NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Taiwanese localization movement

The Taiwanese localization movement ({Traditional Chinese: 臺灣本土化運動; Simplified Chinese: 台湾本土化运动; pinyin: Táiwān běntǔhuà yùndòng; Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân pún-thó͘-hòa ūn-tōng) is a political term used within Taiwan to emphasize the importance of Taiwan's culture rather than to regard Taiwan as solely an appendage of China. This involves the teaching of history of Taiwan, geography, and culture from a local perspective, as well as promoting languages locally established in Taiwan, including Hoklo, Hakka, and aboriginal languages. Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... PeÌh-oÄ“-jÄ« (POJ) (Chinese: ç™½è©±å—; pinyin: ) is an orthography in the Latin alphabet created and introduced to Taiwan by Presbyterian missionaries in the 19th century. ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ... This article discusses the history of Taiwan (including the Pescadores). ... Bunun dancer in traditional aboriginal dress. ... The Hoklo (Chinese: ç¦ä½¬, æ²³æ´›, é¶´ä½¬; Hanyu Pinyin: ; POJ: HÅ-lÃ³; native pronunciation /Holo/) are an ethnic-cultural group originating in southeast China (Fujian province), and now form a sizeable diaspora, particularly in such places as Taiwan and Malaysia A slang term in Hong Kong (å¸ä½¬, é¶´ä½¬) for Hokkien-speaking people, or those with Hokkien... Hakka is one language in the family of languages known as Chinese. ... The Formosan languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken 2% of the population of Taiwan, almost exclusively aboriginals. ...

Originally part of the Taiwan independence movement, its aims are now endorsed by some supporters of Chinese reunification on Taiwan. In its rejection of a monolithic, officially-sponsored Han Chinese identity in favor of one rooted in local culture, it bears some resemblance to the Xungen movement in mainland China. Taiwan independence (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: , PeÌh-oÄ“-jÄ«: TÃ¢i-oÃ¢n ToÌk-liÌp Å«n-tÅng; abbreviated to å°ç¨, TÃ¡idÃº, TÃ¢i-toÌk) is a political movement whose goal is primarily to create an independent and sovereign Republic of Taiwan out of the... Chinese (re)unification (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to the reunification of all of Greater China under a single political entity. ... Languages Chinese languages Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... The Xungen movement (寻根 Pinyin: xún gēn), or Searching for Roots, is a cultural and literary movement on Mainland China that began in the late-1980s and involves an emphasis on local and minority cultures. ... ...

Effects

The localization movement has been expressed in forms such as the use of dialect in the broadcast media and entire channels devoted to aboriginal and Hakka affairs. A dialect (from the Greek word Î´Î¹Î¬Î»ÎµÎºÏ„Î¿Ï‚, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ... Total population 2006: 458,000 (CIP 2006) 2004: 454,600 (CIP 2004) Homelands in Taiwan Mountainous terrain running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island Narrow eastern plains Orchid Island (LÃ¡n YÇ”) Languages 14 living Formosan languages. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Textbooks have been rewritten by scholars to more prominently emphasize Taiwan. The political compromise that has been reached is to teach both the history of Taiwan and the history of mainland China. Three textbooks. ...

Some locally-owned companies or organisations established in earlier times have names containing the words "China" or "Chinese". They have been encouraged in recent years to change the word "China" in their names to "Taiwan" as an act of localization. This campaign for changing the names is known as "the Campaign for the Correction of Names" or "Taiwan Name Rectification" (Traditional Chinese: 正名運動; Simplified Chinese: 正名运动; pinyin: zhèngmíng yùndòng). Many Taiwan-based companies in international sectors already identify themselves as "Taiwan"-based for clarity's sake. This keeps international customers from confusing them with a China-based enterprise. Other Taiwan-based companies decline to change to a "localized" name because of expense or the political views held by important clients and company leaders. Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ...

History and development

The roots of the localization movement began during the Japanese occupation on Taiwan from 1895 to 1945, when groups organized to lobby the Imperial Japanese government for greater Taiwanese autonomy and home rule. Before the Kuomintang (KMT) entirely retreated to Taiwan, the Taiwan home-rule groups were decimated in the wake of the 228 Incident of 1947. The Kuomintang viewed Taiwan primarily as a base to retake the mainland and quickly tried to subdue potential political opposition on the island. The Kuomintang did little to promote a local identity; often mainlanders working in administrative positions lived in neighborhoods where they were segregated from the Taiwanese. Others, especially poorer refugees, were shunned by the Hoklo Taiwanese and lived among aborigines instead. The mainlanders often learned the Taiwanese language. However, since Mandarin was enforced as the official language of the Republic of China and Taiwanese was not allowed to be spoken in schools, the mainlanders who learned Taiwanese found their new language skills to diminish. As Taiwanese, or any language other than Mandarin, was forbidden in the military posts, many mainlanders whose family lived in martial villages only spoke Mandarin and perhaps their home language (e.g. Cantonese). The promotion of Chinese nationalism within Taiwan and the fact that the ruling group on Taiwan were considered outsiders by some were the reasons cited for both the Taiwan independence movement and localization. Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... The ensign of Imperial Japanese Navy was a prominent symbol of Imperial Japan. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... The 228 Monument located near the Presidential Office in Taipei The 228 Incident (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Peh-Åe-jÄ«: JÄ«-jÄ«-pat sÅ«-kiÄâ¿) also known as the 228 Massacre (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) was an uprising in Taiwan that began on February 28, 1947 and was suppressed by the... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mainlander is still an incorrect usage or misnomer promoted by mostly KMT Chinese and older folks in Taiwan because it still implied Taiwan as a providence to China even though Taiwan is never a territory claim of ROC charter. ... The May Fourth Movement in 1919 marked a turning point in the history of Chinese nationalism. ... Taiwan independence (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: , PeÌh-oÄ“-jÄ«: TÃ¢i-oÃ¢n ToÌk-liÌp Å«n-tÅng; abbreviated to å°ç¨, TÃ¡idÃº, TÃ¢i-toÌk) is a political movement whose goal is primarily to create an independent and sovereign Republic of Taiwan out of the...

In the 1970s and 1980s there was a shift in power away from mainlanders to local Taiwanese. This, combined with cultural liberalization and the increasing remoteness of the possibility of retaking the mainland, led to a cultural and political movement which emphasized a Taiwan-centered view of history and culture rather than one which was China-centered or even, as before 1946, Japan-centered. Localization was strongly supported by President Lee Teng-hui. Lee Teng-hui (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) born January 15, 1923) is a politician of Taiwan. ...

The Bentuhua or localization/indigenization movement was sparked in the mid-1970’s with the growing expression of ethnic discontent due to unequal distribution of political and cultural power between mainlanders and local Taiwanese people. Beginning in the 1960’s, Taiwan was enveloped by the problems of rapid industrial development, rural abandonment, labor disputes and the uneven distribution of access to wealth and social power. These changes, combined with the loss of several key allies, forced the KMT regime to institute limited reforms. The reforms permitted under Chiang Ching-kuo allowed indigenization to increase as leading dissidents generated a response to the government’s failures. The dissident groups, united under the “dangwai”, or “outside the party” banner, called for the government to accept the reality that it was only the government of Taiwan and not China. The key demands of the "dangwai" involved instituting democracy and seeking international recognition as a sovereign state. Taiwanese demanded full civil rights as guaranteed under the R.O.C. constitution and equal political rights as those experienced by the Mainlander elite. This article is about the history, geography, and people of the island known as Taiwan. ...

The Taiwanese cultural elite fully promoted the development of Xiang tu literature and cultural activities, including rediscovering Taiwanese nativist literature written under Japanese colonial rule. The dangwai movement revived symbols of Taiwanese resistance to Japanese colonial rule in the effort to mobilize ethnic Taiwanese. The opposition to the KMT’s China-centered cultural policies resulted in dissidents crafting new national-historical narratives that placed the island of Taiwan itself at the center of the island's history. The Taiwanese emerged as a frequently colonized and often oppressed people. The concept of bentuhua was finally expressed in the cultural domain in the premise of Taiwan as a place with a unique society, culture and history. This principle has been largely adopted for understanding Taiwan’s cultural representation and expressed in a variety of cultural activities, including music, film and the literary and performing arts. The Taiwanese literature movement (also Taiwan literature movement, Nativist literature movement) refers to the effort of authors, poets, dramatists, musicians, and publishers in Taiwan to establish recognition of a distinctly Taiwanese body of literature. ...

The pressures of indigenization and the growing acceptance of a unique Taiwanese cultural identity have met opposition from more conservative elements of Taiwan society. Critics argue that the new perspective creates a “false” identity rooted in ethnic nationalism as opposed to an “authentic” Chinese identity, which is primordial and inherent. Many mainlanders complain that their own culture is marginalized by bentuhua. Many initially expressed fear of facing growing alienation in their own land. In the past decade these complaints have subsided somewhat as Taiwan increasingly views itself as a pluralistic society that embraces many cultures and recognizes the rights of all citizens.

In the mid-to-late 1990s the gestures of localization were increasingly adopted by pro-unification figures who, while supporting the Chinese nationalism of Chiang Kai-shek, saw it as appropriate, or at least advisable, to display more appreciation for island cultures. Pro-unification politicians such as James Soong, the former head of the Government Information Office who once oversaw the limitation of local dialects, began speaking in Hoklo on semi-formal occasions. Taipei mayor Ma Ying-jeou, a mainland native and then chairman of the KMT, used Taiwanese for a portion of his address at the 2-28 Peace Park on 2005-02-28. Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 â€“ April 5, 1975) was the Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... China Pig Ma Ying-Jeou (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ma Ying-chiu) (born July 13, 1950 in Hong Kong, China) is a politician in the Republic of Taiwan (Taiwan), a former Justice Minister, former Mayor of Taipei, and former Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT... See alternative meanings for other possible definitions. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Support and opposition

Significant outcries surfaced both within Taiwan and abroad opposing the concept of Taiwan localization in the early years after President Chiang Ching-kuo's death, denouncing it as the "independent Taiwan movement" (Chinese: 獨台運動). Vocal opponents are primarily the 1949-generation Mainlanders, or older generations of Mainlanders living on Taiwan that had spent their formative years and adulthood on the pre-1949 mainland Republic of China, and native Taiwanese who identify with a pan-Han Chinese cultural identity. They included people ranging from academics like Chien Mu, reputed to be the last prominent Chinese intellectual opposing the conventional wisdom take on the May Fourth Movement, politicians like Lien Chan, from a family with a long history of active pan-Chinese patriotism despite being native Taiwanese, to gang mobsters like Chang An-le, a leader of the notorious United Bamboo Gang. Chiang Ching-kuo (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: JiÇŽng JÄ«ngguÃ³; Wade-Giles: Chiang Ching-kuo) (April 271, 1910 â€“ January 13, 1988), Kuomintang (KMT) politician and leader, was the son of President Chiang Kai-shek and held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China (from... Conventional wisdom is a term coined by the economist John Kenneth Galbraith, used to describe certain ideas or explanations that are generally accepted as true by the public. ... Students in Beijing rallied during the May Fourth Movement. ... Dr. Lien Chan Lien Chan (é€£æˆ°, in pinyin: LiÃ¡n ZhÃ n) (born August 27, 1936, in Xian) is a Taiwanese politician. ... The United Bamboo Gang (ç«¹è¯å¹«, or Chu Lien Pang) is a triad society based in Taiwan. ...

The opposing voices were subsequently confined to the fringe in the mid 2000s Taiwan itself. Issues persist, particularly supporters of the Pan-Blue coalition, which advocates retaining a strong link to mainland China, dispute over such issues as what histories to teach. Nonetheless both of the two major political forces in Taiwan reached a consensus, and the movement has overwhelming support among the population. This is in part due to the 1949-generation Mainlanders have gradually passed on the scene, and politicians supporting and opposing the Taiwanese independence movement both realize a majority of Taiwan's current residents, either because they are born in Taiwan to Mainlander parents with no collective memories of the ancestral homes, or they are native Taiwanese thus feeling no historical connotations with the entire pre-1949 Republic of China on the mainland, support the movement as such. The Pan-Blue Coalition (Traditional Chinese: æ³›è—è¯ç›Ÿ; Simplified Chinese: æ³›è“è”ç›Ÿ; Hanyu Pinyin: ), or Pan-Blue Force (Traditional Chinese: æ³›è—è»; Simplified Chinese: æ³›è“å†›; Hanyu Pinyin: ), is a political coalition in Taiwan, consisting of the Kuomintang (KMT), the People First Party (PFP), and the smaller New Party (CNP). ...

On the mainland, the PRC government has on the surface adopted a neutral policy on Taiwanese localization movement and its highest level leaders publicly proclaim it does not consider the localization movement to be either a violation of its One China Policy or equivalent to the independence movement. Nonetheless, the state-owned media and academics employed by organizations such as universities' Institutes of Taiwan Studies or the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) periodically release study results, academic journal articles, or editorials denouncing the movement as "the cultural arm of Taiwanese independence movement" (Chinese: 文化台獨) with the government's tacit approval, showing the PRC government's opposition stance towards Taiwanese localization in truth. PRC is a common abbreviation for: Peoples Republic of China Palestinian Red Crescent Popular Resistance Committees This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The One-China policy (Chinese: 一個中國) is the principle that there is one China and both mainland China and Taiwan are part of that China. ... The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½ç¤¾ä¼šç§‘å¦é™¢; Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹ç¤¾æœƒç§‘å¸é™¢; pinyin: ZhÅngguÃ³ ShÃ¨huÃ¬ KÄ“xuÃ©yuÃ n) is the national academy of the Peoples Republic of China for the social sciences. ...

Nowadays another front of significant opposition to the Taiwan localization movement remains in the overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia and the Western world, who identify more with the historic pre-1949 mainland Republic of China or pre-localization movement ROC on Taiwan that oriented itself as the rump legitimate government of China. A great many number are themselves refugees and dissidents which fled mainland China, either directly or through Hong Kong or Taiwan, during the founding of the People's Republic of China and the subsequent periods of destructive policies such as the Land Reform, the Anti-Rightist movement, Great Leap Forward, or the Cultural Revolution, Hong Kong anti-Communist immigrants who fled Hong Kong in light of the Handover to the PRC in 1997, or Mainlanders living in Taiwan who moved to the West in response to the Taiwanese localization movement. Conversely, the current population of Taiwan regard these overseas Chinese as foreigners akin to Singaporean Chinese, as opposed to pre-Taiwan localization era where they were regarded as fellow Chinese compatriots. The PRC has capitalized on this window of opportunity in making overtures to the traditionally anti-Communist overseas Chinese communities, including gestures in supporting traditional Chinese culture and dumping explicitly Communist tones in overseas communications. This results in a decline of active political opposition to the PRC from overseas Chinese when compared with the times before Taiwanese localization movement in Taiwan. Languages various Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... -1... The Great Leap Forward (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social plan used from 1958 to 1960 which aimed to use Chinas vast population to rapidly transform mainland China from a primarily agrarian economy dominated by peasant farmers... The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution [1] in the Peoples Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into wide-scale social, political, and economic chaos, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the entire country to...

In Hong Kong, Taiwanese localization movements have pushed localization or pro-Chinese Communist tilts among the traditionally pro-Republic of China individuals and organizations. An prominent example is Chu Hai College, which the Hong Kong SAR government officially recognized its academic degree programmes in May 2004, and registered as an "Approved Post-secondary College" with the Hong Kong SAR government since July of the same year. It has since been renamed the Chu Hai College of Higher Education (珠海學院) and no longer registered with the Republic of China's Ministry of Education. New students from 2004 have been awarded degrees in the right of Hong Kong rather than Taiwan. Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Relations with the rest of Taiwanese politics

Even though it is a broad consensus currently regarding the overall ideology of Taiwan localization, there are still deep disputes over practical policies between the three main political groups of Taiwan independence, Chinese reunification and supporters of Chinese culture. Pro-independence supporters argue that Taiwan is and should be enhancing an identity which is separate from the Chinese one, and in more extreme cases advocates the removal of Chinese "imprints". Meanwhile, some would argue that Taiwan should create a distinctive identity that either exists within a broader Chinese one or link strongly back to the original Chinese one. Those who support Chinese reunification call for a policy of enhancing the Chinese identity. Groups that support Chinese reunification and Chinese nationalism have emphasized the distinction between localization and what some perceive as desinicization and argued that they do not oppose the promotion of a Taiwanese identity, but rather oppose the use of that identity to separate itself from a broader Chinese one. On the other hand, a few apolitical groups have pointed out that most of the political factions merely use these points to win support for elections. Taiwan independence (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: , PeÌh-oÄ“-jÄ«: TÃ¢i-oÃ¢n ToÌk-liÌp Å«n-tÅng; abbreviated to å°ç¨, TÃ¡idÃº, TÃ¢i-toÌk) is a political movement whose goal is primarily to create an independent and sovereign Republic of Taiwan out of the... Chinese (re)unification (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to the reunification of all of Greater China under a single political entity. ... Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ... Chinese (re)unification (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to the reunification of all of Greater China under a single political entity. ... The May Fourth Movement in 1919 marked a turning point in the history of Chinese nationalism. ... Desinicization (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , de + sinicization, meaning to get rid of the Chinese influence) is a term which appeared in the political vocabulary of the Republic of China on Taiwan in 2001 . ...

Categories: Articles lacking sources from May 2007 | All articles lacking sources | Articles to be merged since September 2007 | Taiwan | Taiwan independence movement Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... The Republic of China (ROC) currently has jurisdiction over Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores Islands (Penghu) and several smaller islands. ... The Constitution of the Republic of China (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: JhongHuÃ¡ MÃnGuÃ³ SiÃ nFÇŽ) is currently the basic governing document for the areas controlled by the Republic of China (ROC) , namely all of Taiwan Province, Taipei and Kaohsiung municipalities, and Kinmen county and part of... Sun Yat-sen, who developed the Three Principles of the People. ... The Presidential Building is located in Zhongzheng District, Taipei City. ... The Office of the President of the Republic of China, located in Zhongzheng District, Taipei City, also houses the office of the Vice President. ... The President of the Executive Yuan (è¡Œæ”¿é™¢é•·), colloquially referred to as the Premier (é–£æ†), is the head of the Executive Yuan, the executive branch of the Republic of China, which currently administers Taiwan. ... The Executive Yuan (行政院; literally executive court) is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of China. ... The Legislative Yuan building in Zhongzheng District, Taipei City (the view is partially obscured by the childrens hospital building of the National Taiwan University Hospital). ... The Judicial Yuan is located directly east of the Presidential Office in Zhongzheng District, Taipei City. ... The Control Yuan building The Control Yuan main entrance The Control Yuan (ç›£å¯Ÿé™¢; pinyin: JiÄnchÃ¡ YÃ¹an), one of five branches of the Republic of China government in Taipei, is a watchdog agency that monitors (controls) the government. ... The Examination Yuan (考試院) is one of five government branches of the Republic of China and is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants. ... Political parties in Taiwan lists political parties in Taiwan (Republic of China). ... Elections in the Republic of China gives information on election and election results in the Republic of China (with effective control over Taiwan, Quemoy, Matsu and some islands in the South China Sea since 1949). ... Taiwan Strait area The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, including the Pescadores (Penghu), should remain the effective territory of the Republic of China (ROC), become unified with the territories now governed by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), or become the Republic of... The legal question of which legal entity holds de jure sovereignty over Taiwan is a controversial issue. ... Chinese (re)unification (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to the reunification of all of Greater China under a single political entity. ... Taiwan independence (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: , PeÌh-oÄ“-jÄ«: TÃ¢i-oÃ¢n ToÌk-liÌp Å«n-tÅng; abbreviated to å°ç¨, TÃ¡idÃº, TÃ¢i-toÌk) is a political movement whose goal is primarily to create an independent and sovereign Republic of Taiwan out of the...

Contents

History and development

Support and opposition

Relations with the rest of Taiwanese politics