-before-seen twisting mode occurred, from winds at a mild 40 MPH. This is called a torsional, rather than longitudinal, mode (see also torque) whereby when the left side of the roadway went down, the right side would rise, and vice-versa, with the centerline of the road remaining still. Specifically, it was the second torsional mode, in which the midpoint of the bridge remained motionless while the two halves of the bridge twisted in opposite directions. A physics professor proved this point by walking along the center line, unaffected by the flapping of the roadway rising and falling to each side. This vibration was due to aeroelastic flutter. Flutter occurs when a torsional disturbance in the structure increases the angle of attack of the bridge (that is, the angle between the wind and the bridge). The structure responds by twisting further. Eventually, the angle of attack increases to the point of stall, and the bridge begins to twist in the opposite direction. In the case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, this mode was negatively damped (or had positive feedback), meaning it increased in amplitude with each cycle because the wind pumped in more energy than the flexing of the structure dissipated. Eventually, the amplitude of the motion increased beyond the strength of a vital part, in this case the suspender cables. Once several cables failed, the weight of the deck transferred to the adjacent cables which broke in turn until almost all of the central deck fell into the water below the span. Look up torsion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Torque applied via an adjustable end wrench Relationship between force, torque, and momentum vectors in a rotating system In physics, torque (or often called a moment) can informally be thought of as rotational force or angular force which causes a change in rotational motion. ... Aeroelasticity is the science which studies the interaction among inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces. ... Flutter: In electronics, rapid variation of signal parameters, such as amplitude, phase, and frequency. ... In this diagram, the black arrow represents the direction of the wind. ... In aerodynamics, a stall is a condition in which an excessive angle of attack causes loss of lift due to disruption of airflow. ... Positive feedback is a feedback system in which the system responds to the perturbation in the same direction as the perturbation (It is sometimes referred to as cumulative causation). ...

The bridge's spectacular self-destruction is often used as an object lesson in the necessity to consider both aerodynamics and resonance effects in civil and structural engineering. However the effect that caused the destruction of the bridge should not be confused with forced resonance (as from the periodic motion induced by a group of soldiers marching in step across a bridge).^[8] In the case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, there was no periodic disturbance. The wind was steady at 42 mph (67 km/h). The frequency of the destructive mode, 0.2 Hz, was neither a natural mode of the isolated structure nor the frequency of blunt-body vortex shedding of the bridge at that wind speed. The event can only be understood while considering the coupled aerodynamic and structural system which requires rigorous mathematical analysis to reveal all the degrees of freedom of the particular structure and the set of design loads imposed. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about resonance in physics. ... Look up Civil in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The word Civil is derived from the Latin word civilis, from civis (citizen). Used as an adjective, it may describe several fields, concepts, and people: Civil death Civil defense Civil disobedience Civil engineering Civil law Civil liberties Civil libertarianism Civil marriage Civil... Taipei 101, the worlds tallest building as of 2004. ... This article is about a military rank. ... Lockstep in the Auburn Prison, c. ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... This article is about the SI unit of frequency. ... Vortex shedding is an unsteady flow that takes place in special flow velocities (according to the size and shape of the cylindrical body). ...

In 1943, New York City's similarly slim Whitestone Bridge was retrofitted with 14-foot stiffening side-trusses and stay-cables to reduce oscillations. The side trusses were removed in 2001 and replaced with hydraulic dampers to stabilize the deck. Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Aerial view of the Bronx Whitestone Bridge The Bronx Whitestone Bridge, colloquially referred to as the Whitestone Bridge, is a suspension bridge that crosses the East River and connects the boroughs of Queens and The Bronx. ... Look up damper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Tubby the dog

Tubby, a cocker spaniel dog, was the only fatality of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster. Leonard Coatsworth, a Tacoma News Tribune photographer, was driving with the dog over the bridge when it started to vibrate violently. Coatsworth was forced to flee his car, leaving Tubby behind. Professor Farquharson^[9] and another man attempted to rescue Tubby, but the dog was too terrified to leave the car and bit one of the rescuers. Tubby died when the bridge fell, and neither his body nor the car were ever recovered.^[10] Coatsworth had been driving Tubby back to his daughter, who owned the dog. Cocker Spaniel refers to two different breeds of dogs, both of which are commonly called simply Cocker Spaniel in their countries of origin: They are hunter dogs. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... The News Tribune is a newspaper in Tacoma, Washington. ...

