Tancredi is an opera in two acts by composer Gioacchino Rossini and librettist Luigi Lechi, based on Voltaire's play Tancrède (1759). Rossini's opera made its first appearance in Venice at the Teatro La Fenice on February 6, 1813. Though Rossini first composed his opera with a happy ending in mind, he eventually had it changed to a tragic ending to emulate the original Tancredi by Voltaire. The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Italy. ... Portrait Gioacchino Antonio Rossini (February 29, 1792 – November 13, 1868)[1] was an Italian musical composer who wrote more than 30 operas as well as sacred music and chamber music. ... Libretto can also refer to a sub-notebook PC manufactured by Toshiba. ... François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher known for his wit, philosophical writings, and defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and the right to a fair trial. ... Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venezsia) is the capital of region Veneto, and has a population of 271,663 (census estimate January 1, 2004). ... Teatro La Fenice (the phoenix) is an opera house in Venice, Italy. ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher known for his wit, philosophical writings, and defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and the right to a fair trial. ...

Setting

Place: the Sicilian city-state of Syracuse

Time: AD 1005

Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... Syracuse (Italian, Siracusa, ancient Syracusa - see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a city on the eastern coast of Sicily and the capital of the province of Syracuse, Italy. ...

Characters

• Tancredi (contralto/mezzo-soprano), an exiled Syracusean soldier
• Amenaide (soprano), the daughter of a noble family who is in love with Tancredi
• Argirio (tenor), father of Amenaide; head of his family, who is warring against the family of Orbazzano
• Orbazzano (bass), the head of his noble family, who is at war with the family of Argirio
• Isaura (contralto), friend to Amenaide
• Ruggiero (mezzo-soprano)
• male chorus, comprised of knights, nobles, squires, Syracuseans, and Saracens
• silent characters, comprised of ladies-in-waiting, warriors, pages, guards, etc.

In music, an alto is a singer with a vocal range somewhere between a tenor and a soprano. ... A mezzo-soprano (meaning medium soprano in Italian) is a female singer with a range usually extending from the A below middle C to the F an eleventh above middle C. Mezzo-sopranos generally have a darker (or lower) vocal tone than sopranos, and their vocal range is between that... Look up soprano in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In music, a tenor is a male singer with a high voice. ... A basso (or bass) is a male singer who sings in the lowest vocal range of the human voice. ...

Background of Tancredi

The city of Syracuse is tethered by conflict and war — there is the Byzantine empire, with which it has an unstable truce, and the Saracen armies headed by Solamir. Not only is Syracuse exhausted by external war, but internal war as well; the soldier Tancredi and his family have been stripped of their estates and inheritances, and he himself has been banished since his youth. Two more noble families — headed by Argirio and Orbazzano — have been warring for years. Argirio and his family — his wife and his daughter, Amenaide — have been residing as guests of the Byzantine court, where Tancredi presides in exile. Also present in the court is Solamir, the Moorish general, who wishes for the lovely Amenaide’s hand in marriage in hopes that he can create an Saracen-Syracusean alliance. However, Amenaide is secretly in love with Tancredi. Syracuse (Italian, Siracusa, ancient Syracusa - see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a city on the eastern coast of Sicily and the capital of the province of Syracuse, Italy. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... In older Western historical literature, the Saracens were the people of the Saracen Empire, another name for the Arab Caliphate under the rule of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. ...

As the opera opens, Argirio and Orbazzano have agreed to stop warring and have come to a truce; the Senate has given him Tancredi’s confiscated estates, and Argirio must give him Amenaide in marriage. Amenaide, horrified by this unjust decision, secretly sends a letter to Tancredi (which does not bear his name, for fear that the letter might be intercepted), begging him to return. The letter is promptly intercepted by Orbazzano's agent near Solamir's camp, and Amenaide is sentenced to death for treachery (they thought she was sending it to Solamir). Tancredi, who has returned incognito and offered his service to Argirio, challenges Orbazzano to a duel and kills him in defence of Amenaide's honor and life (even though he believes she had betrayed him with the letter). Then he leads the Syracusans into battle with Solamir.

In the Ferrara ending, Tancredi wins the battle but is mortally wounded. He learns that Amenaide did not betray him before he dies. While in the Venice ending, he returns from the battle triumphant after having heard Solamir's dying testimony that Amenaide's letter was really meant for Tancredi.

Performances of Tancredi

This long opera is considered by many to be Rossini's greatest masterpiece. The title role of Tancredi is so demanding that casting was a big problem. It requires a true contralto or mezzo soprano with strong lower register who possesses great vocal agility and endurance (Tancredi has 2 full arias and 4 duets). The opera premiered in 1813 at La Fenice in Venice with Adelaide Malanotte in the title role. Tancredi was usually performed with the Venice (happy) ending.

The opera was very neglected for a long time until the legendary mezzo soprano Marilyn Horne came along to resurrect it. Ms. Horne insisted on the tragic Ferrara ending citing that it is more consistent with the overall tone of the opera. Indeed, most of the recordings of this melodic opera today uses the Ferrara finish with some including the Venice finale as an extra track. Marilyn Horne The American opera singer Marilyn Horne (born January 16, 1934) is a mezzo soprano who is particularly associated with the music of Rossini and Handel. ...

Recordings of Tancredi

1. Audio CD: 1978 (Warner Fonit) Gabriele Ferro conducting: Fiorenza Cossotto (Tancredi), Lella Cuberli (Amenaide), Werner Hollweg (Argirio), Nicola Ghiuselev (Orbazzano), Cappella Coloniensis Fiorenza Cossotto is an Italian mezzo soprano. ...

2. DVD: 1992 Live performance from the Schwetzingen Festspiele (Arthaus Musik) : Bernadette Manca di Nissa (Tancredi), Maria Bayo (Amenaide), Raul Gimenez (Argirio), Ildebrando D'Archangelo (Orbazzano), Katarzyna Bak (Isaura), Maria Pia Piscitelli (Roggiero) Schwetzingen is a German city lying in the northwest of Baden-Württemberg, around 10 km southwest of Heidelberg and 15 km southeast of Mannheim. ...

3. Audio CD:1995 recital (Naxos) Alberto Zedda conducting: Ewa Podles (Tancredi), Sumi Jo (Amenaide), Stanford Olsen (Argirio), Pietro Spagnoli (Orbazzano), Anna Maria di Micco (Isaura), Lucretia Lendi (Roggiero) Ewa Podles is a Polish-born Contralto, whose amazing repertoire ranges from Handels Giulio Cesare (Cesare) to songs by Shostakovich. ...

4. Audio CD:1996 recital (RCA Victor) Roberto Abbado conducting: Vesselina Kasarova (Tancredi), Eva Mei (Amenaide), Ramon Vargas (Argirio), Harry Peeters (Orbazzano), Melinda Paulsen (Isaura), Veronica Cangemi (Roggiero). This recording has both endings in full. Vesselina Kasarova Vesselina Kasarova (Bulgarian: ) is a Bulgarian-Swiss mezzo-soprano. ...

5. DVD: 2003 (Kicco Classics): Tiziano Mancini conducting: Daniela Barcellona (Tancredi), Mariola Cantarero(Amenaide), Charles Workman (Argirio), Nicola Ulivieri (Orbazzano), Sonia Zaramella (Isaura), Daniela Pini (Roggiero)

External link

• Full score of the overture to this opera