Part of a series of articles on Jews and Judaism Musical collective is a phrase used in reference to a leaderless entity that is predisposed to performing music that may be considered experimental. ... Tanakh is the name for music written and improvised by a musical collective from Richmond, Virginia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...           Who is a Jew? · Etymology · Culture Image File history File links Star_of_David. ... Image File history File links Menora. ... Who is a Jew? (‎) is a commonly considered question that addresses the question of Jewish identity. ... Look up Jew in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews, or even those of religious Jews working in cultural areas not generally considered to be connected... Judaism · Core principles God · Tanakh (Torah, Nevi'im, Ketuvim) Mitzvot (613) · Talmud · Halakha Holidays · Prayer · Tzedakah Ethics · Kabbalah · Customs · Midrash This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... There are a number of basic Jewish principles of faith that were formulated by medieval rabbinic authorities. ... At the bottom of the hands, the two letters on each hand combine to form יהוה (YHVH), the name of God. ... The Torah () is the most important document in Judaism, revered as the inspired word of God, traditionally said to have been revealed to Moses. ... Neviim [נביאים] (Heb: Prophets) is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), following the Torah and preceding Ketuvim (writings). ... Ketuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). ... This article is about commandments in Judaism. ... Main article: Mitzvah 613 Mitzvot or 613 Commandments (Hebrew: ‎ transliterated as Taryag mitzvot; TaRYaG is the acronym for the numeric value of 613) are a list of commandments from God in the Torah. ... The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. ... Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah with pronunciation emphasis on the third syllable, kha), is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... A Jewish holiday or Jewish Festival is a day or series of days observed by Jews as holy or secular commemorations of important events in Jewish history. ... Jewish services (Hebrew: תפלה, tefillah ; plural תפלות, tefillot ; Yinglish: davening) are the prayer recitations which form part of the observance of Judaism. ... Tzedakah (Hebrew: צדקה) in Judaism, is the Hebrew term most commonly translated as charity, though it is based on a root meaning justice .(צדק). Judaism is very tied to the concept of tzedakah, or charity, and the nature of Jewish giving has created a North American Jewish community that is very philanthropic. ... // Jewish ethics stands at the intersection of Judaism and the Western philosophical tradition of ethics. ... This article is about traditional Jewish Kabbalah. ... Minhag (Hebrew: מנהג Custom, pl. ... Midrash (Hebrew: מדרש; plural midrashim) is a Hebrew word referring to a method of exegesis of a Biblical text. ... Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi · Sephardi · Mizrahi Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct Jewish communities within the worlds ethnically Jewish population. ... 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Jewish denominations · Rabbis Orthodox · Conservative · Reform Reconstructionist · Liberal · Karaite Humanistic · Renewal  · Alternative Several groups, sometimes called denominations, branches, or movements, have developed among Jews of the modern era, especially Ashkenazi Jews living in anglophone countries. ... For the town in Italy, see Rabbi, Italy. ... Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonised in the Talmudic texts (Oral Torah) and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. ... This article is about Conservative (Masorti) Judaism in the United States. ... 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Jewish Renewal is a new religious movement in Judaism which endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with mystical, Hasidic, musical and meditative practices. ... Alternative Judaism refers to several varieties of modern Judaism which fall outside the common Orthodox/Non-Orthodox (Reform/Conservative/Reconstructionist) classification of the four major streams of todays Judaism. ... Jewish languages Hebrew · Yiddish · Judeo-Persian Ladino · Judeo-Aramaic · Judeo-Arabic The Jewish languages are a set of languages that developed in various Jewish communities, in Europe, southern and south-western Asia, and northern Africa. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... The Judæo-Persian languages include a number of related languages spoken throughout the formerly extensive realm of the Persian Empire, sometimes including all the Jewish Indo-Iranian languages: Dzhidi (Judæo-Persian) Bukhori (Judæo-Bukharic) Judæo-Golpaygani Judæo-Yazdi Judæo-Kermani Judæo-Shirazi Jud... Not to be confused with Ladin. ... Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew-influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages. ... The Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries; the term also refers to more or less classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages. ... History · Timeline · Leaders Ancient · Temple · Babylonian exile Jerusalem (in Judaism · Timeline) Hasmoneans · Sanhedrin · Schisms Pharisees · Jewish-Roman wars Relationship with Christianity; with Islam Diaspora · Middle Ages · Sabbateans Hasidism · Haskalah · Emancipation Holocaust · Aliyah · Israel (History) Arab conflict · Land of Israel Baal teshuva movement This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This is a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. ... 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The Hasmoneans (Hebrew: , Hashmonaiym, Audio) were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom (140 BCE–37 BCE),[1] an autonomous Jewish state in ancient Israel. ... For the tractate in the Mishnah, see Sanhedrin (tractate). ... Schisms among the Jews are cultural as well as religious. ... For the followers of the Vilna Gaon, see Perushim. ... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Iudaea Province Commanders Vespasian, Titus Simon Bar-Giora, Yohanan mi-Gush Halav (John of Gischala), Eleazar ben Simon Strength 70,000? 1,100,000? Casualties Unknown 1,100,000? (majority Jewish civilian casualties) Jewish-Roman wars First War – Kitos War – Bar Kokhba revolt The first... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the historical interaction between Islam and Judaism. ... The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut גלות, exile, Yiddish: tfutses) is the expulsion of the Jewish people out of the Roman province of Judea. ... 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Palestine (comprising todays Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza strip) and Transjordan (todays Kingdom of Jordan) were all part of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement, a branch of which is also called Mizrachi, is an ideology that claims to combine Zionism and Judaism, to base Zionism on the principles of Jewish religion and heritage. ... General Zionists were centrists within the Zionist movement. ... A Bundist demonstration, 1917 The General Jewish Labour Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, in Yiddish the Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (אַלגמײַנער ײדישער אַרבײטערסבונד אין ליטאַ, פוילין און רוסלאַנד), generally called The Bund (בונד) or the Jewish Labor Bund, was a Jewish political party operating in several European countries between the 1890s and the... World Agudath Israel (The World Israeli Union) was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism. ... Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to improve the religious, legal, and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience and leadership for Jewish women. ... Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... v • d • e

Tanakh (Hebrew: תנ״ך‎) (also Tanach, IPA: [taˈnax] or [təˈnax], or Tenak) is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. The acronym is formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the Tanakh's three traditional subdivisions: “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Look up acronym, initialism, alphabetism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum Hebrew Bible is a term that refers to the common portions of the Jewish canon and the Christian canons. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ...

1. Torah (תורה), meaning "teaching" or "law," includes the Five Books of Moses. The printed form of the Torah is called "the Chumash" (חומש), meaning "five-part." The Torah is also known by its Greek name, "the Pentateuch," which similarly means "five scrolls."
2. Nevi'im (נביאים), meaning "Prophets." This division includes the books which, as a whole, cover the chronological era from the entrance of the Israelites into the Land until the Babylonian captivity of Judah (the "period of prophecy"). However, they exclude Chronicles, which covers the same period. The Nevi'im are often divided into the Earlier Prophets, which are generally historical, and the Later Prophets, which contain more exhortational prophecies.
3. Ketuvim (כתובים), meaning "Writings," are sometimes also known by the Greek title "Hagiographa." These encompass all the remaining books, and include the Five Scrolls. They are sometimes also divided into such categories as the "wisdom books" of Job, Ecclesiastes, and Proverbs, the "poetry books" of Psalms, Lamentations and Song of Solomon, and the "historical books" of Ezra-Nehemiah and Chronicles.

The Tanakh is also called Mikra or Miqra (מקרא), meaning "that which is read". The Torah () is the most important document in Judaism, revered as the inspired word of God, traditionally said to have been revealed to Moses. ... The Chumash Chumash (IPA: ) (Hebrew: חומש; sometimes written Humash) is one name given to the Pentateuch in Judaism. ... Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Neviim [נביאים] (Heb: Prophets) is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), following the Torah and preceding Ketuvim (writings). ... Kingdom of Israel: Early ancient historical Israel — land in pink is the approximate area under direct central royal administration during the United Monarchy. ... Babylonian captivity also refers to the permanence of the Avignon Papacy. ... The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ... Ketuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). ... In the third major section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), which is called Ketuvim (The Writings), there are five relatively short biblical books that are grouped together and known collectively in the Jewish tradition as The Five Scrolls (Hebrew: Hamesh Megillot or Chamesh Megillos). ... The Book of Job (איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. ... Ecclesiastes, Qohelet in Hebrew, is a book of the Hebrew Bible. ... The Book of Proverbs is one of the books of the Ketuvim of the Tanakh and of the Writings of the Old Testament. ... Psalms (from the Greek: Psalmoi) (originally meaning songs sung to a harp, from psallein play on a stringed instrument, Ψαλμοί; Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים) is a book of the Hebrew Bible, Tanakh or Old Testament. ... The Book of Lamentations (Hebrew מגילת איכה) is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ... For other uses, see Song of Solomon (disambiguation). ... The books of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible are often thought to constitute a unity. ... The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ...

Terminology

Mikra

The three-part division reflected in the acronym Tanakh is well attested to in documents from the Second Temple period and in Rabbinic literature. During that period, however, "Tanakh" was not used as a word or term; rather, the proper title was Mikra ("Reading"), because the biblical books were read publicly. "Mikra" is thus analogous to the Latin term Scriptus, meaning "that which is written" (as in "Scripture" or "The Holy Scriptures"). In ancient Hebrew and Aramaic the Tanakh was also referred to by the related term Kara/ K'ra.^[1] A stone (2. ... Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaisms rabbinic writing/s throughout history. ...

Mikra continues to be used in Hebrew to this day alongside Tanakh to refer to the Hebrew scriptures. In modern spoken Hebrew, Mikra has a more formal flavor than Tanakh, where the former might refer to a university department, and the latter to a popular study group. “Hebrew” redirects here. ...

Number of books

According to the Jewish tradition, the Tanakh consists of 24 books:

• 5 books of the Torah ("Instruction")
• 8 books of the Nviim ("Prophets")
• 11 books of the Ktuvim ("Writings" or "Scriptures")

The Torah () is the most important document in Judaism, revered as the inspired word of God, traditionally said to have been revealed to Moses. ... Neviim [נביאים] or Prophets is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), following Torah and preceding Ketuvim. ... Ketuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after Torah and Neviim. ...

Tanakh codified by the Men of the Great Assembly in 450 BCE

Tanakhs are comprised of 24 books. The books are unchanged since the Tanakh was codified by the Men of the Great Assembly ("Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah") a task completed in 450 BCE. The twenty four books are mentioned in 2 Ezra 14:42-46 (Apocrypha). The 24 books are also mentioned in the Midrash Qoheleth 12:12. The Great Assembly (Anshe Knesset HaGedolah in Hebrew: men of the great assembly/gathering) (also known as the Great Synagogue) was an assembly of 120 rabbis that ruled in Israel in the period after the time of the prophets up to the time of the development of rabbinic Judaism in...

It is also notable that the Jewish Council of Jamnia in 70 CE brought to agreement on the number of books in the Tanakh. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai relocated to the city of Yavne/Jamnia and founded a school of Jewish law there, becoming a major source for the later Mishna. ...

Confusion as to the completion of the Tanakh is created by those who read Against Apion, by the 1st-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus who describes 22 sacred books, not 24. Some say that books were added or deleted from Josephus' time (extrapolating that the Tanakh was still fluid and changing) others argue they were simply counted differently. Against Apion was a work written by Flavius Josephus as a defense of Judaism as a classical religion and philosophy, stressing its antiquity against the relatively more recent traditions of the Greeks. ... Josephus, also known as Flavius Josephus (c. ...

There are four books (Judges, Ruth, Jeremiah and Lamentations) that are counted as separate books in the Tanakh that were only counted as two by Josephus. Josephus may have assigned the Book of Ruth to Judges and the Book of Lamentations to Jeremiah (similar to Athanasius). Athanasius of Alexandria (also spelled Athanasios) was a Christian bishop of Alexandria in the fourth century. ...

The counting did not change the Tanakh's construction—merely the way it was identified. Chapters and numbering are a later Christian invention, and it is this that causes confusion as to the number and order of books.

Along with the four books being identified as two by Josephus, the Tanakh also counts as one book what are often counted as two in Christian Bibles (e.g. 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings and so forth), and where all the twelve "Books" of the "Trei Asar," the Twelve Prophets, are also considered as one.

The twenty-four "Books" in the Tanakh are as follows:

1–5: The Five Books of Moses Torah: • Bereshit, or Genesis • Shemot, or Exodus • VaYikra, or Leviticus • BaMidbar, or Numbers • Devarim, or Deuteronomy The Torah () is the most important document in Judaism, revered as the inspired word of God, traditionally said to have been revealed to Moses. ...

6–9: The Neviim Rishonim, the Early, or Former, Prophets: • Yehoshua, or Joshua • Shoftim, or Judges • Shmuel, or Samuel I and II • Melachim, or Kings I and II

10–13: The Neviim Acharonim, the Latter Prophets: • Yeshayahu, or Isaiah • Yirmiyahu, or Jeremiah • Yechezkel, or Ezekiel • Trei Asar, or Minor Prophets (or "The Twelve Prophets")

Books and Prophets within Trei Asar: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

14–16: The "Sifrei Emet," "Books of Truth": • Tehilim, or Psalms • Mishlei, or Proverbs • Iyov, or Job

17–21: The "Five Megilot" or "Five Scrolls": • Shir HaShirim, or Song of Songs • Rut, or Ruth • Eichah, or Lamentations • Kohelet, or Ecclesiastes • Esther

22–24: The "Other Writings": • Daniel • Ezra-Nehemiah • Divrei HaYamim, or Chronicles I and II

Pre Christian Traditions

These twenty-four books are the same books found in the Protestant Old Testament, but the order of the books is different. The enumeration differs as well: Christians count these books as thirty-nine, not twenty-four. This is because Jews often count as a single book what Christians count as several. However, the term Old Testament, while common, is often considered pejorative by Jews as it can be interpreted as being inferior or outdated relative to the New Testament, though traditional churches such as the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church insist on a continuity and coequal relationship between the Old and New Testaments. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh to refer to its canon, which corresponds to the Protestant Old Testament. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Coptic Orthodox Pope · Roman Catholic Pope Archbishop of Canterbury · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Faith...

The term Old Testament was never intended to be considered a prejoritive term. It came from the Christian theologian Tertullian who used the Latin word, testamentum. This was a Latin translation of the Greek word diatheke. In the LXX, diatheke is the word used in Jeremiah 31:33-34 to refer to YHWH's Covenant. Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicised as Tertullian, (ca. ...

As such, one may draw a technical distinction between the Jewish Tanakh and the similar, but not identical, corpus which Protestant Christians call the Old Testament. But, this technical distinction perhaps might seem a distinction of terminology instead of substance. Thus, some scholars prefer Hebrew Bible as a term that covers the commonality of Tanakh and the Old Testament while avoiding sectarian bias. Messianic Jews use First Testament which they believe retains its integrity while implying it requires the New or Second Testament for completion. Another Messianic view would be to not distinguish the two at all, but to regard them all as inspired by God. Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh to refer to its canon, which corresponds to the Protestant Old Testament. ... 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum Hebrew Bible is a term that refers to the common portions of the Jewish canon and the Christian canons. ... For discussion of the messiah in Judaism, see Jewish messianism and Jewish messianic claimants. ...

The Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments contain seven books not included in the Tanakh. They are called deuterocanonical books (literally "canonized secondly" meaning canonized later). ... Deuterocanonical books is a term used since the sixteenth century in the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity to describe certain books and passages of the Christian Bible, in contrast to the protocanonical books which are contained in the Hebrew Bible. ...

In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles, Daniel and the Book of Esther sometimes include extra deuterocanonical material that is not included in either the Jewish or most Protestant canons. ... Deuterocanonical books is a term used since the sixteenth century in the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity to describe certain books and passages of the Christian Bible, in contrast to the protocanonical books which are contained in the Hebrew Bible. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

Books of the Tanakh

The Hebrew text originally consisted only of consonants, together with some inconsistently applied letters used as vowels (matres lectionis). During the early Middle Ages Masoretes codified the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh by adding two special kinds of symbols to the text: niqud (vowel points) and cantillation signs. The latter indicate syntax, stress (accentuation), and the melody for reading. According to tradition, this codification was made by Ezra, in the fourth century BCE. In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Matres lectionis (singular form: mater lectionis) are an early manner of indicating vowels in the Hebrew alphabet. ... The Masoretes (baalei masorah) were scribes based primarily in at least three places, Tiberias (the best known); Eretz Yisrael, or the land of Israel; and Babylonia. ... In Hebrew orthography, Niqqud or Nikkud (Standard Hebrew נִקּוּד, Biblical Hebrew נְקֻדּוֹת, Tiberian Hebrew vowels) is the system of diacritical vowel points (or vowel marks) in the Hebrew alphabet. ... Gen. ... For other uses, see Ezra (disambiguation). ...

Page of 11th century Tanakh with Targum

The Book of Isaiah

The books of the Torah have generally-used names which are based on the first prominent word in each book. The English names are not translations of the Hebrew; they are based on the Greek names created for the Septuagint which in turn were based on Rabbinic names describing the thematic content of each of the Books. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (946x1102, 141 KB)The Schøyen Collection MS 206, Oslo and London. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (946x1102, 141 KB)The Schøyen Collection MS 206, Oslo and London. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1542x2048, 1096 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Book of Isaiah Devarim (parsha) ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1542x2048, 1096 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Book of Isaiah Devarim (parsha) ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Septuagint: A column of uncial text from 1 Esdras in the Codex Vaticanus, the basis of Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brentons Greek edition and English translation. ... A Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) is a religious Jewish scholar who is an expert in Jewish law. ...

The Torah ("Teaching") [also known as the Pentateuch/Humash] consists of: The Torah () is the most important document in Judaism, revered as the inspired word of God, traditionally said to have been revealed to Moses. ...

1. Genesis [בראשית / B'reshit]

2. Exodus [שמות / Sh'mot]

3. Leviticus [ויקרא / Vayiqra]

4. Numbers [במדבר / B'midbar]

5. Deuteronomy [דברים / D'varim]

The books of Nevi'im ("Prophets") are: Genesis (Greek: Γένεσις, having the meanings of birth, creation, cause, beginning, source and origin) is the first book of the Torah (five books of Moses) and hence the first book of the Tanakh, part of the Hebrew Bible; it is also the first book of the Christian Old Testament. ... Exodus is the second book of the Torah, the Tanakh, and the Old Testament. ... Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, also the third book in the Torah (five books of Moses). ... The Book of Numbers is the fourth of the books of the Pentateuch, called in the Hebrew ba-midbar במדבר, i. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Neviim [נביאים] (Heb: Prophets) is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), following the Torah and preceding Ketuvim (writings). ...

6. Joshua [יהושע / Y'hoshua]

7. Judges [שופטים / Shophtim]

8. Samuel (I & II) [שמואל / Sh'muel]

9. Kings (I & II) [מלכים / M'lakhim]

10. Isaiah [ישעיה / Y'shayahu]

11. Jeremiah [ירמיה / Yir'mi'yahu]

12. Ezekiel [יחזקאל / Y'khezqel]

13. The Twelve Minor Prophets [תרי עשר]

I. Hosea [הושע / Hoshea]

II. Joel [יואל / Yo'el]

III. Amos [עמוס / Amos]

IV. Obadiah [עובדיה / Ovadyah]

V. Jonah [יונה / Yonah]

VI. Micah [מיכה / Mikhah]

VII. Nahum [נחום / Nakhum]

VIII. Habakkuk [חבקוק /Khavaquq]

IX. Zephaniah [צפניה / Ts'phanyah]

X. Haggai [חגי / Khagai]

XI. Zechariah [זכריה / Z'kharyah]

XII. Malachi [מלאכי / Mal'akhi]

The Ketuvim ("Writings") are: The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in both the Hebrew Tanakh and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Book of Judges (Hebrew: Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטים) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. ... The Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Shmuel ספר שמואל), are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaisms Hebrew Bible) and also of the Old Testament (of Christianity). ... The Books of Kings (Hebrew: Sefer Melachim ספר מלכים) is a part of Judaisms Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. ... This article is about the Book of Isaiah. ... The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah (יִרְמְיָהוּ Yirməyāhū in Hebrew), is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaisms Tanakh, and later became a part of Christianitys Old Testament. ... Book Of Ezekiel is rapper Freekey Zekeys debut album and debut on Diplomat Records/Asylum. ... Hosea: Salvation The Book of Hosea is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible and of the Christian Old Testament. ... The Book of Joel is part of the Jewish Tanakh, and also the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... The Book of Amos is one of the books of the Neviim and of the Old Testament. ... The Book of Obadiah is found in both the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, where it is the shortest book, only one chapter long. ... In the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Jonah is the fifth book in a series of books called the Minor Prophets (itself a subsection of the Nevi’im or Prophets). ... The Book of Micah (Hebrew: ספר מיכה) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, traditionally attributed to Micah the Prophet. ... The book of Nahum is a book in the Bibles Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ... // The Prophet There is not much biographical information on the prophet Habakkuk; in fact less is known about this prophet than any other. ... // Who wrote it? The superscription of the Book of Zephaniah attributes its authorship to “Zephaniah son of Cushi son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah, in the days of King Josiah son of Amon of Judah” (1:1, NRSV). ... The Book of Haggai is a book of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and of the Old Testament, written by the prophet Haggai. ... The Book of Zechariah is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh attributed to the prophet Zechariah. ... Malachi (or Malachias, מַלְאָכִי, Malʾaḫi, Málakhî) is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh, written by the prophet Malachi. ... Ketuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). ...

14. Psalms [תהלים / T'hilim]

15. Proverbs [משלי / Mishlei]

16. Job [איוב / Iyov]

17. Song of Songs [שיר השירים / Shir Hashirim]

18. Ruth [רות / Rut]

19. Lamentations [איכה / Eikhah]

20. Ecclesiastes [קהלת / Qohelet]

21. Esther [אסתר / Est(h)er]

22. Daniel [דניאל / Dani'el]

23. Ezra-Nehemiah [עזרא ונחמיה / Ezra wuNekhem'ya]

24. Chronicles (I & II) [דברי הימים / Divrey Hayamim]

Psalms (from the Greek: Psalmoi) (originally meaning songs sung to a harp, from psallein play on a stringed instrument, Ψαλμοί; Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים) is a book of the Hebrew Bible, Tanakh or Old Testament. ... The Book of Proverbs is one of the books of the Ketuvim of the Tanakh and of the Writings of the Old Testament. ... The Book of Job (איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. ... Song of Solomon is also the title of a novel by Toni Morrison. ... Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld: Ruth in Boazs Field, 1828 The Book of Ruth (Hebrew: מגילת רות, Megilat Rut, the Scroll of Ruth) is one of the books of the Ketuvim (Writings) of the Tanakh (the... The Book of Lamentations is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ... Ecclesiastes, Qohelet in Hebrew, is a book of the Hebrew Bible. ... Megillah redirects here. ... For other uses, see Book of Daniel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ezra (disambiguation). ... Nehemiah or Nechemya (נְחֶמְיָה Comforted of/is the LORD (YHWH), Standard Hebrew Nəḥemya, Tiberian Hebrew Nəḥemyāh, ) is a major figure in the post-exile history of the Jews as recorded in the Bible, and is believed to be the primary author of the Book of Nehemiah. ... The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ...

Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions

The chapter divisions and verse numbers have no significance in the Jewish tradition. Nevertheless, they are noted in all modern editions of the Tanakh so that verses may be located and cited. The division of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles into parts I and II is also indicated on each page of those books in order to prevent confusion about whether a chapter number is from part I or II, since the chapter numbering for these books follows their partition in the Christian textual tradition.

The adoption of the Christian chapter divisions by Jews began in the late Middle Ages in Spain, partially in the context of forced clerical debates which took place against a background of harsh persecution and of the Spanish Inquisition (the debates required a common system for citing biblical texts). From the standpoint of the Jewish textual tradition, the chapter divisions are not only a foreign feature with no basis in the mesorah, but also open to severe criticism of two kinds: This article is about one of the historical Inquisitions. ... The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ...

• The chapter divisions often reflect Christian exegesis of the Bible.
• Even when they do not imply Christian exegesis, the chapters often divide the biblical text at numerous points that may be deemed inappropriate for literary or other reasons.

Nevertheless, because they proved useful — and eventually indispensable — for citations, they continued to be included by Jews in most Hebrew editions of the biblical books. For more information on the origin of these divisions, see chapters and verses of the Bible. Exegesis (from the Greek to lead out) involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a holy scripture, such as of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, the Talmud, the Midrash, the Quran, etc. ... The Bible comprises 24 books for Jews, 66 for Protestants, 73 for Catholics, and 78 for most Orthodox Christians. ...

The chapter and verse numbers were often indicated very prominently in older editions, to the extent that they overshadowed the traditional Jewish masoretic divisions. However, in many Jewish editions of the Tanakh published over the past forty years, there has been a major historical trend towards minimizing the impact and prominence of the chapter and verse numbers on the printed page. Most editions accomplish this by removing them from the text itself and relegating them to the margins of the page. The main text in these editions is unbroken and uninterrupted at the beginning of chapters (which are noted only in the margin). The lack of chapter breaks within the text in these editions also serves to reinforce the visual impact created by the spaces and "paragraph" breaks on the page, which indicate the traditional Jewish parashah divisions. Some versions have even introduced a new chapter system. The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ... A Parsha or Parshah, פרשה, meaning Portion, is the weekly Torah portion in Hebrew. ...

These modern Jewish editions present Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles (as well as Ezra) as single books in their title pages, and make no indication inside the main text of their division into two parts (though it is noted in the upper and side margins). In such editions, the second books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles follow the respective first books on the very same page, with no special break at all in the flow of the text. In the case of Kings, in which no parashah division appears at this point, the text of II Kings continues that of I Kings on the very same line of text. A Parsha or Parshah, פרשה, meaning Portion, is the weekly Torah portion in Hebrew. ...

Jewish (Hebrew) editions have a different pattern regarding Chronicles (I Chronicles) chapters 5 and 6, in the fact that Chronicles (First) chapter 5 ends at verse 41. Chronicles (Jewish editions of Chronicles) 5:27-41 is equivalent to First Chronicles 6: 1-15 in most English translations. In Jewish (Hebrew) editions 6:1 is equivalent to 6:16 and therefore the chapter ends at Chronicles 6:66 instead of the First Chronicles 6:81 (English translations). Basically the text is the same (Masoretic), only the numbering and chapter division is changed. At 7:1 both Hebrew and English versions set off from the same starting point once more. The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ...

Oral Torah

Main article: Oral Torah

Rabbinical Judaism believes that the Torah was transmitted side by side with an oral tradition. Other groups, such as Karaite Judaism and the majority of Christians, exceptions being certain Hebrew Roots and Messianic groups, do not accept this claim. Many terms and definitions used in the written law are undefined within the Torah itself, and the reader is assumed to be familiar with the context and details. This fact is presented as evidence to the antiquity of the oral tradition. An opposing argument is that only a small portion of the vast rabbinic works on the oral tradition can be described as mere clarifications and context. These rabbinic works, collectively known as "the oral law" [תורה שבעל פה], include the Mishnah, the Tosefta, the two Talmuds (Babylonian and Jerusalem), and the early Midrash compilations. When Moses received all of the laws that would define the Jewish tradition, he also received the explanation of these laws. ... Karaite Judaism or Karaism is a Jewish movement characterized by the sole reliance on the Tanakh as scripture, and the rejection of the Oral Law (the Mishnah and the Talmud) as halakha (Legally Binding, i. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Hebrew Roots is a movement of modern-day Christians and Jews partnering together and returning to the perspectives and beliefs of first-century faith. ... The MIAs logo. ... The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, repetition) is a major source of rabbinic Judaisms religious texts. ... The Tosefta is a secondary compilation of the Jewish oral law from the period of the Mishnah. ... The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. ... Midrash (Hebrew: מדרש; plural midrashim) is a Hebrew word referring to a method of exegesis of a Biblical text. ...

Editions

• The Mikraot Gedolot was first printed in 1524-5 in Venice, edited by Daniel Bomberg.
• Rudolf Kittel's Biblia Hebraica appeared in 1906, reprinted in 1913.
• The Leningrad Codex was edited under Paul E. Kahle as the Biblia Hebraica (BHK), published in Stuttgart, in 1937. The codex was also used for Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS) in 1977, and will be used for Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ).
  The Leningrad Codex also served as the basis for two important Jewish editions of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh):
  • The Dotan edition, which was reprinted with a concise commentary and distributed to soldiers in mass quantities as the official Tanakh of the Israel Defense Forces throughout the 1990s.
  • The JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh (Philadelphia, 1999).
• The Aleppo Codex was edited by Mordechai Breuer in 1977-1982, the first edition to include a reconstruction of the letters, vowels, and cantillation marks in the missing parts of the Aleppo codex, in 1996-8 re-edited with inclusion of new information on the parashah division.
  • Jerusalem Crown: The Bible of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000. Edited according to the method of Mordechai Breuer under the supervision of Yosef Ofer, with additional proofreading and refinements since the Horev edition.
  • Jerusalem Simanim Institute, Feldheim Publishers, 2004 (published in one-volume and three-volume editions).
  • Hebrew University Bible Project (Isaiah, Jeremiah). Includes the masoretic notes of the Aleppo Codex.
  • Mikraot Gedolot Haketer, Bar-Ilan University (1992-present). A multi-volume critical edition of the Mikraot Gedolot, nine volumes published to date including Genesis (2 vols.), Joshua & Judges (1 vol.), Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Psalms (2 vols.). Includes the masoretic notes of the Aleppo Codex and a new commentary on them. Differs from the Breuer reconstuction and presentation for some masoretic details.

Mikraot Gedolot, often called the Rabbinic Bible in English, is an edition of Tanakh (in Hebrew) that generally includes four distinct elements: The biblical text according to the mesorah in its letters, vocalization, and cantillation marks. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Daniel Bomberg (d. ... Rudolf Kittel (28 March 1853 Eningen, Württemberg - 20 October 1929 Leipzig) was a German Old Testament scholar. ... Biblia Hebraica is a Latin phrase meaning the Hebrew Bible. ... The Leningrad codex is the oldest surviving complete copy of the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible, dated 1008. ... Paul E. Kahle (January 21, 1875, Hohenstein - September 24, 1964, Düsseldorf) was a German orientalist and scholar. ... Biblia Hebraica is a Latin phrase meaning the Hebrew Bible. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, or BHS, is an edition of the Hebrew Bible published by the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft (German Bible Society) in Stuttgart. ... The Biblia Hebraica Quinta is the fifth version of the Biblia Hebraica, and when complete will supersede the fourth version, the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS). ... Emblem of the IDF The Israel Defense Forces are part of the Israeli Security Forces. ... The New Jewish Publication Society of America Version of the Jewish Bible (i. ... The Aleppo Codex (the Keter (Crown) Aram Tzova) is the oldest complete manuscript Hebrew Bible, though scrolls of individual books of the Tanakh are much older (see Dead Sea scrolls). ... Mordechai Breuer Mordechai Breuer (1921-February 24, 2007) (Hebrew: ‎) was an Orthodox rabbi. ... A Parsha or Parshah, פרשה, meaning Portion, is the weekly Torah portion in Hebrew. ... Mordechai Breuer Mordechai Breuer (1921-February 24, 2007) (Hebrew: ‎) was an Orthodox rabbi. ... Bar-Ilan University (BIU, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן) is a university in Ramat Gan, Israel. ... Mikraot Gedolot, often called the Rabbinic Bible in English, is an edition of Tanakh (in Hebrew) that generally includes four distinct elements: The biblical text according to the mesorah in its letters, vocalization, and cantillation marks. ...

Translations

Further information: Old Testament and Bible translations

• Tanakh, English translation, Jewish Publication Society, 1985, ISBN 0-8276-0252-9
• Jewish Study Bible, using NJPS (1985) translation, Oxford U Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-529754-7
• Tanach: The Stone Edition, Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications, 1996, ISBN 0-89906-269-5

Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh to refer to its canon, which corresponds to the Protestant Old Testament. ... The Bible has been translated into many languages. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

See also

• Jewish English Bible translations
• Bible
• Biblical canon
• Mikraot Gedolot
• Rabbinic literature
• Septuagint
• Samaritan Pentateuch
• Tanakh at Qumran
• Books of the Bible for a side-by-side comparison of Jewish, Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant canons.
• 613 mitzvot, the formal list of all 613 commandments that Jewish sages traditionally identify in the Torah
• Table of books of Judeo-Christian Scripture
• Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible

Jewish English Bible translations are modern English Bible translations that include the books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) according to the masoretic text, and according to the traditional division and order of Torah, Neviim, and Ketuvim. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... A biblical canon is a list of Biblical books which establishes the set of books which are considered to be authoritative as scripture by a particular Jewish or Christian community. ... Mikraot Gedolot, often called the Rabbinic Bible in English, is an edition of Tanakh (in Hebrew) that generally includes four distinct elements: The biblical text according to the mesorah in its letters, vocalization, and cantillation marks. ... Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaisms rabbinic writing/s throughout history. ... The Septuagint: A column of uncial text from 1 Esdras in the Codex Vaticanus, the basis of Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brentons Greek edition and English translation. ... This entry incorporates text from Eastons Bible Dictionary, 1897, with some modernisation. ... The Tanakh is the Hebrew Bible and Qumran is an archaeological site near the Dead Sea. ... The canonical list of the Books of the Bible differs among Jews, and Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox Christians, even though there is a great deal of overlap. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Coptic Orthodox Pope · Roman Catholic Pope Archbishop of Canterbury · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Faith... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... A biblical canon is a list of Biblical books which establishes the set of books which are considered to be authoritative as scripture by a particular Jewish or Christian community. ... Main article: Mitzvah 613 Mitzvot or 613 Commandments (Hebrew: ‎ transliterated as Taryag mitzvot; TaRYaG is the acronym for the numeric value of 613) are a list of commandments from God in the Torah. ... The Torah () is the most important document in Judaism, revered as the inspired word of God, traditionally said to have been revealed to Moses. ... Below is a table of books of Jewish TaNaKh and Christian Scripture, organized by the Jewish use and Christian churches who hold these books to be sacred. ... Several texts are mentioned in the Bible, yet do not appear in the canon. ...

References

1. ^ Jastrow Dictionary, p.1409; Ben Yehudah Dictionary, vol.12 pp.6138–6139.

External links

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Tanakh

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Tanakh

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Tanakh (Hebrew source)

• Online Bible
• iTanakh.org An extensive list of links and resources pertaining to the study of the Tanakh

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ...

Online texts

• Download the complete Tanakh in Hebrew with translation and transliteration Lev Software
• Mikraot Gedolot (Rabbinic Bible) at Wikisource in English (sample) and Hebrew (sample)
• TanakhML (Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and King James Version)
• Unicode/XML Westminster Leningrad Codex - A transcription of the electronic source maintained by the Westminster Hebrew Institute. (Leningrad Codex)
• Holy Tanakh - English version of the Holy Tanakh
• Mechon Mamre - The Hebrew text of the Tanakh based on the Aleppo codex, edited according to the system of Rabbi Mordechai Breuer. Hebrew text comes in four convenient versions (including one with cantillation marks) and may be downloaded. The JPS 1917 English translation is included as well (including a parallel translation).

The link to the parallel Hebrew and English version is http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm Mikraot Gedolot, often called the Rabbinic Bible in English, is an edition of Tanakh (in Hebrew) that generally includes four distinct elements: The biblical text according to the mesorah in its letters, vocalization, and cantillation marks. ... The Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, or BHS, is an edition of the Hebrew Bible published by the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft (German Bible Society) in Stuttgart. ... This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ... The Leningrad codex is the oldest surviving complete copy of the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible, dated 1008. ... The Aleppo Codex (the Keter (Crown) Aram Tzova) is the oldest complete manuscript Hebrew Bible, though scrolls of individual books of the Tanakh are much older (see Dead Sea scrolls). ... Mordechai Breuer Mordechai Breuer (1921-February 24, 2007) (Hebrew: ‎) was an Orthodox rabbi. ... Gen. ... JPS (or jps) is a TLA that may refer to: Jewish Publication Society of America Version (an American Bible translation) John Player Special (a brand of cigarette) jps IT (a company trading as jps in Britain) J.P. Stevens High School (a high school) JPEG Stereo Image (a file type...

• This is a site where you can copy and paste Hebrew words from the above site and get short definitions. It’s a modern Hebrew dictionary, but many of the biblical words are still translatable. http://milon.morfix.co.il/Default.aspx
• Tanach on Demand - Custom PDF versions of any section of the Bible in Hebrew.

PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ...

Reading guides

• A Guide to Reading Nevi'im and Ketuvim - Detailed Hebrew outlines of the biblical books based on the natural flow of the text (rather than the chapter divisions). The outlines include a daily study-cycle, and the explanatory material is in English.
• A detailed chart of the major figures and events in the Tanakh
• Judaica Press Translation (online translation of Tanakh and Rashi's entire commentary)
• An online encyclopedia of everybody in Tanakh (in Hebrew and English)