Coatsworth received US $364.40 in reimbursement for the contents of his car, including Tubby. In 1975, Coatsworth's wife claimed that Tubby only had three legs and was paralyzed.^[10]

References

^ Holstine, Craig E. (2005). Spanning Washington : historic highway bridges of the Evergreen State. Washington State University Press, 61-62. ISBN 0-87422-281-8.
^ Beekman, Dan and Santos, Melissa; "First traffic crosses new bridge"; The News Tribune; July 16, 2007
^ Carson, Rob; "It's open: Sneakers, paws, stroller wheels create first traffic jam"; The News Tribune; July 16, 2007
^ "Big Tacoma Bridge Crashes 190 Feet into Puget Sound. Narrows Span, Third Longest Of Type In World, Collapses In Wind. 4 Escape Death.", New York Times, November 8, 1940, Friday. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. “Cracking in a forty-two-mile an hour wind, the $6,400,000 Tacoma narrows Bridge collapsed with a roar today and plunged into the waters of Puget Sound, 190 feet below.”
^ Halacy, Jr., D. S. (1965). Father of Supersonic Flight: Theodor von Kármán, pp. 119-122.
^ Tacoma Narrows Bridge. University of Washington Special Collections. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
^ Weird Facts. Tacoma Narrows Bridge History. Washington State Department of Transportation. “"The effects of Galloping Gertie's fall lasted long after the catastrophe. Clark Eldridge, who accepted some of the blame for the bridge's failure, learned this first-hand. In late 1941 Eldridge was working for the U.S. Navy on Guam when the United States entered World War II. Soon, the Japanese captured Eldridge. He spent the remainder of the war (three years and nine months) in a prisoner of war camp in Japan. To his amazement, one day a Japanese officer, who had once been a student in America, recognized the bridge engineer. He walked up to Eldridge and said bluntly, 'Tacoma Bridge!'"”
^ Billah, K.; R. Scanlan (1991). "Resonance, Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure, and Undergraduate Physics Textbooks" (PDF). American Journal of Physics 59 (2): 118–124.
^ Professor's Analysis. Tacoma Narrows Bridge History. WDOT.
^ ^a ^b Tubby Trivia. Tacoma Narrows Bridge History. Washington State Department of Transportation.

The Tacoma News Tribune is a newspaper in Tacoma, Washington. ... The Tacoma News Tribune is a newspaper in Tacoma, Washington. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Clark Elridge was one of the engineers who designed the 1st Tacoma Narrows Bridge. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...

External links

Categories: Suspension bridges | Bridges in Washington | North Tacoma, Washington | Tacoma, Washington | Bridge disasters | Engineering failures | United States National Film Registry | 1940 films | Bridges completed in 1940 | Bridges completed in 1950 | Bridges completed in 2007 | Transportation disasters in the United States | Black and white films | Disasters in Washington | Toll roads Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Structurae is an on-line database containing works of structural and civil engineering of all kinds such as Bridges, High-rise buildings, towers, dams, etc. ... Structurae is an on-line database containing works of structural and civil engineering of all kinds such as Bridges, High-rise buildings, towers, dams, etc. ... Structurae is an on-line database containing works of structural and civil engineering of all kinds such as Bridges, High-rise buildings, towers, dams, etc. ... The logo of Internet Archive The Internet Archive (IA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line library and archive of Web and multimedia resources. ... The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) is Canadas leading organization for scientific research and development. ... The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) is Canadas leading organization for scientific research and development. ... The Tacoma News Tribune is a newspaper in Tacoma, Washington. ... Kitsap Sun, Bremerton, WA The Bremerton Washington Kitsap Sun is a newspaper in Bremerton, Washington that covers general news. ... is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Seattle Times is the leading daily newspaper in Seattle, Washington, United States. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents