Tallboy bomb
Tallboy relic
Type	conventional
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	June 8, 1944 - April 25, 1945
Used by	No. 617 Squadron RAF
Wars	World War II
Production history
Designer	Barnes Wallis
Manufacturer	Vickers
Number built	854[1]
Specifications
Weight	5,443 kg (12,000 lb)
Length	6.35 m (21 ft)
Diameter	950 mm (38 in)
Filling	Torpex D1
Filling weight	2,358 kg (5,200 lb)

The Tallboy was an Earth quake bomb developed by Barnes Wallis and brought into operation by the British in 1944. It weighed five tons and, carried by the Avro Lancaster bomber, was effective against concrete structures against which earlier, smaller bombs had proved ineffective. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (390x1024, 42 KB) This picture may have usage restrictions - Tall Boy Bombe Source:Own picture File links The following pages link to this file: Tallboy bomb ... The Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) bomb produced in the United States. ... For the video game see The Dam Busters (video game) No. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Sir Barnes Neville Wallis Sir Barnes Neville Wallis, CBE, FRS, RDI, commonly known as Barnes Wallis, (September 26, 1887 – October 30, 1979) was an English scientist, engineer and inventor. ... Vickers was a famous name in British engineering that existed through many companies from 1828 until 2004. ... Torpex is a secondary explosive 50% more powerful than TNT by weight. ... The earth quake bomb concept was invented by Barnes Wallis before the Second World War. ... Sir Barnes Neville Wallis Sir Barnes Neville Wallis, CBE, FRS, RDI, commonly known as Barnes Wallis, (September 26, 1887 – October 30, 1979) was an English scientist, engineer and inventor. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1944: Events January January 11 - in one of the largest air raids to date, 570 USAAF bombers strike Brunswick, Halberstadt, and Oschersleben. ... A long ton is the name used in the US for the unit called the ton in the avoirdupois or Imperial system of measurements, as used (alongside the metric system) in the United Kingdom and to some extent in other Commonwealth countries. ... The Avro Lancaster was a British four-engine Second World War bomber aircraft made initially by Avro for the British Royal Air Force (RAF). ...

History

The British aeronautical engineer Barnes Wallis presented his ideas for a 10 ton bomb in his 1941 paper A Note on a Method of Attacking the Axis Powers, which showed a very large bomb exploded deep underground beside a target would transmit shock into the foundations of the target, particularly since the shockwaves transmitted though the ground are less attenuated than through air. Barnes Wallis designed the "Victory Bomber" of 50 tons which would fly at 320 mph at 45,000 feet to carry the heavy bomb over 4,000 miles, but the Air Ministry were against a single bomb bomber and the idea was not pursued beyond 1942. Following Wallis's 1942 paper Spherical Bomb — Surface Torpedo and the design of the "bouncing bomb" for the Dam Busters of Operation Chastise, the actual design and production of Tallboy was done without a contract on the initiative of a single official within the Ministry. As such the RAF were using bombs they had not bought and which were actually still the property of the manufacturers; Vickers. This situation was regularised once their capabilities were recognised. The Victory Bomber was a design by Barnes Wallis for a bomber that could carry a single large earthquake bomb. ... The bouncing bomb was a kind of bomb designed by Barnes Wallis of Vickers-Armstrong at Brooklands, Surrey. ... For the video game see The Dam Busters (video game) No. ... Operation Chastise was the official name for the attacks on German dams on May 17, 1943 in World War II using a specially developed bouncing bomb. The attack was carried out by Royal Air Force No. ... Vickers was a famous name in British engineering that existed through many companies from 1828 until 2004. ...

Amongst many spectacular accomplishments by the Tallboy, the June 24, 1944 Operation Crossbow attack on the La Coupole (along with Grand Slam bombing) undermined the foundations. A Tallboy of the June 8/9, 1944 Saumur tunnel attack passed straight through the hill and exploded right inside the tunnel 60 feet below the surface.^[2] June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 190 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Similar to Operation Pointblank against the WWII German aircraft industry, Operation Crossbow specialized in offensive and defensive countermeasures against the Bodyline[1] and Peenemünde 20,[2] the British code names for the 40 ft x 7 ft object with blunt nose and three fins and the small winged aircraft... La Coupole (The Cupola) is the name of a Second World War V-2 rocket base constructed by Nazi Germany at Wizernes, south west of the French town of Saint-Omer, between Lille and Calais. ... A British 22,000 lb (10,000 kg) Grand Slam bomb The Grand Slam (Earth Quake bomb), was a very large freefall bomb developed by the British aeronautical engineer Barnes Wallis (who also made the bouncing bomb) in late 1944. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Saumur is a small city and commune in the Maine-et-Loire département of France on the Loire River, with an approximate population of 30,000 (in 2001). ...

