NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tamil Nadu

Coordinates: 13°05′N 80°16′E / 13.09, 80.27 Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links India_Tamil_Nadu_locator_map. ... Image File history File links Locator_Dot. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... Location of Mirzapur and the 82. ... The geography of India is diverse, with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, rainforests, hills, and plateaus. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 kmÂ² and 1,000,000 kmÂ². ... Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar... Madras redirects here. ... Madras redirects here. ... The divisions of a district. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar... As a large and linguistically diverse country, India does not have a single official language. ... Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ... Governors of Tamil Nadu See Also Tamil Nadu Governors of India Links Categories: | | | | ... Surjit Singh Barnala being sworn in as the Governor of Tamil Nadu in 2004 Surjit Singh Barnala (born October 21, 1925) is the present governor of Tamil Nadu, India. ... List of All Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu See Also Tamil Nadu Chief Ministers of India Links Categories: India-related stubs | Tamil Nadu | Indian politicians | Office-holders | Government of India ... Categories: Indian people stubs | Tamil people | Indian politicians ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Government of India (Hindi: à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤ à¤¸à¤°à¤•à¤¾à¤° [1]BhÄrat SarkÄr), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of... Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. ... ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard. ... ISO 3166-2 for India (ISO 3166-1 : IN) The purpose of this family of standards is to establish a worldwide series of short abbreviations for places, for use on package labels, containers and such. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 572 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (595 Ã— 624 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Emblem of Government of Tamil Nadu I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Tamil Nadu (Tamil: தமிழ்நாடு, pronunciation (help· info) English: Country of the Tamils, IPA: [t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ]) is one of the 28 states of India. It lies on the eastern coast of the southern Indian Peninsula bordered by Puducherry (Pondicherry), Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, Bay of Bengal in the east, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Strait in the south east and Indian Ocean in the south. It is the eleventh largest state in India by area (about the size of Greece) and the sixth most populous state.^[1] Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ... Image File history File links Tamil_Nadu. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Motherland is a term that may refer to a mother country, i. ... Languages Tamil Religions Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism Related ethnic groups Dravidian people Brahui people Kannadigas Malayalis Tamils Telugus Tuluvas Gonds The Tamil people are a multi-ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ... India is a federal republic comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: India Wikinews has news related to this article: India Look up India in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikibooks has more about this subject: India Wikisource has original text related to this article: India Official GOI Directory â€” Directory of governmental websites Indiaimage... This article is about the Union Territory. ... , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: à´•àµ‡à´°à´³à´‚; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... This article is about the Indian region. ... Andhra redirects here. ... The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains, eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. ... Nilgiri, which literally means Blue Mountain in various Indo-Aryan languages, can refer to: Nilgiris (mountains), a range of mountains panning across the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in Southern India Nilgiri, a mountain located in Balasore District of the state of Orissa in East India Nilgiris (mountains in... Annamalai (Anamalai or Anamalah) Mountains are a mountain range and wildlife sanctuary in the Western Ghats range of southern India, straddling the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu states. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Gulf of Mannar is an arm of the Indian Ocean, lying between the southern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka at a width of between 160 and 200 km (100 to 125 mi). ... The Palk Strait is a 40-85 mi (64-137 km) wide strait that lies between Indias Tamil Nadu state and the island nation of Sri Lanka. ...

Tamil Nadu is the homeland of the Tamils and has existed since prehistoric times.^[2] The culture and artwork of this region are considered to be some of the oldest in the world. It is home to one of the world's classical languages, Tamil. The language has been documented as being around for at least 5,000 years in written form, but was spoken long before that.^[3]^[2]^[4] Tamil Nadu also has one of the oldest culinary heritages in the world. Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ...

Tamil Nadu is the epicentre of Dravidian politics in India, which are dominated by the DMK and AIADMK parties. It is one of the foremost states in the country in terms of overall development.^[5]^[6] One of the most industrialised and urbanised states^[1] in India, it is home to many natural resources, rare flora and fauna, cool hill stations, grand Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and three UNESCO World Heritage Sites.^[7]^[8] This article is about the political party in Tamil Nadu, India. ... All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) is a regional political party in India. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ...

History

A temple from the Chola period. ... Image File history File links Shore_temple. ... Image File history File links Shore_temple. ... Shore temple The Shore Temple is a structural temple, built with blocks of granites, dating from the 8th century AD build on a promontory sticking out into the Bay of Bengal at Mamallapuram, a tiny village south of Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Shore Temple, rescued from the sea Mahabalipuram (Tamil:à®®à®•à®¾à®ªà®²à®¿à®ªà¯à®°à®®à¯) (also known as Mamallapuram) is a town in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ...

Prehistory

Tamil Nadu's history dates back to pre-historic times and archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in India. In Adichanallur, 24 km from Tirunelveli, archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India unearthed 169 clay urns containing human skulls, skeletons and bones, plus husks and grains of rice, charred rice and Neolithic celts, giving evidence confirming them to be of the Neolithic period, 3800 years ago.^[9] The ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script is "very rudimentary" Tamil Brahmi.^[10] Adhichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies.^[11] Prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is the period of human history prior to the advent of writing (which marks the beginning of recorded history). ... Adichanallur is an archaeological site near 24 Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, India. ... , Tirunelveli (Tamil: ) is a Municipal Corporation, sixth largest city in Tamil Nadu(After Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy and Salem)in southern India and the district headquarter of Tirunelveli district. ... The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency in the Department of Culture that is responsible for archaeological studies and the preservation of cultural monuments. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Celt (pron. ... The Tamil Brahmi script, unlike standard Asokan Brahmi, distinguished between pure consonants and consonants with an inherent vowel marker Tamil-Brahmi was an early script used to write Tamil characters. ...

Chera, Chola, Pandya, Pallava Kingdoms

From early pre-historic times, Tamil Nadu was the home of the four powerful Tamil kingdoms of the Chera, Chola, Pandya(Madurai) and Pallavas. The oldest extant literature, dated between 500 BCE and 200 CE mentions the exploits of the kings and the princes, and of the poets who extolled them. The early Cholas reigned between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. An unknown dynasty called Kalabhras invaded and displaced the three Tamil kingdoms between the fourth and the seventh centuries CE. This is referred to as the Dark Age in Tamil history. They were eventually expelled by the Pandyas and the Pallavas. Around 580 CE, the Pallavas, great temple builders, emerged into prominence and dominated the south for another 150 years. They ruled a large portion of Tamil Nadu with Kanchipuram as their base. They subjugated the Cholas and reigned as far south as the Kaveri River. Among the greatest Pallava rulers were Mahendravarman I and his son Narasimhavarman I. Dravidian architecture reached its peak during the Pallava rule. The Chera dynasty (Tamil: à®šà¯‡à®°à®°à¯) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties that ruled southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE. The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala and... The Chola Dynasty (Tamil: , IPA: ) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century. ... Context : Kingdoms of Ancient India Pandyas were fierce warriors who took part in the Kurukshetra War. ... , Madurai (Tamil: , IPA: ) is a city and a municipal corporation with a city population of 922,913 according to 2001 census. ... The Pallavas were hereditary Hindu rulers who dominated southeastern India between the 4th and 9th centuries. ... Sangam literature refers to a body of classical Tamil literature created between the years 200 BCE and 300 CE.[1][2] This collection contains 2381 poems written by 473 poets, some 102 of whom are anonymous authors[3]. The period during which these poems were written is commonly referred to... The Early Cholas of the pre and post Sangam period (100 C.E. â€“ 200 C.E.) were only the three main kingdoms of the ancient Tamil country. ... Kalabhras were the South Indian dynasty who between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E. ruled over entire Tamil country, displacing the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties. ... The ancient Tamil country refers to the areas of South India and the northeastern Sri Lanka in which Tamil was the major language during ancient times. ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Languages Tamil Religions Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism Related ethnic groups Dravidian people Brahui people Kannadigas Malayalis Tamils Telugus Tuluvas Gonds The Tamil people are a multi-ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ... The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ... The Pallavas were hereditary Hindu rulers who dominated southeastern India between the 4th and 9th centuries. ... Temple of Hephaestus, an Doric Greek temple in Athens with the original entrance facing east, 449 BC (western face depicted) For other uses, see Temple (disambiguation). ... The rock-cut temples at Mamallapuram. ... Narasimhavarman I was one of the most famous Pallava kings who ruled from A.D. 630 - 668. ... Dravidian architecture, as unique and spectacular as any Greek, Roman or Egyptian architecture, spans many thousands of years. ...

Chola Empire

By the 9th century, under Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose as a notable power in Asia. The Chola Empire stretched as far as Bengal. Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular South India and parts of Sri Lanka. Rajendra Chola's navies went even further, occupying coastal Burma (now Myanmar), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Sumatra, Java, Malaya in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated Mahipala, the king of the Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Image File history File linksMetadata Bigtemple1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Bigtemple1. ... The Brihadisvara temple (also spelled Brahadeeswarar temple) is an ancient Hindu temple located at Thanjavur in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... , Tanjore redirects here. ... Rajaraja Chola the first is considered the greatest of all Chola kings. ... Rajendra Chola I was the son of Rajaraja Chola I, the great Chola king of South India. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... The geographical south of India includes all Indian territory below the 20th parallel. ... Anthem Kaba Ma Kyei Capital Naypyidaw Largest city Yangon Official languages Burmese Demonym Burmese Government Military junta - Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Than Shwe - Prime Minister Soe Win - Acting Prime Minister Thein Sein Establishment - Bagan 849â€“1287 - Taungoo Dynasty 1486â€“1752 - Konbaung Dynasty 1752â€“1885 - Colonial rule... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Andaman Islands. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Sumatra (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Java island. ... The Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu) is a major peninsula located in Southeast Asia. ... Mahipala I (c. ... Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram Gangaikonda Cholapuram is a village in the inland Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu, India. ...

The Cholas revelled in building magnificent temples. Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur is a classical example of the magnificent architecture of the Chola kingdom. Brihadeshwara temple is an UNESCO Heritage Site under "Great Living Chola Temples."^[12] Another example is the Chidambaram Temple in the heart of the temple town of Chidambaram. The power of the Cholas declined around the 13th century. The Brihadeeswarar temple [Tamil:PERUVUDIAYAAR TEMPLE] Tamil: (à®ªà¯†à®°à¯à®µà¯à®Ÿà¯ˆà®¯à®¾à®°à¯ à®•à¯‹à®µà®¿à®²à¯) (also spelled Brihadeshvara Temple or Birhadeeshwara temple) ,originally called as Peruvudaiyar Koil in Tamil,[1] is an ancient Hindu temple located at Thanjavur in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... , Tanjore redirects here. ... This article is about building architecture. ... Chidambaram Temple is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in the heart of the temple town of Chidambaram, 58 km south of Pondicherry in Cuddalore District, the east-central part of the Tamil Nadu state of southeastern India. ... , This article is about the town in Cuddalore district. ...

Muslim Invasion, Vijayanagara Conquest

With the decline of the Cholas, the Pandyas rose to prominence once again in the early 14th century. This was short-lived; they were soon subdued by Muslim Khilji invaders from the north in 1316. The invasion led to the establishment of the Madurai Sultanate. These Muslim invasions caused the establishment of Vijayanagara Empire in the Deccan. It eventually conquered the entire Tamil country (c. 1370 CE). As the Vijayanagara Empire went into decline after mid-16th century, the Nayak governors, who were appointed by the Vijayanagar kingdom to administer various territories of the empire, declared their independence. The Nayaks of Madurai and Nayaks of Thanjavur were most prominent of them all. They reconstructed some of the oldest temples in the country. There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Khilji or Khalji was a ruling dynasty of Turkic origin that conquered and ruled northern India (1290-1320). ... Madurai Sultanate was a short lived kingdom based in the city of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, India during the 14th century CE. It lasted from 1323 until 1378. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... A Nayak (also Nayaka, Nayaker/Naicker (Tamil) or Nayadu/Naidu (Telegu) or Nair (Malayalam) Nayake/Naike (Sinhala) or Naik (Marathi) ) is the title of a government official, equivalent to a provincial governor or viceroy, in the Telugu kingdoms of southern India, including the Kakatiya kingdom of Warangal (11th-14th centuries... The Madurai Nayaks were rulers of Madurai state during the years 1559-1736. ... See ...

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 2. ... Danish and other colonial settlements in India Tharangambadi (or Tranquebar) is a panchayat town in Nagapattinam district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ...

Western Colonial Rule

Around 1609, the Dutch established a settlement in Pulicat. In 1639, the British, under the British East India Company, established a settlement further south, in present day Chennai. The British used petty quarrels among the provincial rulers (divide and rule) to expand their sphere of influence. The British fought and reduced the French dominions in India to Pondicherry. They consolidated southern India into the Madras Presidency. Some notable chieftains or Poligars who fought the British East India Company as it was expanding were Veerapandya Kattabomman, Pulithevan and Dheeran Chinnamalai. Pudukkottai remained as a princely state under British suzerainty. The Dutch (Ethnonym: Nederlanders meaning Lowlanders) are the dominant ethnic group[1] of the Netherlands[2]. They are usually seen as a Germanic people. ... Pulicat is a town which lies in the Thiruvallur District, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... French India is highlighted in light blue on the subcontinent. ... Map of Pondicherry Region, Union Territory of Pondicherry, India Pondicherry (Tamil:à®ªà¯à®¤à¯à®µà¯ˆ,Hindi: à¤ªà¥‰à¤£à¥à¤¡à¤¿à¤šà¥‡à¤°à¥€) is a Union Territory of India. ... A poligar or polygar is the title of a class of officials or chiefs who governed portions of southern India from the 16th to the 18th centuries. ... // [edit] Veerapandiya Kattabomman Eighteen kilometres north west of Tirunelveli lies the hamlet of Panchalankurichi, a place of historical significance. ... Dheeran Chinnamalai born in 1756, Chinnamalai started off by forming a 1,000 strong army in support of Tipu Sultan. ... Pudukkottai (Tamil:à®ªà¯à®¤à¯à®•à¯à®•à¯‹à®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà¯ˆ) is a city and a municipality in Pudukkottai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince and is thus a principality taken in the broad sense. ...

Independence

When India became independent in 1947, Madras Presidency became Madras State, comprising of present day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh up to Ganjam district in Orissa, northern Karnataka, and parts of Kerala. The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In 1968, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning Land of Tamil. Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ...

Geography and climate

Tamil Nadu covers an area of 130,058 square kilometres (50,216 sq mi),and is the eleventh largest state in India. West and North of the state has lofty hills while the East and South are coastal plains. The bordering states are Kerala to the west, Karnataka to the northwest and Andhra Pradesh to the north. To the east is the Bay of Bengal. The southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula is located in Tamil Nadu. At this point is the town of Kanyakumari which is the meeting point of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 240 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Desert Tirunelveli Rainshadow Tirunelveli District Agastyamalai Wikipedia:Featured pictures candidates/August-2006 Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 240 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Desert Tirunelveli Rainshadow Tirunelveli District Agastyamalai Wikipedia:Featured pictures candidates/August-2006 Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates... , Tirunelveli (Tamil: ) is a Municipal Corporation, sixth largest city in Tamil Nadu(After Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy and Salem)in southern India and the district headquarter of Tirunelveli district. ... Example image showing definitions of windward (upwind) and leeward (downwind). ... , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: à´•àµ‡à´°à´³à´‚; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... For the Australian television series see Rain Shadow (TV series). ... A view of the Agasthyarkoodam from the base Agastya Malai (Agastyakoodam), a peak of 1868 m in the Western Ghats. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (6,400 Ã— 6,400 pixels, file size: 6. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (6,400 Ã— 6,400 pixels, file size: 6. ... Districts along the Coromandel Coast Map of the coast (French) The Coromandel Coast is the name given to the southeastern coast of the Indian peninsula. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol kmÂ², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: à´•àµ‡à´°à´³à´‚; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... This article is about the Indian region. ... Andhra redirects here. ... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Kanyakumari (disambiguation). ... The Arabian Sea (Arabic: Ø¨ØØ± Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨; transliterated: Bahr al-Arab) is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia...

Tamil Nadu has a coastline of about 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) which forms about 18% of the country’s coastline (third longest).^[1] Tamil Nadu's coastline bore the brunt of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami when it hit India, which left behind 7,793 dead in the state.^[13] Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone. As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II & III. Historically, parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the M5.0 range.^[14] Animation of the tsunami caused by the earthquake (see also the full-length version) From NOAA/PMEL. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) on December...

Tamil Nadu, a coastal state, is prone to droughts. The climate of the state ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-arid. The state has three distinct periods of rainfall: (1) Advancing monsoon period, South West monsoon (from June to September), with strong southwest winds; (2) North East monsoon (from October to December), with dominant northeast winds; and (3) Dry season (from January to May). The normal annual rainfall of the state is about 945 mm (37.2 in)^[15] of which 48% is through the North East monsoon, and 32% through the South West monsoon. Since the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe drought.^[1] Tamil Nadu is classified into seven agro-climatic zones: north-east, north-west, west, southern, high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and Cauvery Delta (the most fertile agricultural zone). The table below shows the maximum and minimum temperatures that the state experiences in the plains and hills.^[16] For other uses, see Monsoon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Monsoon (disambiguation). ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, â€³ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The Cauvery River (also spelled Kaveri or Kavery) is one of the great sacred rivers of India. ...

Tamil Nadu has a wide variety of minerals with the most reserves in India lignite (almost 90% of India's reserves), magnesite (45%) and garnet (over 40%) among others.^[17] Tamil Nadu contributes 15% of the total Salt production in the country. Forests cover over 17% of the state's geographical area with several Protected areas of Tamil Nadu including wild life and bird sanctuaries.^[18] Strip mining lignite at Garzweiler, Germany Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. ... Magnesite is magnesium carbonate, MgCO3. ... Garnet is a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. ... This article is about common table salt. ... // Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu State in South India covers an area of 130,058 km 2 (50,215 mi2). ...

Governance and administration

Tamil Nadu had a bicameral legislature until 1986, when it was replaced with a unicameral legislature, like most other states in India. The 'Governor' is the Constitutional head of the state while the 'Chief minister' is the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers. The Chief Justice of the Madras High Court is the head of the judiciary. The present Governor, Chief minister and the Chief Justice are S. S. Barnala, M. Karunanidhi and A. P. Shah respectively.The major administrative units of the state constitutes 39 Lok Sabha constituencies, 234 Assembly constituencies, 31 districts, 8 municipal corporations, 152 municipalities, 561 town panchayats and 12,618 village panchayats. Chennai (formerly known as Madras) is the state capital. It is the fourth largest city in India and is also one of the five A1 Metropolitan cities of India. Ripon Building, which houses the Chennai Corporation, was completed 1913. ... The Tamil Nadu Police is the police force of Tamil Nadu, India, and is the fifth largest state police force in India. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 572 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (595 Ã— 624 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Emblem of Government of Tamil Nadu I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 572 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (595 Ã— 624 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Emblem of Government of Tamil Nadu I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under... An emblem consists of a pictorial image, abstract or representational, that epitomizes a concept - often a concept of a moral truth or an allegory. ... , Srivilliputhur (Tamil: à®¸à¯à®°à¯€à®µà®¿à®²à¯à®²à®¿à®ªà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à¯‚à®°à¯ / à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®µà®¿à®²à¯à®²à®¿à®ªà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à¯‚à®°à¯) is a city and a municipality in Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Emblem of India. ... This article is about bicameralism in government. ... For unicameral alphabets, see the article letter case. For The unicameral, see Nebraska Legislature. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... A Chief Minister is the elected Head of Government of a state of India, a territory of Australia or a British overseas territory that has attained self-government. ... The Madras High Court, one of the landmarks of the metropolis of Chennai, and believed to be the second largest judicial complex in the world, is located near the Parrys Corner, one of the important central business districts of Chennai. ... The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth- or other countries with an Anglosaxon type of justice, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Supreme... The Lok Sabhha (alternatively titled, the House of the People, by the Constitution of India) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. ... Madras redirects here. ...

Tamil Nadu has been a pioneering state in E-Governance initiatives in India. A large part of the government records like land ownership records are already digitised and all major offices of the state government like Urban Local Bodies — all the Corporations and Municipal Office activities — revenue collection, land registration offices, and transport offices have been computerised, thereby improving the quality of service and transparency in operations. ... Local Governance in India can be divided into two categories, urban and rural. ... For other uses, see Corporation (disambiguation). ... A municipality or general-purpose district (compare with: special-purpose district) is an administrative local area generally composed of a clearly defined territory and commonly referring to a city, town, or village government. ...

The 31 districts of Tamil Nadu are listed below, with the numbers corresponding to those in the image at the right. Ariyalur district, which was created in 2001 from the Perambalur district, was restored as the 31st district of Tamil Nadu on the 23rd November, 2007. Ariyalur is an administrative district in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. ... Perambalur is an administrative district in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. ...

TN government has also announced that Tirupur will be the new headquarters of the Tirupur district which will be formed by splitting the Coimbatore and Erode district. ^[19] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (596x739, 121 KB) Summary Districts of Tamil Nadu numbered. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (596x739, 121 KB) Summary Districts of Tamil Nadu numbered. ... The Chennai district is a district of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Coimbatore District A typical farm in Coimbatore District in Tamil Nadu Coimbatore District is one of the most affluent and industrially advanced districts of Tamil Nadu. ... Cuddalore District is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ... Dharmapuri district is an administrative region in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Dindigul district is an administrative region in the south of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Erode district in Tamil Nadu, India Turmeric powder, used extensively in Indian cuisine, finds an important market centre in Erode District Erode District (Tamil: à®ˆà®°à¯‹à®Ÿà¯ à®®à®¾à®µà®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®®à¯) is a northern district of the state of Tamil Nadu, South India, with Erode as its headquarters. ... Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram (also sometimes Conjeevaram) is a district is in the northeast of Tamil Nadu, adjacent to the Bay of Bengal. ... Kanyakumari District (also spelt Kanniyakumari or Kanniakumari District) is a district of Tamil Nadu state, India and also the southernmost land area and district of mainland India. ... Karur District is located along the Kaveri river in Tamil Nadu India. ... Krishnagiri district in Tamil Nadu, India Krishnagiri District (à®•à®¿à®°à¯à®·à¯à®£à®•à®¿à®°à®¿ à®®à®¾à®µà®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®®à¯ in Tamil) is a district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Sri Meenakshi temple Madurai district is one of the 30 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. ... Nagapattinam District is a coastal district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ... Namakkal district, headquartered at Namakkal is one of the 30 administrative districts of Tamil Nadu state in South India. ... Perambalur is an administrative district in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. ... Pudukkottai District Pudukkottai District is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ... Ramanathapuram district in Tamil Nadu, India Ramanathapuram District is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ... Salem District Salem District is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ... Thanjavur district is one of the 30 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. ... The Nilgiris District The Nilgiris The Nilgiris District is in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu. ... Theni district in Tamil Nadu, India Manjalaru Dam. ... Thoothukudi District Thoothukudi District, also known as Tuticorin District, is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ... Tiruchirapalli District Map Tiruchirapalli District (also known as Tiruchchirapalli District) is located along the Kaveri river in Tamil Nadu India. ... Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu, India Tirunelveli District (à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®¨à¯†à®²à¯à®µà¯‡à®²à®¿ à®®à®¾à®µà®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®®à¯ in Tamil) is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ... Tiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu, India Tiruvallur district is an administrative district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Tiruvannamalai district is one of the 30 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu, in South India, and Tiruvannamalai town is the district headquarters. ... Tiruvarur district in Tamil Nadu, India Tiruvarur district is one of the 30 districts in the Tamil Nadu state of India. ... Vellore district is one of the 30 districts in the Tamilnadu state of India. ... Viluppuram district in Tamil Nadu, India Viluppuram (also Villupuram and Vizhupuram) is one of the thirty districts which make up Tamil Nadu State situated on the southern tip of India. ... Virudhunagar District is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ... Ariyalur is an administrative district in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. ...

The Tamil Nadu Police Force is over 140 years old. It is the fifth largest state police force in India.^[21] The administrative control of Tamil Nadu Police vests with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu who holds the portfolio of Home Minister. The supervision and coordination of Police is done by the Home Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu. The Force is headed by the Director General of Police. The State is divided into 4 police zones - North, Central, West and South. Each zone is headed by one Inspector General of Police. In each of the six metropolitan cities of Tamil Nadu, the City Police force is headed by a Commissioner of Police. These cities are Greater Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Salem and Tirunelveli. There are thirty police districts in Tamil Nadu, each headed by a Superintendent of Police. In each City and District, the Commissioner of Police / Superintendent of Police has, besides the civil police force, an armed reserve of police personnel. One Deputy Inspector General of police supervises the work of 2–3 districts, which constitute a Police Range. There are eleven ranges in Tamil Nadu. The special units of Tamil Nadu Police perform specific functions related to security, intelligence, criminal investigations and support services.^[21] Tamil Nadu has a police population ratio of 1 : 632.^[22] The Tamil Nadu Police force is regarded as one amongst the best in the country.^[22] Tamil Nadu is one of the states where law and order has been maintained largely successfully. Over the years, there has been a gradual decrease in the number of crimes registered.^[20] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 534 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,002 Ã— 669 pixels, file size: 52 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 534 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,002 Ã— 669 pixels, file size: 52 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The Tamil Nadu Police is the police force of Tamil Nadu, India, and is the fifth largest state police force in India. ... In India the Director General of Police is the highest ranking police officer in Indian States. ... An Inspector General of Police is a high ranking police officer of the Indian Police Service or Royal Malaysian Police (Polis Di-Raja Malaysia) cadre or the Sri Lanka Police Service. ... The Commissioner of Police heads of the Hong Kong Police Force and reports to the Secretary for Security. ... Superintendent (Supt), often shortened to Super, is a rank in British police services and in most English-speaking Commonwealth nations. ...

Politics

Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1967. ... Image File history File links Periyar1973. ... Image File history File links Periyar1973. ...

Pre Independence

Prior to Indian independence Tamil Nadu was under British colonial rule as part of the Madras Presidency. Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1916. One of the earliest regional parties was the South Indian Welfare Association, which was a forerunner to Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu, was started in 1916. The party was called after its English organ, Justice Party, by it opponents and later the same was adopted as its official name. In the first general election to the then Madras Presidency, the Justice Party won the elections. The main reason for the tremendous victory for the Justice Party was the boycott of elections by the Congress party. Thereby, the first Justice Party ministry assumed office on 17th December, 1920, under the leadership of A.Subbarayalu Reddiyar. The first ministry of the Justice Party was consisted of only Telugu people and thus, the same was described as an “ Andhra Non-Brahmin Hindu Ministry. The second justice party ministry was constituted on 19th November, 1923, under the leadership of Raja of Panagal. Madras Presidency, also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St. ... Judiciary Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections Political Parties Local & State Govt. ... Dravidian may refer to: Dravidian languages, including the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada languages spoken especially in southern India and Sri Lanka. ... Justice Party was the political wing of Then Nala Urimai Sangam (literal translation: The South Indian Welfare Association). ... Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ... Look up Congress in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధర దేశం), a state in South India, lies between 12°41 and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40E longitude . ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... The term ministry can refer to the following: A ministry is a department of a government. ...

The election to the Imperial Assembly and to the Legislative Council took place on 8th November, 1926. The congress emerged as the largest party in the Madras Legislative Assembly by winning 41 out of 98 seats. Thus, it paved the way for the third ministry being formed by a Tamil leader, Dr.Subbaroyan , in the year 1926. The Congress party decided to boycott elections in 1930 elections demanding complete independence to India. Thereby, the electoral field was completely left to the Justice Party and results of the elections were very much in favor of the justice party. A third Telugu led ministry under the leadership of B.Muniswami Naidu was formed on 27th October, 1930 by the Justice Party. The congress party swept the election held in November, 1934 and again in February, 1937. Prominent leaders such as Raja of Bobbili, the leader of the Justice Party was defeated. At this juncture, the party leadership was given to E.V.Ramaswami Naicker who was a Telugu by origin.

E.V.Ramaswami Naicker popularly known as EVR and also as Periyar, believed in agitational politics and he took the Justice Party away from its original path. The Justice Party which had a moribund existence under E.V.Ramaswami Naicker, died at last in 1944 which he renamed the party Dravidar Kazhagam (DK for short) in 1944. DK was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and C.N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The DMK decided to enter politics in 1956. Empire vs. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Dravidar Kazhagam or Dravida Kazhagam (Dravidian Organization) was the first fully Dravidian party in India. ... Dravida nadu is a proposal put forward by C.N Annadurai and Ramasamy Naikar of Erode to group the Andrapradesh , Tamilnadu and Kerala together and declare it as an independent nation called Dravida Nadu. ... C.N.Annadurai (1909 to 1969), popularly called Anna (which means elder brother in Tamil language) was the first non Congress Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, India. ... This article is about the political party in Tamil Nadu, India. ...

Dravidian Politics

In the 19th century, western scholars proposed that Dravidian languages that dominates the south of India formed a different linguistic group to that of Indo-Aryan languages that are predominant in the north of the country. They also classified Indians into distinct Aryan and Dravidian races. It was proposed that the generally darker-skinned Dravidians constituted a distinct race. This concept has affected thinking in India about racial and regional differences and had an impact on aspects of Tamil nationalism, which has appropriated the claim that Dravidians are the earliest inhabitants of India, and the Aryan population were oppresive interlopers from whom Dravidians should liberate themselves.^{[citation needed]} History has shown that Dravidian linguistic family predates Indo-Aryan linguistic family in India, e.g. Sanskrit. However both language groups have been influenced by the other during the course of three millennia. For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ... The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic[1]) are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... For other uses, see Race. ... Tamil nationalism is a strong aspiration by some Tamils to establish traditional Tamil homelands in parts of India and Sri Lanka as separate nations. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...

Re-organisation of Indian states according to linguistic and ethnic basis has moderated Tamil nationalism, especially the demand for separation from the Indian Union. The Anti-Hindi agitations in mid-1960s made the DMK more popular and a more powerful political force in the state. The DMK routed the Congress Party in the 1967 elections and took control of the state government, ending Congress' stronghold in Tamil Nadu. C.N. Annadurai became the DMK's first Chief Minister. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x1676, 95 KB) C N annadurai, M Karunanidhi, and M G Ramachandran - Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x1676, 95 KB) C N annadurai, M Karunanidhi, and M G Ramachandran - Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu. ... Categories: Indian people stubs | Tamil people | Indian politicians ... C.N.Annadurai (1909 to 1969), popularly called Anna (which means elder brother in Tamil language) was the first non Congress Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Marudur Gopalamenon Ramachandran (January 17, 1917–December 24, 1987), popularly known as MGR, was a long time Tamil film actor and Chief Minister of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu from 1977 until his death. ... Anti-Hindi agitation is a term used to describe the opposition the people of Tamil Nadu have voiced to the Indian Governments attempts to establish Hindi as the sole National language of India [1]. Anti Hindi agitation is not a history but its an ongoing agitation or feelings with... The Indian National Congress (also known as the Congress Party) is the largest subscription-based organisation in the world. ... A Chief Minister is the elected Head of Government of a state of India, a territory of Australia or a British overseas territory that has attained self-government. ...

Muthuvel Karunanidhi took over as Chief Minister and party leader after Annadurai's death in 1969. Karunanidhi's leadership was soon challenged by M.G. Ramachandran, popularly known as MGR. In 1972, he split from DMK and formed the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK) and later renamed the party as All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam. He was the Chief Minister of the state from 1977 until his death in 1987. After the death of MGR, the party split again into two factions, one led by Janaki Ramachandran, wife of MGR, and the other led by J. Jayalalithaa. After the defeat of AIADMK in the 1989 assembly polls, the two factions merged and Jayalalithaa took control of the party. She was elected as the General Secretary of the unified AIADMK. There have been several splits in both the DMK and the AIADMK, but since 1967 one of those two parties has held power in the state. In the State Elections held in May 2006, the AIADMK government was defeated by the DMK-led alliance.2006 election has given a fractured verdict and no single party could get the simple majority to form the government on its own. Categories: Indian people stubs | Tamil people | Indian politicians ... Marudur Gopalamenon Ramachandran (January 17, 1917–December 24, 1987), popularly known as MGR, was a long time Tamil film actor and Chief Minister of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu from 1977 until his death. ... Janaki Ramachandran, popularly known as V.N. Janaki (November 30, 1923 â€“ May 19, 1996), was an Indian Tamil actress and politician. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Apart from these parties, there are other parties such as Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK), Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra kazhakam (MDMK), ViduthaiChiruthaikal( VC),Makkal Manadu Katchi (MMK), Puthiya Tamilagam ( PT) and Tamilnadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhgam (TMMK)(தமுமுக). Pattali Makkal Katchi (à®ªà®¾à®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®¾à®³à®¿ à®®à®•à¯à®•à®³à¯ à®•à®Ÿà¯à®šà®¿, abbreviated PMK), a Tamil political party. ...

Demographics and human rights

Tamil Nadu is the sixth most populous state in India with a population of 62,405,679 as of midnight on March 1, 2001 (approximately 6.05% of India's population). It is the eleventh most densely populated state in India. In 2001, its population density was 478 persons per square kilometre^[23], having increased from 429 in 1991, significantly higher than the Indian average of 324 persons per square kilometre.^[24] Approximately 47% of Tamil Nadu's population live in urban areas, one of the highest percentages in India.^[25] is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ...

Seventy-six Scheduled Castes[8] have been notified in Tamil Nadu by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Act of 1976.(pdf) However only three schedulaed castes have a population exceeding 1 million viz. Adi Dravidar (5.4 million), Pallar (2.2 million) and Paraiyar (1.8 million). Pallar are a caste of upwardly mobile agriculturalists and agricultural workers of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. ... Paraiyar also Parayar, Paraya, Pariah, Berava or Sambavas are a social group found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and in Sri Lanka. ...

Tamil Nadu's population grew by 11.19% between 1991 and 2001, the second lowest rate for that period (after Kerala) amongst populous states (states whose population exceeded 20 million in 2001). Its decadal rate of population growth has declined in every decade since 1971, one of only three populous states (along with Kerala and Orissa) to show this trend. According to National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3), Tamil Nadu registered a fertility rate of 1.8, the lowest in India in year 2005-2006 [9]. , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: à´•àµ‡à´°à´³à´‚; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... , Orissa (Oriya: à¬“à¬¡à¬¼à¬¿à¬¶à¬¾), is a state situated on the east coast of India. ...

Language and Religion Demographics

The vast majority (86%) of people in Tamil Nadu speak Tamil as the mother language. Also the vast majority of the people follow the Hindu religion. A significant population can speak more than one language, usually English. The distribution of population based on religion and language is described in the table.^[26]

Among Muslims 97.5% are Sunni (Most of the Tamil Muslims, adhere to either Hanafi or Shafi schools of thought) and 1.5% Shia. Tamil Nadu has had a good human rights record when it comes to religious freedom. There have been some notable exceptions. With respect to caste discrimination, Tamil Nadu's record is fairly poor. The state, during the peak of the dravidian movement, experienced strong anti-Brahmin sentiments. There are allegations that Dalits are discriminated even today in the southern districts and in other rural areas.^{[citation needed]} The government's 69% reservation policy in educational institutions for OBCs and MBCs is, in general, resented by Brahmins.^[27]^[28] Tamil Nadu's record of tolerance towards linguistic minorities has been exemplary, despite provocative incidents occurring in other states and despite the state having been the epicenter of anti-Hindi agitations. Tamil Muslim are members of a multi-ethnic Islamic community spread across South India and South East Asia. ... The Hanafi (Arabic ØÙ†ÙÙŠ) school is the oldest of the four schools of thought (Madhhabs) or jurisprudence (Fiqh) within Sunni Islam. ... Shafii is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam. ... The Sanskrit word denotes the scholar/teacher, priest, caste, class (), or tribe, that has been traditionally enjoined to live a life of learning, teaching and non-possessivenes . ... Dalit is a demeaning term referred to the so-called outcast people of India in a hindu religion. ...

Education and social development

Tamil Nadu has performed reasonably well in terms of literacy growth during the decade 1991-2001. The state's literacy rate increased from 62.66% in 1991 to 73.47% in 2001.^[24] which is well above the national average. About 99% of the population has access to primary education.^[29] Download high resolution version (1280x960, 664 KB) IIT Madras Main Gate and Logo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (1280x960, 664 KB) IIT Madras Main Gate and Logo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Categories: India-related stubs | Universities and colleges in India | Chennai | Tamil Nadu ... Literacy is an indispensable means for effective social and economic participation, contributing to human development and poverty reduction, says UNESCO. [3] The Right to Education is a fundamental human right. ...

Tamil Nadu has 40 Universities,^[30] 350 engineering colleges and 1150 arts college, 2550 schools and 5000 hospitals. IIT Madras, NIT Tiruchi, Anna University, Madurai Kamaraj University, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology ,Government College of Technology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, PSG College of Technology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,SRM University, Sathyabama University , Vellore Institute of Technology in Engineering; Madras Medical College, Christian Medical College, Stanley Medical College in Medicine; LIBA, Bharathidasan Institute of Management in Management studies;Madras Christian College in Arts and Science; Presidency College, Loyola College in Science; Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in Agriculture; Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS) are the premier institutes in the state. Also Tamil Nadu produces the highest number of engineering graduates in India (around 30,000) every year which attracts many software companies to set up their shop in south India. Categories: India-related stubs | Universities and colleges in India | Chennai | Tamil Nadu ... The National Institutes of Technology at Tiruchirappalli, NIT Trichy, (formerly known as Regional Engineering College (REC), Trichy) is situated in the heart of Tamil Nadu on the banks of river Cauvery. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Madurai Kamaraj University, located in Madurai town (in southern Tamil Nadu, India) established in 1966, has 18 Schools comprising 72 Departments. ... The Coimbatore Institute of Technology (CIT) is one of the leading DOTE engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu located at Coimbatore, India. ... Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology (ACCET-Karaikudi), is a major college of engineering in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. ... Updated version: Government College of Technology (GCT) Coimbatore, India Government College of Technology popularly known as GCT is one of the leading engineering college in India. ... Computer Science Department at SASTRA (named as Chith Vihar) Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, SASTRA, is a university located in the city of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. ... Front view of PSG Industrial Institute PSG College of Technology, also called PSG Tech, is an ISO 9001:2000 certified institute located in Coimbatore in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham is the youngest deemed(-to-be) Research University in India. ... SRM University is a co-educational private university located in the state of Tamil Nadu,India. ... In the year 1987, Jeppiaar Educational Trust started Sathyabama Engineering College. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Madras Medical College The Madras Medical College is a prominent educational institution located in Chennai, India. ... Christian Medical College & Hospital, known simply as CMC, is the pre-eminent medical school in India. ... Surgery Block Stanley Medical College (SMC) is a government medical college with hospitals, located in Chennai (Madras) in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... LIBA (Loyola Institute of Business Administration) is a Business School located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. ... BHARATHIDASAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT School of Excellence of Bharathidasan University) Tiruchirapalli â€“ 620 014 A BRIEF NOTE ON BIM Bharathidasan Institute of Management, established in 1984, is one of the premier Management Institutes in the country. ... The Madras Christian College in Chennai, South India, is one of the oldest colleges of the Indian subcontinent and was established in 1837. ... Presidency College is in Chennai, India and is considered to be the precursor of the University of Madras. ... Loyola University, Loyola College, Loyola School, and Loyola Academy Several educational institutions carry the name of Loyola, in honor of St. ... The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) came into being on June 1, 1971. ...

Tamil Nadu has performed well in human development. With an index of 0.531, it ranked third in India^[31], though considered low as against western standards. This includes population, sex ratio, density of population, per capita income, Below Poverty Line, Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate, and Women's Empowerment. The life expectancy at birth for males is 65.2 years and for females it is 67.6 years.^[32] However, it has a number of challenges, significantly, the poverty is high, especially in the rural areas. As of 2004-2005, the poverty line was set at Rs. 351.86 / month for rural areas and Rs. 547.42 / month for urban areas.^[33] Poverty in the state had dropped from 51.7% in 1983 to 21.1% in 2001^[34] For the period 2004-2005, the Trend in Incidence of Poverty in the state was 22.5% as against the national figure of 27.5%.^[35] The World Bank is currently assisting the state in reducing poverty^[36] High drop-out and low completion of secondary schools continue to hinder the quality of training in the population. Other problems include class, gender, inter-district and urban-rural disparities. This article is about the measure of remaining life. ...

The Dravidian movement, which championed the causes of educating the people and eradicating superstitions, began in Tamil Nadu. In addition, it aimes to uplift the socially repressed Dravidian people and drew considerable support from the middle classes for their efforts in this matter. The movement was committed to social justice which led to the expansion of reservations for the deprived communities. Tamil Nadu now has a 69% reservation in educational institutions, the highest among all Indian states.^[37] Reservation in Indian law is a term used to describe the governmental policy whereby a percentage of seats are reserved in the Parliament of India, State Legislative Assemblies, Central and State Civil Services, Public Sector Units, Central and State Governmental Departments and in all Public and Private Educational Institutions, except...

The Mid-day Meal Scheme program in Tamil Nadu, initiated by Kamaraj, was expanded considerably during the rule of the AIADMK in 1983. It feeds over a fifth of the state's population.^{[citation needed]} The Mid-day Meal Scheme is the popular name for school meal programme in India. ...

Culture

Tamil Nadu has a long tradition of venerable culture. Unique cultural features like Bharatanatyam (dance), Tanjore painting, and Tamil architecture were developed and continue to be practised in Tamil Nadu. Image File history File links Kolam_outside_a_house_in_tamil_nadu. ... Image File history File links Kolam_outside_a_house_in_tamil_nadu. ... Kolam outside a house in Tamil Nadu Kolam (Tamil: à®•à¯‹à®²à®®à¯) is a decorative design drawn using rice powder by female members of the family in front of their home, especially near the threshold. ... Languages Tamil Religions Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism Related ethnic groups Dravidian people Brahui people Kannadigas Malayalis Tamils Telugus Tuluvas Gonds The Tamil people are a multi-ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ... Since Tamil Nadu is home to one of the most ancient Indian cultures, it has thousands of ancient and modern temples. ... A Tanjore Painting depicting Goddess Saraswati A rare Tanjore style painting from the late 19th century depicting the ten Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana. ...

Language and Literature

Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu and is one of the two classical languages of India, the other being Sanskrit. Tamil is also one of the official languages of India. ^[38] Tamil Nadu is known for its rich tradition of literature, music and dance which continue to flourish today. Tamil literature is literature in the Tamil language which most prominently includes the contributions of the Tamil country (or Tamizhagam) history, a large part of which constitutes the modern state of Tamil Nadu and Kerala as well as some parts of Karnataka and Andra pradesh. ... The statue of the Tamil saint Tiruvalluvar on an island just off the southern tip of India at Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, India, taken on my honeymoon, November 2004. ... The statue of the Tamil saint Tiruvalluvar on an island just off the southern tip of India at Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, India, taken on my honeymoon, November 2004. ... Statue of Thiruvalluvar at Kanyakumari The Thiruvalluvar Statue is a 133 feet (40. ... For other uses, see Kanyakumari (disambiguation). ... Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... As a large and linguistically diverse country, India does not have a single official language. ... For other uses, see Literature (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Dance (disambiguation). ...

Tamil is one of the Classical Languages of India(the other being Sanskrit). It is a vibrant language with a long and rich literary tradition. Most of the older works are in verse form, and prose gained popularity later. All through history, Tamil literature has sought to inform and inspire, educate and entertain. Tamil poetry has universal appeal as evinced by many examples. A classical language, is a language with a literature that is classicalâ€”ie, it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...

Tirukkural which was written nearly two millennia ago portrays a universal outlook. This is evident as the author, Thiruvalluvar, does not mention his religion, land, or the audience for his work. He is portrayed as a holy saint of Tamil Nadu today. There is an evidential history that the kings of olden days rolled out Tamil Sangam (Tamil organisation) to develop literature works in Tamil.^{[citation needed]} The Sangam headquartered in Madurai generated a large amount of notable literary works. The first Tamil printing press was established at Tarangambadi by the Danish missionaries. Tiruvalluvar statue at Kanyakumari Tirukural (திருக்குறள் in Tamil) is an important work of Tamil literature by Tiruvalluvar written in the form of couplets expounding various aspects of life. ... For other uses of Sangam see Sangam (disambiguation). ...

During the Indian freedom struggle, many Tamil poets and writers provoked national spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts among the common man, notably Subramanya Bharathy. Even today, Tamil Nadu is home to creative writers like Jayakanthan, Jayamohan, Sujatha, Indira Parthasarathy. The term Indian independence movement is diffused, incorporating various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant philosophy and involved a wide spectrum of Indian political organizations, philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British Colonial Authority as well as other colonial... Mahakavi Bharathi 1882-1921 Subramanya Bharathi (December 11, 1882 - September 11, 1921) better known as Mahakavi Bharathiar (Maha Kavi meaning Great Poet) in Tamil, is deemed one of the greatest poets of twentieth-century India. ... Jayakanthan (Tamil: ) (born April 24, 1934) is a Tamil writer, essayist, journalist, pamphleteer, film-maker and critic. ... B. Jayamohan or B. Jeyamohan Noted Tamil writer and literary critic. ... Sujatha (b. ... Indira Parthasarathy is the pen name of R. Parthasarathy. ...

Music

The Kings of the olden days created sangams for Iyal Isai Nadagam (Literature, Music and Drama). Music plays a major role in sangams. Music in Tamil Nadu had different forms. In villages where farming was the primary work, the ladies who work in the fields used to sing kulavai songs. Odhuvars, Sthanikars or Kattalaiyars offer short musical programmes in the temples by singing the devotional Thevaram songs. In sharp contrast with the restrained and intellectual nature of carnatic music, Tamil folk music tends to be much more exuberant. Popular forms of Tamil folk music include the Villuppāṭṭu, a form of music performed with a bow, and the Nāṭṭuppur̲appāṭṭu, ballads that convey folklore and folk history. Some of the leading Tamil folk artists in the early 21st century are Pushpuvanam Kuppuswamy, Dr Navaneethakrishnan, Chinnaponnu, Paravai muniammal etc. The ancient Tamil music was the music of the ancient Tamil people. ... Naattupurapaattu literally translates to songs of the country or in other words country or folk song. ... A ballad is a story in song, usually a narrative song or poem. ...

Carnatic music is the classical music of Southern India. The basic form is a monophonic song with improvised variations. There are 72 basic scales on the octave, and a rich variety of melodic motion. Both melodic and rhythmic structures are varied and compelling. This is one of the world's oldest & richest musical traditions.^{[citation needed]} Carnatic music abounds in structured compositions in the different ragas. These are songs composed by great artists and handed down through generations of disciples. Three saint composers of the nineteenth century, Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Shyama Shastri, have composed thousands of songs that remain favourites among musicians and audiences. The composers belonging to the Tamil Trinity of Muthu Thandavar (?1560 - ?1640 CE), Arunachala Kavi (1712-1779) and Marimutthu Pillai (1717-1787) composed hundreds of devotional songs in Tamil and helped in the evolution of Carnatic music. Today, Tamil Nadu has hundreds of notable carnatic singers who spread this music all over the world. M. S. Subbulakshmi, a renowned carnatic singer, had the honour of singing a song in the UN Security Council. Sri Tyagaraja (à°¶à±à°°à±€ à°¤à±à°¯à°¾à°—à°°à°¾à°œ) (17??-1848), an ardent devotee of Sri Ramachandra, was one of the most important composers of Carnatic music. ... Muttusvami Dikshitar is one of the Carnatic music composer trinity. ... Syama Sastry Shayama Shastri is among the most renowned composers of Carnatic music; indeed, he was the senior-most of the Trinity of Carnatic music, along with Tyagaraja and Muthuswamy Dikshitar. ... Tamil Trinity denotes the three Tamil composers of early Carnatic music who lived in the Tamil country during the fifteenth century. ... Muthu Thandavar (?1560 - ?1640 CE) was composer of Carnatic music and was an early architect of the present day Carnatic kriti (song) format, which consists of the pallavi (refrain), anupallavi and caranam. ... Arunachala Kavi (?1711 - ?1788) was a Tamil poet and a composer of Carnatic music. ... Marimutthu Pillai (?1717 - ?1787 CE) was a composer of Carnatic music and along with Arunachala Kavi and Muthu Thandavar was one of the pioneering Tamil Trinity of Carnatic music. ... Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi (Tamil: , , popularly known as M.S. or M.S.S./M.S. Maami. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ...

In terms of modern music (light, film, pop, etc.), the music of Tamil Nadu is praised very highly. Ilaiyaraaja was the most prominent composer of film music in Tamil cinema during the late 1970s and 1980s. His work highlighted Tamil folk lyricism and introduced broader Western musical sensibilities to the South Indian musical mainstream. Tamil Nadu is also the home of A.R. Rahman who is recognised worldwide and has composed film music in both Tamil and Hindi films. (Tamil: à®‡à®³à¯ˆà®¯à®°à®¾à®œà®¾, IPA: ) (born June 2, 1943 as Gnanadesikan) is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist. ... A. R. Rahman Allah Rakha Rahman, born January 6, 1967 as A.S. Dileep Kumar in Chennai, India, is a popular Indian film music composer. ... sivaji ganesan from the film veerapaandiya kattabomman. ... Bollywood (Hindi: , Urdu: ) is the informal term popularly used for Mumbai-based Hindi-language film industry in India. ...

Arts and dance

Tamils have a large number of folk dances. These are performed for every possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, weddings and festivals. Tamil dance is closely intertwined with the Tamil theatrical tradition. The most celebrated of these is karakattam. In its religious form, the dance is performed in front of an image of the goddess Mariamman. The dancer bears on his or her head a brass pot filled with uncooked rice, decorated with flowers and surrounded by a bamboo frame, and tumbles and leaps to the rhythm of a song without spilling a grain. Karakattam is usually performed to a special type of song known as temmanguppāṭṭu or thevar pāṭṭu, a folk song in the mode of a lover speaking to his beloved, to the accompaniment of a nadaswaram and melam. Other Tamil folk dances include mayilāṭṭam, where the dancers tie a string of peacock feathers around their waist; ōyilāttam, danced in a circle while waving small pieces of cloth of various colours; poykkāl kuthiraiyaaṭṭam, where the dancers use dummy horses; mān̲āṭṭam, where the dancers imitate the graceful leaping of deer; par̲aiyāṭṭam, a dance to the sound of rhythmical drumbeats, and thīppandāṭṭam, a dance involving playing with burning wooden torches. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A Tanjore Painting depicting Goddess Saraswati A rare Tanjore style painting from the late 19th century depicting the ten Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana. ... Languages Tamil Religions Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism Related ethnic groups Dravidian people Brahui people Kannadigas Malayalis Tamils Telugus Tuluvas Gonds The Tamil people are a multi-ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ... Mariamman This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. ... Nadaswaram, also spelt Nadhaswaram, and also called Nagaswaram, is one of the most popular classical instruments of south India and the worlds loudest non-brass acoustic instrument. ... Melam is a classic performance of different musical instruments that are unique to Kerala. ...

Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. Bharatanatyam is thought to have been created by Bharata Muni, a Hindu sage, who wrote the Natya Shastra, the most important ancient treatise on classical Indian dance. In ancient times it was performed as dasiattam by Hindu temple Devadasis. In this form, it as also been called sadir or chinna melam. Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharata Natyam dance postures. Bharatanatyam is a traditional dance-form known for its grace, purity, tenderness, and sculpturesque poses. It continues to be a popular and widely performed dance style at present times and is practised by male and female dancers all over India. Therukoothhu (street dance) is a folk tradition of dance-drama. Bharatanatyam[1] is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu[2][3][4][5][6], a state in Southern India. ... Bharata Muni was an ancient Indian writer whose life has been dated differently from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century Ad. ... The Natya Shastra or NÄtyaÅ›Ästra is the principal work of dramatic theory in the Sanskrit drama of classical India. ... Sculptor redirects here. ...

Film industry

Main Article: Kollywood Kollywood (Tamil : à®•à¯‹à®²à®¿à®µà¯‚à®Ÿà¯ ) is a name often applied to the home of the Tamil-language film industry based in India, and to the industry as a whole. ...

Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry, the second largest film industry in India alongside Bollywood (Hindi films) and Tollywood (Telugu films). Chennai has often been referred to as Kollywood, a conflation of Hollywood and Kodambakkam, the section of Chennai that houses cinema-related facilities. Kollywood (Tamil : à®•à¯‹à®²à®¿à®µà¯‚à®Ÿà¯ ) is a name often applied to the home of the Tamil-language film industry based in India, and to the industry as a whole. ... Bollywood (Hindi: , Urdu: ) is the informal term popularly used for Mumbai-based Hindi-language film industry in India. ... Telugu Cinema refers to the Telugu film industry. ... Kollywood (Tamil : à®•à¯‹à®²à®¿à®µà¯‚à®Ÿà¯ ) is a name often applied to the home of the Tamil-language film industry based in India, and to the industry as a whole. ... ... , Kodambakkam is a neighbourhood in Chennai, India, and the term Kollywood is derived from the name of this area. ...

Cuisine

Tamil cuisine has one of the oldest culinary heritages in the world. Traditionally, food is served on banana leaf. Rice is the staple food of Tamils. Traditional Tamil cuisine includes Dosai, Idly, Vadai, Pongal and Uthappam. These dishes are served along with Sambar, Rasam, Kootu, Aviyal, Chatni and Poriyal. The Chettinad region is famous for its spicy non-vegetarian cuisine. The Tirunelveli region is also famous for its unique wheat halwa. The fast food culture is witnessing a steady growth in Tamil Nadu in recent years. Tamil cuisine is one of the oldest vegetarian culinary heritages in the world. ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Dosa (Dosay in Karnataka state, Dosai in Tamil Nadu state, Doshai in Kerala state) is a South Indian delicacy which comes in many varieties, flavours and with various accompaniments. ... Traditional plain Idlis Idli is a food native to southern India, common in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala. ... A vadai (left center), served with an idli, coconut chutney and sambar. ... This article is about the Pongal festival. ... Uthappam and dosa are popular south india dishes. ... The South Indian staple breakfast item of Idly, Sambhar and Vada served on a banana leaf. ... Rasam is also an Iranian male name. ... Kootu is a Tamil dish, common in Tamil Nadu and South India. ... Aviyal (IPA: [aÊ‹ijal], Malayalam: à´…à´µà´¿à´¯à´²àµâ€) is a dish that has a unique place in a typical Kerala Cuisine. ... Chettinad is a region of the Sivaganga district of southern Tamil Nadu state, India. ... , Tirunelveli (Tamil: ) is a Municipal Corporation, sixth largest city in Tamil Nadu(After Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy and Salem)in southern India and the district headquarter of Tirunelveli district. ... Fast food is food prepared and served quickly at a fast-food restaurant or shop at low cost. ...

Festivals

Pongal, also called as Tamizhar Thirunaal (festival of Tamils) is a four-day harvest festival is the most celebrated festival of Tamil Nadu. The Tamil language saying Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum — literally meaning, the birth of the month of Thai will pave way for new opportunities — is often quoted with reference to this festival. The first day, Bhogi Pongal, is celebrated by throwing away and destroying old clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the old and emergence of the new. The second day, Surya Pongal, is the main day which falls on the first day of the Tamil month Thai (January 14 or January 15 in western calendar). The third day, Maattu Pongal, is meant to offer thanks to the cattle, as they provide milk and are used to plough the lands. Jallikattu, a violent taming the wild bull contest, marks the main event of this day. During this final day, Kaanum Pongal — the word "kanum", means'to view' in Tamil — youths used to gather at river banks to view and select their future life partners, but that practice has declined. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 422 pixelsFull resolution (963 Ã— 508 pixel, file size: 129 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) own. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 422 pixelsFull resolution (963 Ã— 508 pixel, file size: 129 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) own. ... Theni district in Tamil Nadu, India Manjalaru Dam. ... This article is about the Pongal festival. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jallikattu is a South Indian celebration involving bull taming, somewhat similar to the Spanish running of the bulls. ...

The first month in the Tamil calendar is Chittirai and the first day of this month is celebrated as Tamil New Year, which generally falls on April 13 or 14th of the Gregorian calendar. Aadi Perukku is celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month Aadi, which celebrates the rising of the water level in the river Cauvery. Deepavali( Death of Narakasura) was celeberated with fire crackers. is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the calendar of religious holidays and periods, see liturgical year. ... The Cauvery River (also spelled Kaveri or Kavery) is one of the great sacred rivers of India. ...

Additional major Hindu festivals including Saraswathi Poojai (Dasara) and Vinayaka Chathurthi are celebrated widely. The Ayyavazhi Festival, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram is celebrated grandly in the southern districts,^[39] especially in Swamithope pathi,^[40] the religious head quarters.^[41] In addition Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Easter and Bakrid are celebrated by Christians and Muslims in the state. Dasara, also called Navaratri, is among the most important festivals celebrated in Southern India. ... Ganesh Chaturdhi, also known as Vinayaka Chavithi, is a Hindu festival that falls on the fourth day of the sixth month (Bhadrapadam) of the Indian Lunar Calendar. ... Ayyavazhi (IPA: )(Tamil:à®…à®¯à¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®´à®¿ [1] -Path of the father) is a dharmic belief system[2] which originated in South India in the 19th century. ... The Vaikunda Avataram is celebrated on the 20th day of the Tamil Month of Masi, the date at which Lord Vaikundar arose from the sea of Thiruchendur as the son of Mummorthies to destroy the evil spirit of KÃ¡li, not the Hindu deity, present in this Kali Yuga and... Swamithoppe Pathi (Tamil: ), Swamithoppu-pathi, Manavaippathi, or Thalaimaippathi (Thalaimai (chief) + pathi) is the primary pathi of the Ayyavazhi, the head of all Worship centers of Ayyavazhi, and the place where Ayya Vaikundar is said to have performed the Tavam. ... For other uses, see Christmas (disambiguation). ... Eid ul-Fitr or Id-Ul-Fitr (Arabic: Ø¹ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„ÙØ·Ø± â€˜Äªdu l-Fiá¹r), often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim holiday that marks the end of Ramadan, the holy month of fasting. ... This article is about the Christian festival. ... Eid al-Adha (Arabic: Ø¹ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„Ø£Ø¶ØÙ‰ â€˜Äªd al-â€™Aá¸á¸¥Ä) is a religious festival celebrated by Muslims worldwide as a commemoration of Ibrahims (Abrahams) willingness to sacrifice his son Ismael for Allah. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ...

Apart from these major festivals, in every village and town of Tamil Nadu, the inhabitants celebrate festivals for the local gods once a year and the time varies from place to place. Most of these festivals are related to the goddess Maariyamman, the mother goddess of rain. Mariamman (Tamil: ) also Maariamma (Tamil: ) or simply Amman (Tamil: ) or mother, is the rural South Indian mother goddess predominant in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. ...

Economy

// This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Tamil Nadu at market prices estimated[1] by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. ...

Macro-economic trend

Tamil Nadu's gross state domestic product for 2007 is estimated at 275,000 crores (70 billion USD) in current prices^[42]. ^[43] The state experienced a GDP growth rate of 12.1% for this period.^[29] Possessing the third largest economy (2004-2005) among states in India, Tamil Nadu is also the second most industrialised state next to Maharastra.^[44] The per capita income for the period 2007 - 2008 for the state was Rs.43,000 ranking second among the South Indian states.^[45] It ranks third in foreign direct investment approvals (cumulative 1991-2002) of Rs.225,826 million ($5,000 million), next only to Maharashtra (Rs.366,024 million ($8,100 million)) and Delhi (Rs.303,038 million ($6,700 million)and the State's FDI investment constitutes 9.12% of the total FDI in the country.^[46] Tamil Nadu was the winner of fDimagazine's Asian Region of the Future award 2005/06 in terms of FDIs, surpassing Australia's New South Wales.^[47] Unlike many other states, the economic resources are quite spread out, rather than concentrated in a small industrialised area. NSW redirects here. ...

Gross State Domestic Product - in Rs. Crores and Current Prices^[49] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...

According to the 2001 Census, Tamil Nadu has the highest level of urbanisation (43.86%) in India, accounting for 6% of India’s total population and 9.6% of the urban population.^[50] and is the second most industrialised state in India.^[25] Services contributes to 45% of the economic activity in the state, followed by manufacturing at 34% and agriculture at 21%. Government is the major investor in the state with 51% of total investments, followed by private Indian investors at 29.9% and foreign private investors at 14.9%. Tamil Nadu has a network of about 110 industrial parks and estates offering developed plots with supporting infrastructure.^[51] Also, the state government is promoting other industrial parks like Rubber Park, Apparel Parks, Floriculture Park, TICEL Park for Biotechnology,^[52] Siruseri IT Park, and Agro Export Zones among others. Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state . ...

Annual Plan outlays have increased by a record 75% from Rs.52,000 million ($1,100 million) in 2001-2 to Rs.91,000 million ($2,000 million) in 2005-6. Based on URP - Consumption for the period 2004 - 2005, percentage of the state's population Below Poverty Line was 27.5%.^[33]

Agriculture

Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state; its advances in other fields launched the state into competition with other states. Even so, Tamil Nadu is a leading producer of agricultural products in India. At present, Tamil Nadu is India's second biggest producer of Rice, next to Punjab where there is perennial source of irrigation.^[53] The Cauvery delta region of the composite Thanjavur district is known as the Rice Bowl of South India. Tamil Nadu accounts for nearly 6% of the area under fruits and 4% of the area under vegetables in the country. In terms of production, the State’s share is nearly 10% in fruits and 6% in vegetables.^[54] Tamil Nadu is also a leading state in the production of flowers. The total production of horticultural crops is 99.47 Lakhs during 2003-04. The main flowers grown in Tamil Nadu are Jasmine, Mullai, Chrysanthemum, Marigold and Rose. Mango and Banana are the leading fruit crops in Tamil Nadu accounting for over 84% of the area under fruit and over 87% of the total fruit production. Off-season production of mango and round-the-year production of grapes is unique to Tamil Nadu. The main vegetables grown are tapioca, tomato, onion, brinjal and drumstick. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 450 pixels Full resolution (2816 Ã— 1584 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 450 pixels Full resolution (2816 Ã— 1584 pixel, file size: 1. ... , Nagercoil (Tamil: à®¨à®¾à®•à®°à¯à®•à¯‹à®µà®¿à®²à¯) is a city and a municipality in Kanyakumari district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... , Thiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¨à´¨àµà´¤à´ªàµà´°à´‚ Tiruvanantapuraá¹), also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. ... Kanyakumari District (also spelt Kanniyakumari or Kanniakumari District) is a district of Tamil Nadu state, India and also the southernmost land area and district of mainland India. ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... This article details the Indian state of Punjab. ... Thanjavur district is one of the 30 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. ... Popular Japanese fashion magazine throughout the 1990s; the photography of which has recently been reissued in two collections from Phaidon press. ... Vegetables on a market Vegetable is a nutritional and culinary term denoting any part of a plant that is commonly consumed by humans as food, but is not regarded as a culinary fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain. ... Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive organ of those plants classified as angiosperms ( flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ... Horticulture (Latin: hortus (garden plant) + cultura (culture)) are classically defined as the culture or growing of garden plants. ... Species Vitis acerifolia Vitis aestivalis Vitis amurensis Vitis arizonica Vitis x bourquina Vitis californica Vitis x champinii Vitis cinerea Vitis x doaniana Vitis girdiana Vitis labrusca Vitis x labruscana Vitis monticola Vitis mustangensis Vitis x novae-angliae Vitis palmata Vitis riparia Vitis rotundifolia Vitis rupestris Vitis shuttleworthii Vitis tiliifolia Vitis...

The state is the largest producer of bananas,^[55], flowers,^[56] tapioca,^[56] the second largest producer of mango,^[56] coffee,^[57] natural rubber,^[58] coconut,^[59] groundnut and the third largest producer of sapota,^[56] Tea^[60] and Sugarcane.^[61] Tamil Nadu is also a leading producer of spices, kambu, corn, rye and oil seeds.^[62]^[63] The main spices grown are chillies, coriander, tamarind, turmeric and curry leaves. Tamil Nadu's sugarcane yield per hectare is the highest in India.^[61] A host of sugar companies have their operations here including EID Parry I Ltd., Thiru Arooran Sugars Ltd., Sakthi Sugars Ltd., Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd. and Rajshree sugars Ltd. The state has 17,000 hectares of land under oil palm cultivation, the second highest in India.^[64] Currently, Tamil Nadu is the only state to have a formal bio-diesel policy using jatropha plant crops and to distribute wasteland to the poor farmers for planting.^[65] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 553 KB) Eastern harbour of Alexandria city showig a part of the Alexandria library arc , Qaitbay citadel . ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 553 KB) Eastern harbour of Alexandria city showig a part of the Alexandria library arc , Qaitbay citadel . ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Species About 35 species, including: Mangifera altissima Mangifera applanata Mangifera caesia Mangifera camptosperma Mangifera casturi Mangifera decandra Mangifera foetida Mangifera gedebe Mangifera griffithii Mangifera indica Mangifera kemanga Mangifera laurina Mangifera longipes Mangifera macrocarpa Mangifera mekongensis Mangifera odorata Mangifera pajang Mangifera pentandra Mangifera persiciformis Mangifera quadrifida Mangifera siamensis Mangifera similis Mangifera... For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Coconut (disambiguation). ... This article is about peanut, the food. ... Genera Argania Aubregrinia Aulandra Autranella Baillonella Breviea Burckella Butyrospermum Capurodendron Chromolucuma Chrysophyllum Delpydora Diploknema Diploon Eberhardtia Ecclinusa Elaeoluma Englerophytum Faucherea Gluema Inhambanella Isonandra Labourdonnaisia Labramia Lecomtedoxa Leptostylis Letestua Madhuca Manilkara Micropholis Neohemsleya Neolemonniera Nesoluma Niemeyera Northia Omphalocarpum Palaquium Payena Pichonia Pouteria Pradosia Pycnandra Sarcaulus Sideroxylon Tieghemella Tridesmostemon Tsebona Vitellaria Vitellariopsis... For other uses, see Tea (disambiguation). ... Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical... External links Wikibooks Cookbook has more about this subject: Spice Food Bacteria-Spice Survey Shows Why Some Cultures Like It Hot Citat: ...Garlic, onion, allspice and oregano, for example, were found to be the best all-around bacteria killers (they kill everything). ... Jatropha plant cultivation and subsequent production of bio-fuel is a crucial part of Indias plan to attain energy sustainability. ...

Tamil Nadu is the home to Dr M.S. Swaminathan, known as the "father of the Green Revolution" in India.^[66] Tamil Nadu Agricultural University with its seven colleges and thirty two research stations spread over the entire state contributes to evolving new crop varieties and technologies and disseminating through various extension agencies. The net sown area is 36% of the total geographic area (National average of 46%). The gross cropped area is 53,200 km² with a cropping intensity of 119. Irrigation covers 46% of the cropped area and the remaining 54% is rain-fed. Tamil Nadu's agriculture is heavily dependent on river water and monsoon rains. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 471 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 Ã— 603 pixel, file size: 490 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tamil Nadu Vellore... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 471 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 Ã— 603 pixel, file size: 490 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tamil Nadu Vellore... , Vellore (Tamil: à®µà¯‡à®²à¯‚à®°à¯), is a town and a municipality in Vellore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (Tamil: ) is an Indian agriculture scientist, born August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, The second of four sons of a surgeon. ... The Green Revolution was the worldwide transformation of agriculture that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s. ...

Water Resources

The perennial rivers are Palar, Cheyyar River, Ponnaiyar, Kaveri, Meyar, Bhavani, Amaravati, Vaigai, Chittar River & Tamaraparani. Non-perennial rivers include the Vellar, Noyal, Suruli, Gundar, Vaipar, Valparai and Varshali. Canals, tanks and wells form the sources of Irrigation for farmers in the state. As of 2005-2006, the state had 2395 canals with a length of 9,747 km, 40,319 tanks, 670 ordinary government wells, 1,620,705 ordinary private wells and 290,611 tube wells.^[67] Cheyyar River is a river that runs through the Tamil Nadu state of South India. ... This article is about a river. ... Tulja Bhavani of Tuljapur Bhavani is a ferocious aspect of Hindu goddess Shakti or Devi. ... Chittar River and its five tributaries and numerous other contributing streams originate in the Courtallam hills of Tirunelveli District in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. ... Tamaraparani, is a perennial river in south Tamil Nadu flowing through Tirunelveli and drained in Bay of Bengal. ...

Livestock, poultry and fisheries

Among states in India, Tamil Nadu is one of the leaders in livestock, poultry and fisheries production. The table below gives the data on the total number of livestock and poultry in 2003 (All figures in thousands).^[68] Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ... Ducks amongst other poultry The Poultry-dealer, after Cesare Vecellio Poultry is the category of domesticated birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers. ... A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. ...

As per this data, Tamil Nadu had the second largest number of poultry amongst all the states and accounted for 17.7% of the total poultry population in India. The town of Namakkal is also known as the poultry hub. In 2003-2004, Tamil Nadu had produced 4,752,000 tonnes of milk, out of which 3,323,000 tonnes was cow milk and 1,429,000 tonnes was buffalo milk.^[69]^[70] The state was the ninth largest producer of milk and contributed to 5.39% of the total milk production in the country for that period. The per capita availability of milk for that period was 198 grams/day, which was lesser than the all-India figure of 231 grams/day.^[71] In 2003 - 2004, Tamil Nadu had produced 37,836 lakhs of eggs, which was the second highest figure among all the states in India, and represented 9.37% of the total egg production in the country.^[72] During 2002-2003, the state had produced 609000 kg of wool.^[73] The total fodder produced in the state for 2002-2003 was 31,929,000 tonnes, out of which 21,429,000 tonnes was dry fodder and 10,500,000 tonnes was green fodder.^[74] The total number of vertinary institutions in the state in 2006 was 1854.^[75] , Namakkal (Tamil: à®¨à®¾à®®à®•à¯à®•à®²à¯) is a city and a municipality in Namakkal district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... A glass of cows milk. ... EGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGS This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Fodder growing from barley In agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, including cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. ...

With the third longest coastline in India, Tamil Nadu is also among the leaders in fisheries and in the production and exports of related products. For the year 2005-2006, total inland fish catchment was 155,944 tonnes and marine fish catchment stood at 389,714 tonnes.^[76] For the same period, the total fish and fishery products exported by the state was 72,418 tonnes which was valued at Rs. 19.96 billion. This figure represented 27.54% of the total value of fish and fishery products exported by India for that period.^[77]

Industry

Tamil Nadu is a highly industrialised state. Many heavy engineering and manufacturing-based companies are centred in and around the suburbs of Chennai (nicknamed, "The Detroit of Asia"). Chennai boasts the presence of global vehicle manufacturing giants like Ford, Renault, Nissan, Caterpillar, Hyundai, Komatsu, BMW, and Mitsubishi as well as domestic heavyweights like MRF, TI cycles of India, Ashok Leyland, Royal Enfield, Mahindra & Mahindra, TAFE Tractors, and TVS. In an equal joint venture agreement, Renault and Nissan have decided to invest Rs. 4,500 crore ($1,140 million) to set up an integrated greenfield automotive facility at Oragadam near Chennai. A memorandum of understanding (MoU) in this regard was signed with the Government of Tamil Nadu in February 2008. The project will come up on 678 acres and will provide vehicle production platforms for the two car-makers. It will also have powertrain facility. The plant will have an installed capacity of four lakh vehicles annually. The facility is expected to go on stream in 2010.This project would give a fillip to the manufacturing sector in Tamil Nadu, especially in the area of automobiles and auto components and help consolidate Chennai's position as the leading location for automobile production and related industries in India. Everything from automobiles, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorcycles and heavy vehicles are manufactured in the state. Sterlite Industries have their copper smelter (in Tuticorin) and aluminium (in Mettur) factories here. A large number of textile mills and engineering industries are present around the city of Coimbatore.Coimbatore is also headquarters for Pricol, LMW,ELGI, Suguna and Bromark PioneerPoultry. Karur is known for its bus body building industries where most of the buses used in south India are manufactured, and truck bodies are built in Namakkal. Over 11.2% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Tamil Nadu.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 Ã— 2304 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 Ã— 2304 pixel, file size: 2. ... â€œFordâ€ redirects here. ... For the author, see Mary Renault. ... Nissan Motor Co. ... Caterpillar Inc. ... South Korean business tycoon Chung Ju-yung, founder and honorary chairman of Hyundai Group, 1998 Hyundai refers to a group of companies founded by Chung Ju-yung in South Korea, and related organizations. ... Komatsu Limited ) or Komatsu Hanomag excavator in Germany Komatsu construction vehicle in New Orleans, Louisiana (USA) Komatsu (ã‚³ãƒžãƒ„) (TYO: 6301) is a Japanese company that manufactures construction, mining, and military equipment, industry machinery such as press machines, lasers, and thermoelectric modules. ... For other uses, see BMW (disambiguation). ... For information on Mitsubishi brand computer monitors, see NEC-Mitsubishi Electronics Display of America Inc. ... MRF Logo:Man holding tyre Madras Rubber Factory, or MRF, is a major manufacturing company located in Chennai, India. ... TI Cycles of India is one of the leading bicycle manufacturers in India. ... Ashok Leyland (NSE: ASHOKLEY, BSE: 500477) is a commercial vehicle manufacturing company based in Chennai, India. ... Royal Enfield was the brand of the Enfield Cycle Company, an English engineering company. ... Mahindra & Mahindra is a part of the Mahindra Group and was established in 1945 to manufacture general-purpose utility vehicles. ... TAFE Tractors is an Indian manufacturer of tractors and other farm equipment, with its corporate headquarters in Chennai. ... TVS may stand for: Television South TVS, India topological vector space transvaginal ultrasound transient voltage suppressor diode This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Thoothukudi (தூத்துக்குடி in Tamil), also known as Tuticorin is a city and district in Tamil Nadu, India. ... Mettur Dam Near Mettur Dam Mettur (Tamil: à®®à¯‡à®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà¯‚à®°à¯) is an industrial Town municipality in Salem district in the [India] state of Tamil Nadu. ... , Coimbatore (Tamil: ), also known as Kovai (Tamil: ), is a major industrial city in India and the second largest city in the state of Tamil Nadu. ... , Coimbatore (Tamil: ), also known as Kovai (Tamil: ), is a major industrial city in India and the second largest city in the state of Tamil Nadu. ... Lakshmi Machine Works. ... Karur (Tamil : à®•à®°à¯‚à®°à¯ ) is a town and a municipality in Karur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... , Namakkal (Tamil: à®¨à®¾à®®à®•à¯à®•à®²à¯) is a city and a municipality in Namakkal district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ...

The Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Plant, Neyveli Lignite Power Plant, many hydroelectric plants including Mettur and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. It is presently adding the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant to its energy grid. Tamil Nadu sources a significant proportion of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power contributing over 2000 MW or over 20% of the needs.^{[citation needed]} As of 2005, Tamil Nadu is one of the few Indian states with surplus power electricity, enabling the electrical authority to sell it to neighbouring states of Andra Pradesh & Karnataka. Tamil Nadu ranks first nationwide in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with national market share of over 34%.^{[citation needed]} , Kalpakkam is a small town situated 80 km south of Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, a state in southern India. ... Neyveli is a mining and power-generation township in Cuddalore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power station currently under construction in Koodankulam in the Tirunelveli district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... This is a list of States and Union Territories of India by installed capacity of power utilities with generation mode break-up as of 3 April 2006 published by the Ministry of Power with figures in millions of watts. ...

The textile industry plays a significant role in the Indian economy by providing direct employment to an estimated 35 million people, and thereby contributing 4% of GDP and 35% of Gross Export Earnings. The textile sector contributes to 14% of the manufacturing sector. There are a lot of Textile mills located in Coimbatore. The city of Tirupur (Coimbatore District), in Tamil Nadu is the country's largest exporter of cotton knitwear^[78] and sometimes referred to as Textile valley of India.^[79] In 2004, the export turnover from the town was more than Rs. 50,000 million ($1,000 million). Some 7,000 garment units in the town provides employment opportunity to 7,50,000 people. 56% of India's total knitwear exports come from Tirupur. The Export Import Policy of 2002-2007 acknowledges Tirupur for its contribution to the export efforts. Next to Tirupur, the city of Karur generates around (3,500 million) $750 million a year in foreign exchange and give the opportunity to 3,00,000 peoples for work. The Karur exports of Home-Textile products such as bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens, table linens and wall hangings. Madurai and Kanchipuram are famous for their handloom and silk saris. , Coimbatore (Tamil: ), also known as Kovai (Tamil: ), is a major industrial city in India and the second largest city in the state of Tamil Nadu. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Tirupur is a city in India, situated 50 kilometres away from Coimbatore. ... Karur (Tamil : à®•à®°à¯‚à®°à¯ ) is a town and a municipality in Karur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... , Madurai (Tamil: , IPA: ) is a city and a municipal corporation with a city population of 922,913 according to 2001 census. ... , Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram (also sometimes Conjeevaram) is a city and a municipality in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ...

Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu. Companies like Nokia, Flextronics, Motorola, Sony-Ericsson, Foxconn, Samsung, Cisco, and Dell have chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing hub. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets.^[80] Ericsson also has a Research and Development facility in Chennai.^[81] Big EPC companies have set up their Engineering centres which include Saipem I Project Services ltd, Technip, Foster Wheeler, Mott Mecdonald, Petrofac and Technimont. The Austrian company Austrian Energy and Environment also have a design office here besides local giant ECC {Larsen & Toubro}. Sanmina-SCI is the latest company to invest in Tamil Nadu to create a state of the art manufacturing facility^[82] Nokia Siemens Networks has decided to build a manufacturing plant for wireless network equipment in Tamil Nadu^[83] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x474, 107 KB) [edit] Summary File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Nagercoil Aralvaimozhi Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x474, 107 KB) [edit] Summary File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Nagercoil Aralvaimozhi Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Muppandal (Tamil: à®®à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®¨à¯à®¤à®²à¯)is a small village on the southern tip of India in Kanyakumari District, in the state of Tamil Nadu. ... Kanyakumari District (also spelt Kanniyakumari or Kanniakumari District) is a district of Tamil Nadu state, India and also the southernmost land area and district of mainland India. ... The Agasthiyamalai range of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a mountain range in India. ... This article is about the telecommunications corporation. ... Motorola Inc. ... For an arrangement of Sony Ericsson products, see list of Sony Ericsson products Sony Ericsson is a joint venture established in 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones. ... Foxconn (å¯Œå£«åº·) is the trade name of the Taiwanese firm Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. ... Samsung Group is one of the largest South Korean business groupings. ... Cisco may refer to: Cisco Systems, a computer networking company Cisco IOS, an internet router operating system CISCO Security Private Limited, a security company in Singapore Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation, a statutory board in Singapore Abbreviation for San Francisco, California Cisco (wine) The Cisco Kid, a fictional character created... This article is about the corporation Dell, Inc. ... Ericsson () NASDAQ: ERIC. Founded in 1876, Ericsson is a leading provider of communications networks, related services and handset technology platforms. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) is a telecommunications solutions supplier which was created as the result of a merger (by means of a 50-50 joint venture) between Siemens AGs COM division (minus its Enterprise business unit) and Nokias Network Business Group. ...

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, a global electrical equipment manufacturing public sector company, has manufacturing plants at Tiruchirapalli and Ranipet. The construction industry also saw new entrants like BGR Energy systems ltd, Consolidated construction consortium. The state government owns the Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers (TNPL),^[84] the world's biggest bagasse based Paper mills in Karur as well as the world's sixth largest manufacturer of watches together with TATA, under the brand name of "Titan".^[85] 55% of all wind-generated electricity in India is created by windmills in Tamil Nadu. Renowned Danish wind power company NEG Micon has established its manufacturing unit in Chennai.^[86] BHEL or Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited is a Gas and Steam turbine manufacturer in India. ... , Tiruchirappalli (Tamil : à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿à®°à®¾à®ªà¯à®ªà®³à¯à®³à®¿) also spelt Tiruchchirapalli, commonly known as Tiruchi or Trichy (Tamil : à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®šà¯à®šà®¿) formerly also pronounced as Trichinopoly (under British rule) is the fourth largest city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (after Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Ranipettai. ... Bagasse (sometimes spelled bagass) is the biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. ... Tata may refer to: Tata Group, a multinational company based in India Tata Motors, one of Indias largest automobile company known for its hatchback motorvehicle Tata Indica Tata Steel, worlds fifth largest steel producer Tata Consultancy Services, Indias largest IT company Tata Airlines, now Air India Tata... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Tamil Nadu is a leading producer of Cement in India. It is the home of leading cement brands in the country such as Chettinad Cements (in Karur), Dalmia Cements (in Ariyalur), Ramco cements (Madras Cement Ltd), India cements (in Sankari, Ariyalur), Grasim etc. Big companies like MICO and Cognizant solutions have set up their design offices here. L&T is setting up big manufacturing units with an investment of 500 crores.^{[citation needed]} Even temple city Madurai has attracted Honeywell to set up their centre here. Karur (Tamil : à®•à®°à¯‚à®°à¯ ) is a town and a municipality in Karur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... , Ariyalur is a panchayat town in Ariyalur district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Honeywell Heating Specialties Company Stock Certificate dated 1924 signed by Mark C. Honeywell - courtesy of Scripophily. ...

The town of Sivakasi is a leader in the areas of printing, fireworks, and safety matches.^[87] It was fondly called as Kutty Japan or "little Japan" by Jawaharlal Nehru. It contributes to 80% of India's production of safety matches as well as 90% of India's total fireworks production. Sivakasi provides over 60% of India's total offset printing solutions and ranks as one of the highest taxpaying towns in India. Sivakasi also is a 100% employed town, putting it in the company of very few towns in India.^{[citation needed]} , For the film, see Sivakasi (film). ... Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: , IPA: (November 14, 1889 â€“ May 27, 1964) was a major political leader of the Congress Party, a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of independent India. ...

Tamil Nadu has a significant amount of mineral reserves such as lignite (87%), vermiculite (66%), garnet (42%), zircon (38%), graphite (33%), ilmenite (28%), rutile (27%), monazite (25%), and magnesite (17%). The numbers in the brackets indicate the percentage contribution to the national share. India's leading steel producer, SAIL has a steel plant in Salem.^[88] Strip mining lignite at Garzweiler, Germany Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. ... Vermiculite is a natural, non toxic mineral that expands with the application of heat. ... Garnet is a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. ... Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. ... For other uses, see Graphite (disambiguation). ... Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic iron-black or steel-gray mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. ... Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, TiO2. ... Monazite powder In geology, the mineral monazite is a reddish-brown phosphate containing rare earth metals and an important source of thorium, lanthanum, and cerium. ... Magnesite is magnesium carbonate, MgCO3. ... Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the second largest steel maker in India. ... , Salem (Tamil: à®šà¯‡à®²à®®à¯) is a city and a municipal corporation in Salem district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ...

Tamil Nadu is a leading contributor in the IT and BPO sectors. Tamil Nadu is the third largest software exporter by value in India, second only to Karnataka and Maharashtra. India's largest IT park is in Chennai. Software exports from Tamil Nadu more than doubled from Rs. 76 billion ($1.6 billion) in 2003-04 to Rs. 141.15 billion {$3.53 billion} in 2005-06 and zoomed to Rs. 207 billion {$5 billion} by 2006-07 according to NASSCOM. ^[89] Chennai is a hub for e-publishing with 47 e-publishing units registered with the STPI in Chennai. Companies such as Virtusa, HCL, Wipro, TCS, Satyam, Infosys, Polaris Software Lab, Cognizant Technology Solutions, Acme Technology Pvt Ltd, Covansys, Capgemini, Ford Information Technology, Xansa,Changepond, Verizon, iSoft,insoft, iNautix, MphasiS(Electronic Data Systems), Bally and many others have offices in Chennai. Infosys Technologies has set up India's largest software development centre to house 25,000 software professionals at an estimated investment of Rs. 12,500 million ($270 million) in Chennai. Chennai is also the preferred destination for companies outsourcing their high-end knowledge intensive operations. Testimony to this is the presence of major market research companies such as Frost & Sullivan and equity research companies such as Irevna in Chennai. This is the next high growth area that Chennai is witnessing. Tidel Park Tidel park is located in south Chennai and is served by the Chennai MRTS Tidel Park is an IT Park situated in the city of Chennai, India. ... Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is a government agency in India, established in 1991 under the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, that manages the Software Technology Park scheme. ... Virtusa Corporation is an information technology (IT) services company founded in Sri Lanka by Kris Canekeratne in 1996. ... HCL or HCl can stand for: Hardware Compatibility List Chemical symbol for hydrochloric acid, written HCl Higher Chinese Language, an academic subject in Singapore An Indian software company (previously Hindustan Computers Ltd. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Wipro Technologies. ... TCS may stand for: Tactical cryptologic system Taiwanese Cultural Society Taking Children Seriously (tcs. ... Satyam Computer Services Ltd. ... Infosys Software Development Center in Pune. ... Category: ... Cognizant redirects here. ... Covansys Corporation (NASDAQ:CVNS) is a global consulting and technology services company hadquartered in Michigan. ... Capgemini (Euronext: CAP) is a major French company, one of the worlds largest information technology, management consulting, outsourcing and professional services companies with a staff of 75,000 operating in 30 countries. ... Xansa (LSE:XAN) is an outsourcing and technology company, quoted on the London Stock Exchange. ... This article or section should include material from Bell Atlantic This article or section should include material from GTE Verizon Communications (NYSE: VZ) is a local exchange telephone company formed by the merger of Bell Atlantic, a former Bell Operating Company, and GTE, which was the largest independant local exchange... iSOFT is an international supplier of software applications for the healthcare sector. ... iNautix is an affiliate of the Bank of New York Company Inc, a leading financial services provider. ... MphasiS is a leading IT and BPO services company, originating in India. ... Electronic Data Systems (EDS) (NYSE: EDS, LSE: EDC) is a global business and technology services company that defined the outsourcing business when it was established in 1962 by Ross Perot. ... Bally Technologies logo Bally (with its distinctive Rolling Ball logo) Bally Technologies, Inc. ...

Transportation

Tamil Nadu has a well established transportation system that connects all parts of the state. This is partly responsible for the investment growth in the state. Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network, providing links between urban centers, agricultural market-places and rural areas. There are 24 national highways in the state, covering a total distance of 2,002 km.^[91] The state is also a terminus for the Golden Quadrilateral project that is scheduled to be completed in 2008. The state has a total road length of 167,000 km, of which 60,628 km are maintained by Highways Department. This is nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all-India road network.^[92] It is currently working on upgrading its road network, though the pace of work is considered slow.^[93] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1669x1184, 537 KB) Summary Nilgiri Mountain Railway train climbs past Kateri Road. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1669x1184, 537 KB) Summary Nilgiri Mountain Railway train climbs past Kateri Road. ... A typical Nilgiri train on the rack section The Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR) connects the town of Mettupalayam with the hill station of Ooty (correctly Udhagamandalam), in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ... Map showing the Golden Quadrilateral and other National Highways The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) is the largest express highway project in India launched by Sri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former prime minister of India. ...

Tamil Nadu has a well developed rail network as part of Southern Railway. Headquartered at Chennai, the Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's Southern Peninsula, covering the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry, a major portion of Karnataka and a small portion of Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 5,952 km and there are 532 railway stations in the state.^[94] The system connects it with most major cities in India. Main rail junctions in the state include Chennai, Erode, Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem and Tiruchirapalli. Chennai has a well-established Suburban Railway network and is in the process of developing a metro. Southern Railway is the first Railway Zone to be created in independent India. ... Madras redirects here. ... , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: à´•àµ‡à´°à´³à´‚; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... Map of Pondicherry Region, Union Territory of Pondicherry, India Pondicherry (Tamil:à®ªà¯à®¤à¯à®µà¯ˆ,Hindi: à¤ªà¥‰à¤£à¥à¤¡à¤¿à¤šà¥‡à¤°à¥€) is a Union Territory of India. ... This article is about the Indian region. ... Andhra redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... // Salem is a common name for towns and places, particularly in the Western world. ... Map of the road and rail transportation network in the Chennai metropolitan area Chennai has a well developed transport infrastructure. ...

Tamil Nadu has a major international airport, Chennai International Airport, that is connected with 19 countries with more than 169 direct flights every week. This is currently the third largest airport in India after Mumbai and Delhi and has a passenger growth of 18%. It also has domestic airports at Coimbatore, Trichy, Tuticorin and Madurai make several parts of the state easily accessible. Increased industrial activity has given rise to an increase in passenger traffic as well as freight movement which has been growing at over 18 per cent per year.^[95] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 Ã— 2304 pixel, file size: 3. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 Ã— 2304 pixel, file size: 3. ... Chennai International Airport (à®šà¯†à®©à¯à®©à¯ˆ à®ªà®©à¯à®©à®¾à®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà¯ à®µà®¿à®®à®¾à®© à®¨à®¿à®²à¯ˆà®¯à®®à¯) (IATA: MAA, ICAO: VOMM) is located in Meenambakkam, 7 km south of Chennai, India. ... Chennai International Airport (à®šà¯†à®©à¯à®©à¯ˆ à®ªà®©à¯à®©à®¾à®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà¯ à®µà®¿à®®à®¾à®© à®¨à®¿à®²à¯ˆà®¯à®®à¯) (IATA: MAA, ICAO: VOMM) is located in Meenambakkam, 7 km south of Chennai, India. ... , Bombay redirects here. ... , For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... , Coimbatore (Tamil: ), also known as Kovai (Tamil: ), is a major industrial city in India and the second largest city in the state of Tamil Nadu. ... Tiruchirapalli (also spelled Tiruchchirappalli, commonly known as Tiruchi or Trichy, formerly known as Trichinopoly under British rule) is a city situated on the banks of the Kaveri river, centrally located in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Thoothukudi (தூத்துக்குடி in Tamil), also known as Tuticorin is a city and district in Tamil Nadu, India. ... , Madurai (Tamil: , IPA: ) is a city and a municipal corporation with a city population of 922,913 according to 2001 census. ...

Tamil Nadu has three major ports at Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin, as well as one intermediate port, Nagapattinam, and seven minor ports, Rameswaram, Kanyakumari, Cuddalore, Colachel, Karaikal, Pamban and Valinokkan which are currently capable of handling over 73 million metric tonnes of cargo annually (24 per cent share of India). All the minor ports are managed by the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board.^[96] Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast in South-East India and it is the second principal port in the country for handling containers. Ennore Port was recently converted from an intermediate port to a major port and handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. The volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per cent during 2005.^[97]^[98] The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project will transform the Tuticorin port into a transshipment hub similar to those in Singapore and Colombo. The ports are in need of improvement and some of them have container terminals privatised. Chennai Port, more than a century old artificial port, and located in Chennai, South India, is one of the major ports on the Coromandel coast of India. ... Ennore Port, located about 24 Km north of Chennai Port, Chennai, South India is the 12th major port of India, and the first port in India which is a public company. ... Thoothukudi (தூத்துக்குடி in Tamil), also known as Tuticorin is a city and district in Tamil Nadu, India. ... Nagapattinam (formerly known as Negapatam and also as Shiva Rajadhani) is a small city with a population of about 100,000, located in coastal Tamil Nadu, India. ... This article is about temple town. ... For other uses, see Kanyakumari (disambiguation). ... For the district by the same name, see Cuddalore district. ... Colachel is a coastal town situated in the Arabian Sea in the district of Kanyakumari District of India. ... Karaikal, also Karikal, is one of the four regions of the Union Territory of Pondicherry. ... Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project proposes linking the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka by creating a shipping canal through the shallow sea sometimes called Setu Samudram, and through the island chain of Ramas Bridge, also known as Adams Bridge. ... Transshipment is the shipment of goods to an intermediate destination, and then from there to yet another destination. ... Map of Colombo with its administrative districts Coordinates: , District Colombo District Government - Mayor Uvaiz Mohammad Imitiyaz (Sri Lanka Freedom Party) Area - City 37. ...

Fauna and Flora

The state has a wide range of flora and fauna. There is a wide diversity of wildlife. There are many Protected areas of Tamil Nadu, including 2 Biosphere Reserves, 5 National Parks and several Wildlife Sanctuaries, where many unique species and their habitats are protected^[99] Tamil Nadu includes a wide range of Biomes, extending east from the South Western Ghats montane rain forests in the Western Ghats through the South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests and Deccan thorn scrub forests to tropical dry broadleaf forests and then to the beaches, estuaries, salt marshes, mangroves, and coral reefs of the Bay of Bengal. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1296 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 831 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1296 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 831 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Binomial name Macaca silenus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) is an Old World monkey that lives only in southwest India. ... // Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu State in South India covers an area of 130,058 km 2 (50,215 mi2). ... // Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu State in South India covers an area of 130,058 km 2 (50,215 mi2). ... // Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu State in South India covers an area of 130,058 km 2 (50,215 mi2). ... // Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu State in South India covers an area of 130,058 km 2 (50,215 mi2). ... In Ecology, a biome is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities well adapted to the regions physical environment. ... The South Western Ghats montane rain forests are an ecoregion of southern India, covering the southern portion of the Western Ghats range in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, at elevations over 1000 meters. ... The Agasthiyamalai range of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a mountain range in India. ... The South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests is an ecoregion of southern India. ... The Deccan thorn scrub forests is a xeric shrubland ecoregion of India and northernmost Sri Lanka. ... Trinidad and Tobago dry forest on Chacachacare showing the dry-season deciduous nature of the vegetation The tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest biome, also known as tropical dry forest, is located at tropical and subtropical latitudes. ... For other uses, see Beach (disambiguation). ... An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water mixes with fresh water. ... An Atlantic coastal salt marsh in Connecticut. ... Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal. ... Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef, in this case the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. ... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Fauna

There are about 2000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu. Protected areas provide safe habitat for large mammals including elephants, tigers, leopard, wild dog,sloth bears, Gaurs, Lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiri Langurs, Nilgiri Tahrs, Grizzled Giant Squirrels and Sambar deer, resident and migratory birds such as Cormorants, Darters, Herons, Egrets, Open-billed Storks, Spoonbills and White Ibises, Little Grebes, Indian Moorhen, Black-winged Stilts, a few migratory ducks and occasionally Grey Pelicans, marine species such as the Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and Balano-glossus and a wide variety of fish and insects. Endangered Nilgiri Tahr There are about 2000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu, South India. ... Trinomial name Elephas maximus indicus Cuvier, 1798 The Indian Elephant, Elephas maximus indicus, is one of three subspecies of the Asian elephant, the largest population of which is found in India. ... Trinomial name Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bengal tiger, or Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris or Panthera tigris bengalensis), is a subspecies of tiger primarily found in Bangladesh, India, and also Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and southern Tibet. ... The Indian Leopard is a subspecies of Leopard found in much of the Indian peninsula, Burma, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Nepal. ... Binomial name Melursus ursinus (Shaw, 1791) The Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus) is a nocturnal bear, inhabiting the lowland forests of India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. ... Binomial name Bos gaurus H. Smith, 1827 Range map The Gaur (IPA gauÉ¹) (Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large, dark-coated ox of South Asia and Southeast Asia. ... Binomial name Macaca silenus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) is an Old World monkey that lives only in southwest India. ... Binomial name Trachypithecus johnii (J. Fischer, 1829) Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus johni) is a lutung (a type of Old World monkey) found in the Nilgiri hills of the Western Ghats in South India. ... Binomial name Nilgiritragus hylocrius (Ogilby, 1838) The Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) ungulate native to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the Western Ghats range in Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of southernmost India. ... Binomial name Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769) Grizzled Giant Squirrel also known as the Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel, Ratufa macroura, is a large species of squirrel found in Sri Lanka and in the forests of southern India. ... Binomial name Cervus unicolor (Kerr, 1792) Sambar Sambar in forest Sambar (also sambur, sambhur), is the common name for several large dark brown and maned Asian deer, particularly for the Indian species, which attains a height of 102 to 160 cm (40 to 63 in) at the shoulder and may... For other uses, see Cormorant (disambiguation). ... Species The darters or snake-birds are birds in the family Anhingidae. ... For other uses, see Heron (disambiguation). ... an egret and a fish Genera Egretta Ardea An egret is any of several herons, most of which are white or buff, and several of which develop fine plumes during the breeding season. ... Binomial name Anastomus oscitans Boddaert, 1783 The Asian Openbill Stork, Anastomus oscitans, is a large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. ... Genera and Species See text. ... There are three species of bird named White Ibis. ... Binomial name Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764) The Little Grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis , or Dabchick is, at 23-29 cm in length, the smallest European member of the grebe family of water birds. ... Binomial name Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) European distribution of the Common Moorhen. ... Binomial name Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Subspecies Hawaiian Stilt Black-necked Stilt The Black-winged Stilt, Himantopus himantopus, is a large wader in the avocet and stilt family, Recurvirostridae. ... Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Aythyinae Merginae Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. ... Binomial name Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin, 1789 The Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) is a member of the pelican family. ... Binomial name (MÃ¼ller, 1776) Natural range of . ... For other uses, see Turtle (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Dolphin (disambiguation). ...

Flora

Tamil Nadu is the home for 3000 plant species including Eucalyptus, Palmyra, Rubber, Cinchona, Clumping Bamboos (Bambusa Arundinacea), Common teak, Anogeissus latifolia, Indian Laurel , Grewia, and blooming trees like Indian labumusum, Aredesia, and Solanancea. Rare and unique plantlife includes Combretum ovalifolium, Ebony (Dispyros nilagrica), Habebarai reriflora (Orchid), Alsophila, Impatiens elegans, Ranunculus reniformis, and Royal fern. Tamil Nadu ranks first in Angiosperm diversity amongst all the states in the country with 5640 species (32%) of the total 17,672 species, which includes 230 red-listed species and 1559 species of medicinal plants^[100] This article is about the plant genus. ... Early morning panorama of Palmyra. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Species See text Cinchona L., is the name of a genus in Rubiaceae family, large evergreens that can grow over 10 metres tall. ... Genera Many, see text Bamboos are a group of woody perennial evergreen plants in the grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae. ... Species Tectona grandis Tectona hamiltoniana Tectona philippinensis Teak (Tectona), also called jati is a genus of tropical hardwood trees in the family Verbenaceae, native to the south and southeast of Asia, and is commonly found as a component of monsoon forest vegetation. ... species Anogeissus is a genus of trees native to South Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa, belonging to family Combretaceae. ... Species See text. ... Grewioideae is a subfamily of the Malvaceae family. ... For other uses, see Ebony (disambiguation). ... Subgenera and sections Subgenus Cyathea Alsophila Cyathea Subgenus Sphaeropteris Sphaeropteris Synonyms Acanthea Lindig, 1861 Alsophila R. Brown, 1810 Amphicosmia Gardner, 1842 Chlamydia Moore, 1857 Chnoophora Kaulfuss, 1824 Cormiophyllum Newman, 1856 Cyatheopsis Karsten, 1858 Dichorexia Presl, 1847 Dicranophlebia Martius, 1834 Disphenia Presl, 1836 Eatoniopteris Bommer, 1873 Eleutheria Kunze, 1844 Fourniera Bommer... Species See text Impatiens namchabarwensis Impatiens rosulata Impatiens parviflora Impatiens is a genus of about 900-1000 species of flowering plants in the family Balsaminaceae. ... Buttercup redirects here. ... Binomial name Osmunda regalis L. Royal fern, Osmunda regalis, belongs to the oxymoronically named flowering fern family, so called because the densely-clustered sporangia resemble flowers. ...

Tourism

Tamil Nadu's tourism industry is the second largest in India, with an annual growth rate of 16%.^[101] Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC), a Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking. TTDC was incorporated in July, 1971, with the objective of promoting tourism in Tamil Nadu by providing infrastructure facilities in transport and accommodation. To fulfil this objective, TTDC has expanded its activities into 3 main operations, namely, hotels, transport and fairs. At present, TTDC operates 54 hotels, 11 boat houses, 3 restaurants, 3 snack bars, 4 telescope houses, 2 landscaping & gardening and 1 tourist service center. TTDC offers wide range of package tours and operates a fleet of 22 coaches.^[102] The tagline adopted for promoting tourism in Tamil Nadu is Enchanting Tamil Nadu. In 2004, Tamil Nadu had earned Rs. 20 million ($457,000) from tourism.^[103] Approximately 1,219,000 foreign and 29,305,000 domestic tourists visited the state in 2005.^[104] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ... Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu, India Tirunelveli District (à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®¨à¯†à®²à¯à®µà¯‡à®²à®¿ à®®à®¾à®µà®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®®à¯ in Tamil) is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. ...

Tamil Nadu is a land of varied beauty. It boasts some of the grandest Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture in the World. The temples are of a distinct style which are famous for their towering Gopurams. The Brihadishwara Temple in Thanjavur, built by the Cholas, and the Shore Temple, along with the collection of other monuments in Mahabalipuram have been declared as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.^[105]^[106] The Rajagopuram of Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam — the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world — is the tallest temple gopuram in the world^[107] Madurai is home to one of the grandest Hindu temples in the World — Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple. Rameshwaram, Kanchipuram and Palani are important pilgrimage sites for Hindus. Other popular temples in Tamil Nadu include those in Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Chidambaram, Thiruvannaamalai, Aragalur, Tiruttani, Swamithoppe, Tiruchendur and Tiruvallur. This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Temple Entrance Tower ... , Tanjore redirects here. ... The Cholas were a South Indian Tamil dynasty, antedating the early Sangam literature (c. ... Shore temple The Shore Temple is a structural temple, built with blocks of granites, dating from the 8th century AD build on a promontory sticking out into the Bay of Bengal at Mamallapuram, a tiny village south of Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Shore Temple, rescued from the sea Mahabalipuram (Tamil:à®®à®•à®¾à®ªà®²à®¿à®ªà¯à®°à®®à¯) (also known as Mamallapuram) is a town in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ... Srirangam (Tamil: à®¸à¯à®°à¯€à®°à®™à¯à®•à®®à¯), also known as Thiruvarangam, is an island town in the district of Tiruchirapalli ( also known shortly as Trichy or Tiruchi) in South India. ... The Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple or Meenakshi Amman Temple is one of the most famous Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Shiva and goddess Parvati located in the holy city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. ... Rameswaram is a town in the southern part of India in the state of Tamil Nadu. ... Palani is a city and a municipality in Dindigul district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram Gangaikonda Cholapuram is a village in the inland Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu, India. ... , This article is about the town in Cuddalore district. ... , Thiruvannaamalai (Tamil: ) is a pilgrimage town and municipality in Thiruvannaamalai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Aragalur(six trenches village) is a village in Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. ... Swamithoppe-Pathi is the head quarter of all the Pathis where Ayya Vaikundar spent most of his life. ... Tiruchendur is a small town in Tuticorin District, India, 45 km away from Tuticorin and 53 km from Tirunelveli. ... Thiruvallur is a city and a municipality in Thiruvallur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ...

St. Thomas Mount in Chennai, the place where St. Thomas, one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, was believed to have been martyred^[108], is an important pilgrimage site for Indian Christians. The Santhome Basilica, supposedly built atop the tomb of St. Thomas, and the Vailankanni Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health — revered churches by the Catholics in India — are good examples of majestic church architectures in Tamil Nadu. Nagore, in Nagapattinam district, is an important pilgrimage site for Muslims. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... St. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... San Thome Basilica is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Santhome, in the city of Chennai, India. ... Vailankanni, also known as Velankanni, is a small town located on the shores of the Bay of Bengal 350 km south of Chennai (Madras) and 12 km south of Nagapattinam on the Coromandel Coast, in Tamil Nadu, India. ... Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health The Basilica of Our Lady of Health is located at the small town of Velankanni in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

Tamil Nadu is also home to many beautiful hill stations. Popular among them are Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Kodaikanal, Yercaud, Coonoor, Top Slip and Yelagiri. The Nilgiri hills, Palani hills, Shevaroy hills and Cardamom hills are all abodes of thick forests and wildlife. Mukurthi National Park & Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve are the two tiger reserves in the state. Tamil Nadu has many National Parks, Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Elephant and Bird Sanctuaries, Reserved Forests, Zoos and Crocodile farms. Prominent among them are Mudumalai National Park, The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary and Arignar Anna Zoological Park. The mangrove forests in Pichavaram are also eco-tourism spots of importance. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 Ã— 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 Ã— 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... For other uses, see Kanyakumari (disambiguation). ... Ooty, short for Ootacamund (an anglicized name for Udhagamandalam), is a popular hill station in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. ... , Kodaikanal (also known as Kodai) is a city and a Taluk division of Dindigul district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, South India. ... , A wooded path among the original forests of Yercaud. ... The bustling and chaotic Coonoor bazaar - the clock tower above the bus terminus can be seen in the distance. ... A national park found in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. ... Panthera tigris tigris Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) is situated in the Southern Western Ghats in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu state, South India. ... The Mudumalai sanctuary lies on the northern and north-western side of the Nilgiri (Blue Mountains), about 80 km north-west of Coimbatore in the extreme north-western corner of Tamil Nadu, on the interstate boundaries with Karnataka and Kerala states in southern India. ... The Gulf of Mannar is an arm of the Indian Ocean, lying between the southern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka at a width of between 160 and 200 km (100 to 125 mi). ... The Vandalur Zoo, also known as the Arignar Anna Zoological Park, in Vandalur, is located about 30 kilometers from the city of Madras. ... Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal. ...

Kanyakumari, the southern most tip of peninsular India, is famous for its distinct and beautiful sunrise, Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar's statue built off the coastline. Marina Beach in Chennai is one of the longest beaches in the world.^[109] The stretch of beaches from Chennai to Mahabalipuram are home to many resorts, theme parks and eateries. The Waterfalls in the state include Courtallam, Hogenakal, Papanasam and Manimuthar. The Chettinad region of the state is renowned for its Palatial houses and cuisine. In recent years, Tamil Nadu is also witnessing a growth in Medical tourism, as are many other states in India. For other uses, see Kanyakumari (disambiguation). ... Vivekananda Rock Vivekananda Rock Memorial is a place in Kanyakumari, India about 500 meters away from mainland (at the southernmost tip) of India which attracts large number of tourists. ... Tiruvalluvar was one of the greatest Tamil poets. ... The Marina Beach is a beach situated along a 12 km shoreline in the city of Chennai, India. ... , Courtallam, the Spa of the south, is a panchayat town situated at an elevation of about 167 m on the Western Ghats in Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Hogenakal Falls (Tamil:à®’à®•à¯à®•à¯‡à®©à®•à¯à®•à®²à¯; Kannada: à²¹à³Šà²—à³†à²¨à²•à²²à³), in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu state along the border with Karnataka, is one of the beautiful waterfalls in southern India on the Kaveri River. ...

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