Design

Most large Allied World War II aircraft bombs had very thin skins to maximise the weight of explosive which a bomber could carry — this was an improvement on the early part of the war when the actual HE content of British bomb designs was low. To be able to penetrate the earth (or hardened targets) without breaking apart, the casing of the Tallboy had to be strong. Each was cast in one piece of high tensile steel that would enable it to survive the impact before detonation. At the same time to achieve the penetration required, Wallis designed the Tallboy to be very aerodynamic so that when dropped from a great height it would reach a velocity higher than traditional bomb designs. In the final design the tail of the bomb was about half the overall length of the finished weapon — the bomb casing was some 10 feet (3.05 m) of the overall 21 foot (6.35 m) length. Initially the bomb had a tendency to tumble, so the tail was modified — the fins were given a slight twist so that the bomb spun as it fell. The gyroscopic effect thus generated stopped the pitching and yawing, improved the aerodynamics and improved accuracy. The improved design worked so well that it was found in development that it passed through the sound barrier as it fell. When dropped from 20,000 ft (6,100 m) it made an 80 ft (24 m) deep crater 100 ft (30 m) across and could go through 16 ft (4.88 m) of concrete.^[1] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows, first analysed by George Cayley in the 1800s. ... U.S. Navy F/A-18 at transonic speed. ...

W. J. Lawrence wrote about the Tallboy bomb in his book, No 5 Bomber Group^[3]

It was an extraordinary weapon, an apparent contradiction in terms, since it had at one and the same time the explosive force of a large high-capacity blast bomb and the penetrating power of an armour-piercing bomb. On the ground it was capable of displacing a million cubic feet (29,000 m³) of earth and made a crater which it would have taken 5,000 tons of earth to fill. It was ballistically perfect and in consequence had a very high terminal velocity, variously estimated at 3,600 and 3,700 feet per second (1,100–1,130 m/s or about 2,500 mph), which was, of course, a good deal faster than sound so that, as with the V-2 rocket, the noise of its fall would be heard after that of the explosion. The Vergeltungswaffe 2 (V-2) (Reprisal weapon 2 Propaganda name given by Joseph Goebbels) , also known, in the Development Process as the A4 (Aggregat 1-4), was the first and till date has the most lethal combat record of any ballistic missile. ...

The weight of the Tallboy (approximately 12,000 lb) and the high altitude required of the bombing aircraft meant that the Lancaster bombers used had to be specially adapted. Armour plating and even defensive armament were removed to reduce weight and the bomb-bay doors had to be adapted. Even then the Lancaster was not capable of reaching the bomb's intended dropping height of 40,000 ft (12,200 m) but only around 25,000 (7,700 m). At the same time No. 617 "Dambusters" Squadron trained in the use of a special bombsight the Stabilizing Automatic Bomb Sight (SABS). For accuracy multiple corrections had to be made for temperature, windspeed etc. However it was only effective if the target could be identified and several missions were cancelled or unsuccessful because of difficulty in accurately identifying and marking the targets. The Avro Lancaster was a British four-engine Second World War bomber aircraft made initially by Avro for the British Royal Air Force (RAF). ... For the video game see The Dam Busters (video game) No. ... The Stabilizing Automatic Bomb Sight (SABS) was an improved precision bomb sight introduced into operational service by the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1943 during World War II. SABS was used operationally for the first time by No. ...

Each bomb was a precision-built instrument of war made from expensive materials and carefully finished. They were not considered expendable and if not used on a raid were to be brought back to base rather than safely dropped in the sea.^[4] The value of the weapon offset the additional risk to the aircrew.

The Tallboy was used to attack strategic targets that could not be destroyed by other means. When it was found that the Lancaster could be modified to carry a bomb larger than the Tallboy, Wallis produced the even larger Grand Slam bomb. A British 22,000 lb (10,000 kg) Grand Slam bomb The Grand Slam (Earth Quake bomb), was a very large freefall bomb developed by the British aeronautical engineer Barnes Wallis (who also made the bouncing bomb) in late 1944. ...

Tallboy operations

• Saumur rail tunnel — The sole operational north-south route on the Loire. Nineteen Tallboy equipped, and six conventionally equipped Lancasters of No. 617 Squadron, attacked on the night of 8/9 June 1944. This was the first use of the Tallboy bomb and the line was destroyed — one Tallboy bored through the hillside and exploded in the tunnel about 60 ft (18 m) below, completely blocking it. No aircraft were lost during the raid.^[2]
• E-boat pens at Le Havre and Boulogne — On 14 June 1944 as part of the first massive RAF daylight raid since the end of May 1943, 22 Lancasters of 617 Squadron attacked the concrete covered E-boat pens just before the first wave bombed. Several hits were scored on the pens and one bomb penetrated the roof.^[4] The E-boat pens at Boulogne were attacked the next day. The E-boats were targeted to prevent them attacking the Normandy invasion force.

• U-boat pens at Brest etc. — on 5 August 1944, 15 Lancasters of No. 617 Squadron attacked the U-boat pens at Brest and scored 6 direct hits with Tallboys penetrating the concrete roofs. 1 Lancaster shot down by flak. Subsequent attempts to reinforce other sites with even thicker concrete diverted resources from other projects.^[4]
• Dortmund-Ems Canal near Ladbergen, north of Munster – No. 617 Squadron scored six direct hits with Tallboys on night September 23/24 1944.^[4]
• Kembs Dam north of Basle — The dam waters could have been kept in reserve to flood the area of a US advance. On 7 October 1944, the Dambusters destroyed the lock gates with Tallboys dropped at low level releasing the stored water.^[4]
• Sorpe Dam — This target of the original Dambusters raid survived a second attack by 9 Squadron on 15 October 1944 (617 Squadron did not participate in this raid). The Tallboy bombs were seen to hit the dam but did not breach it.^[4]
• The German battleship Tirpitz operations — The Tirpitz threatened the Arctic convoys to the USSR from her base in Northern Norway which was out of bombing range from British bases. No. 617 and No. 9 squadrons carried 24 Tallboys from Yagodnik near Arkhangelsk, formerly called Archangel in English, in Russia to attack the Tirpitz on the 15 September 1944. In the face of extensive flak and smoke cover they failed to sink the ship but damaged her so extensively that she was forced to head south to Tromsø fjord to be repaired. This fjord was in range of bombers operating from Scotland. She was unsuccessfully attacked in October from Lossiemouth base. Finally on 12 November 1944, the two squadrons attacked Tirpitz again and after three direct hits she capsized and sank.^[8]
• E-boat pens at IJmuiden — On 15 December 1944 No 617 Squadron attacked the pens with Tallboys, but smoke obscured the results. Then on 3 February 1945, 36 Lancasters of No 5 Group attacked U-boat pens at Ijmuiden (No 9 Squadron) and Poortershaven (No 617 Squadron) with Tallboy bombs. It was believed that these pens, in that part of Holland still occupied by the Germans, were sheltering midget submarines. The weather was clear and hits were claimed at both targets without loss.^[4]
• Urft Dam, (30 miles south west of Cologne) was attacked, on 8 December and 11 December 1944, to prevent it being used to flood the area below as American troops advanced. The lip of the dam was damaged, but the Germans prevented further damage by lowering the water level.^[9]
• Politz — attacked by No. 617 21 December 1944 ^[10]
• U-boat pens and shipping in Bergen — attacked by No. 617 and No. 9 squadrons with Tallboys on 12 January 1945. Three penetrated the 3½-metre-thick roof causing extensive damage at the cost of three Lancasters lost.^[4]
• U-boat pens at Poortershaven — attacked by No. 617 Squadron with Tallboys on 3 February 1945 hits were claimed and no aircraft were lost.^[4]
• Bielefeld and Arnsberg viaducts — attacked by No. 617 and No. 9 squadrons with Tallboys and the first Grand Slam bomb on 14 March 1945. The Arnsberg viaduct withstood the attack but 100 m of the Bielefeld viaduct collapsed through the 'earthquake effect' of the Grand Slam and Tallboys.^[4]
• Arnsberg viaduct — attacked again on 15 March 1945 by No. 9 Squadron it did not collapse.^[4]
• Hamburg U-boat shelters — attacked on 9 April 1945 by No. 617 Squadron with Tallboys and Grand Slam bombs. Some of the bombs hit their target and no aircraft were lost.^[4]
• Pocket battleship Lützow — attacked on 16 April 1945 by No. 617 Squadron, despite intense flak 15 aircraft managed to bomb the target with Tallboys or with 1,000-pounders. One near miss with a Tallboy tore a large hole in the bottom of the Lützow and she settled to the bottom in shallow water. One Lancaster was shot down, the Squadron's last loss in the war.^[4]
• Coastal battery positions at Heligoland — attacked on 19 April 1945 by No. 617 and No. 9 squadrons armed with Tallboys. All the positions were hit and no aircraft were lost.^[4]
• Hitler's vacation home, Berghof, near Berchtesgaden — attacked on 25 April 1945 with a mixed force which included 6 Lancasters of No. 617 Squadron dropping their last Tallboys. The bombing appeared to be accurate and effective.^[4]

Saumur is a small city and commune in the Maine-et-Loire département of France on the Loire River, with an approximate population of 30,000 (in 2001). ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... E-boat is the British and American name for the German Schnellboot (S-boot), a small, fast torpedo boat a little larger than the American PT boat and the British MTB. Specification Length - 34. ... Le Havre is a city in Normandy, northern France, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Seine. ... Boulogne is the name of several communes in France: Boulogne in the Vendée département Boulogne-Billancourt, in the Hauts-de-Seine département Boulogne-sur-Mer, in the Pas_de_Calais département This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share... June 14 is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Similar to Operation Pointblank against the WWII German aircraft industry, Operation Crossbow specialized in offensive and defensive countermeasures against the Bodyline[1] and Peenemünde 20,[2] the British code names for the 40 ft x 7 ft object with blunt nose and three fins and the small winged aircraft... Similar to Operation Pointblank against the WWII German aircraft industry, Operation Crossbow specialized in offensive and defensive countermeasures against the Bodyline[1] and Peenemünde 20,[2] the British code names for the 40 ft x 7 ft object with blunt nose and three fins and the small winged aircraft... Éperlecques is a small village and commune of the Pas-de-Calais département, in northern France, north of Saint-Omer. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Similar to Operation Pointblank against the WWII German aircraft industry, Operation Crossbow specialized in offensive and defensive countermeasures against the Bodyline[1] and Peenemünde 20,[2] the British code names for the 40 ft x 7 ft object with blunt nose and three fins and the small winged aircraft... La Coupole (The Cupola) is the name of a Second World War V-2 rocket base constructed by Nazi Germany at Wizernes, south west of the French town of Saint-Omer, between Lille and Calais. ... June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 190 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Similar to Operation Pointblank against the WWII German aircraft industry, Operation Crossbow specialized in offensive and defensive countermeasures against the Bodyline[1] and Peenemünde 20,[2] the British code names for the 40 ft x 7 ft object with blunt nose and three fins and the small winged aircraft... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Similar to Operation Pointblank against the WWII German aircraft industry, Operation Crossbow specialized in offensive and defensive countermeasures against the Bodyline[1] and Peenemünde 20,[2] the British code names for the 40 ft x 7 ft object with blunt nose and three fins and the small winged aircraft... Saint-Leu-dEsserent is a small town and commune situated on the banks of the river Oise, in France. ... For the United States holiday, the Fourth of July, see Independence Day (United States). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Similar to Operation Pointblank against the WWII German aircraft industry, Operation Crossbow specialized in offensive and defensive countermeasures against the Bodyline[1] and Peenemünde 20,[2] the British code names for the 40 ft x 7 ft object with blunt nose and three fins and the small winged aircraft... Mimoyecques was a German fortification in Europe during World war 2,consisting mainly of large cement bunkers, mainly built for testing of the newly built jet propelled aircraft and small versions of the v-2 rocket. ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Similar to Operation Pointblank against the WWII German aircraft industry, Operation Crossbow specialized in offensive and defensive countermeasures against the Bodyline[1] and Peenemünde 20,[2] the British code names for the 40 ft x 7 ft object with blunt nose and three fins and the small winged aircraft... Saint-Leu-dEsserent is a small town and commune situated on the banks of the river Oise, in France. ... July 24 is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... U-boat is also a nickname for some diesel locomotives built by GE; see List of GE locomotives October 1939. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... U-boat pens were large concrete bunkers erected along Frances Bay of Biscay by the German Third Reich during World War II. The pens were designed to protect German submarines (U-boats) from Allied bombs, and were generally effective until the introduction of the Tallboy bomb which was able... Brest (lol) is a city in Brittany, or the Bretagne région, north-west France, sous-préfecture of the Finistère département. ... The Dortmund-Ems canal in winter The Dortmund-Ems Canal is a 269 km long canal in Germany between the river port of the city of Dortmund and Emden. ... Ladbergen is a village and a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Statistics Area: 24,607. ... September 23 is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years). ... September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Basel (English traditionally: Basle [ba:l], German: Basel [ba:z@l], French Bâle [ba:l], Italian Basilea [bazilE:a]) is Switzerlands third most populous city (188,000 inhabitants in the canton of Basel-City as of 2004; the 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the... October 7 is the 280th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (281st in leap years). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Tirpitz was the second Bismarck class battleship of the German Kriegsmarine, sistership of Bismarck. ... The Arctic convoys of World War II travelled from the United States and the United Kingdom to the northern ports of the Soviet Union - Archangel and Murmansk. ... No. ... Yagodnik, Arkhangelsk Oblast, north west Russia, was the site of a World War II airfield. ... Arkhangelsk (Russian: ), formerly called Archangel in English, is a city in and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... County Troms District Municipality NO-1902 Administrative centre Tromsø Mayor (2004) Herman Kristoffersen (Ap) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 18 2,566 km² 2,519 km² 0. ... Lossiemouth, is a burgh in Moray, Scotland. ... November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... E-boat is the British and American name for the German Schnellboot (S-boot), a small, fast torpedo boat a little larger than the American PT boat and the British MTB. Specification Length - 34. ... Velsen (population: 67,642 in 2004) is a municipality in the north-western Netherlands, in the province of North Holland, on both sides of the North Sea Canal. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... December 8 is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Bielefeld is an district-free town in the Regierungsbezirk Detmold in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Map of Germany showing Arnsberg Arnsberg is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... A British 22,000 lb (10,000 kg) Grand Slam bomb The Grand Slam (Earth Quake bomb), was a very large freefall bomb developed by the British aeronautical engineer Barnes Wallis (who also made the bouncing bomb) in late 1944. ... March 14 is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Location Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE6 First Mayor Ole von Beust (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  755 km² (292 sq mi) Population 1,754,317 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 2,324 /km² (6,018... April 9 is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... The Deutschland (later re-named Lützow), was the lead ship of a heavy cruiser class that served in the German Kriegsmarine before and during World War II. The ship was originally classified as an armored ship (Panzerschiff) by Germany, and referred to as a pocket battleship by the British. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... For the landscape in Norway, see Helgeland. ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... The Berghof was Adolf Hitlers home in the Obersalzberg of the Bavarian Alps near Berchtesgaden, Germany. ... Berchtesgaden is a town in the German Bavarian Alps. ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (116th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Bombs Weapons Rockets Aircraft Ordnance
2. ^ ^{a b} Saumer Tunnel, 9th June 1944. Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
3. ^ Spartacus: Tallboy
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u} Campaign Diary. Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. 1944: June, July, August, September, October, November, December 1945: January, February, March, April
5. ^ World War II German hardened A4/V2 rocket launch sites. Retrieved on 2007-05-xx.
6. ^ Irving, David (1964). The Mare's Nest. London: William Kimber and Co, p245. 
7. ^ Collier, Basil [1964] (1976). The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944-1945. Yorkshire: The Emfield Press, p68,84. ISBN 0 7057 0070 4. 
8. ^ Tirpitz, November 12 1944. Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
9. ^ Urft Dam
   • 617 Squadeon - The Operational Record Book 1943 - 1945 (PDF) with additional information by Tobin Jones; Binx Publishing, Pevensey House, Sheep Street, Bicester. OX26 6JF. Acknowledgement is given to HMSO as holders of the copyright on the Operational Record Book. Page 507
   • Iain Murray [Big & Bouncy: The Special Weapons of Barnes Wallis], 2005. Quotes sources
     • Alan W. Cooper; From the Dams to the Tirpitz, 1982 (Goodall).
     • Alan W. Cooper; The Men Who Breached the Dams, 1982 (Kimber).
10. ^ Memorabilia signing and veterans day at Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre East Kirkby South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum 29 August 2005] See Flight Lieutenant Thomas Clifford Iveson NOTE: The Campaign Diary does not indicate Tallboy bombs were used on this Politz mission.

• Barnes Wallis Trust
• English Bombs of WWII
• A picture of a Lancaster carrying a Tallboy