History of the Ottoman Empire
Periods:
Rise (1299–1453)
Growth (1453–1683)
Stagnation (1683–1827)
Decline (1828–1908)
Dissolution (1908–1922)
Special Eras: Interregnum Sultanate of women Köprülü Era Tulip Era Nizam-ı Cedid Tanzimat era First Constitutional Era Second Constitutional Era European Wars Russian Wars Near East Wars
Graphical timeline

The Tanzimat (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات), meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. The modernization process of the Ottoman Empire (and that of the Republic of Turkey which succeeded the Ottoman state) were effectively associated with the Tanzimat reforms. The reforms aimed to encourage Ottomanism among the many ethnic groups that had secessionist goals and stop the rise of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire. The reforms tried, but failed, to integrate non−Muslims and non−Turks more thoroughly into the Ottoman society through civil liberties and regulations. Image File history File links 20pxOttomanicon. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–22 Mehmed VI... In the late 13th century the Seljuq empire had collapsed and Anatolia was divided into many small states. ... This article is in need of attention. ... The Battle of Vienna of 1683 was the real point at which the Empire began its decline. ... Graphical timeline Decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the military and political events between 1828 to 1908. ... This article describes the process of dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, in particular its final years in the early part of the 20th century. ... The Ottoman Interregnum (also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate; Fetret Devri in Turkish) was a period in the beginning of the 15th century when chaos reigned in the Ottoman Empire following the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I in 1402 by the Tatar warlord Tamerlane. ... The Sultanate of Women (Turkish: Kadınlar Saltanatı) is the nearly 130-year period, in the 16th and 17th centuries, during which the women of the Harem of the Ottoman Empire exerted extraordinary political influence. ... Köprülü Era (1656-1703) was the period which Ottoman Empires politics were set by the Grand Viziers, mainly Köprülü family, which was notable family of imperial bureaucrats. ... The Tulip Era is an important period for the Ottoman Empire. ... The Nizam-I Cedid (Turkish: New Order) was a series of reforms carried out by the Ottoman Empire sultan Selim III during the late eighteenth century in a drive to catch up militarily and politically with the Western Powers. ... Graphical timeline The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of a Basic Law by Abdülhamid II on 23 November 1876 until 13 February 1878 when the constitution was suspended. ... Public Demonstration The Second Constitutional Era in the Ottoman Empire began with the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, shortly after which Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the 1876 Constitution suspended since 1878. ... The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe marked the better part of the history of southeastern Europe, notably, giving infamy to the Balkans. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Graphical timeline Ottoman wars in Near East covers the Levant, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Cacuses. ... Image File history File links Timeline_icon. ... Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: or , Ottoman Turkish: ‎ ) was the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–22 Mehmed VI... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Graphical timeline The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of a Basic Law by Abdülhamid II on 23 November 1876 until 13 February 1878 when the constitution was suspended. ... 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–22 Mehmed VI... Ottomanism - Belief in an empire founded on comfortable footrests. ... With the rise of national states and their histories, it is very hard to find reliable sources on the Ottoman concept of a nation. ...

Origins

Tanzimat emerged from the minds of reformist sultans like Mahmud II and Abdülmecid as well as prominent reformers who were European educated bureaucrats, such as Ali Pasha, Fuad Pasha, Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, and Midhat Pasha. They recognized that the old religious and military institutions no longer met the needs of the empire in the modern world. Most of the symbolic changes, such as uniforms, were aimed at changing the mindset of imperial administrators. Many of the reforms were attempts to adopt successful European practices. Changes included universal conscription; educational, institutional and legal reforms; and systematic attempts of eliminating corruption. The stylized signature of Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. ... Abdülmecid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول ‘Abdü’l-MecÄ«d-i evvel) (April 23, 1823 – June 25, 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. ... Mehemed Emin Aali Pasha This article is about the Ottoman statesman. ... Fuad Pasha (1855-1869) was a Turkish statesman. ... Midhat Pasha (1822-1884) was a Turkish statesman. ...

Goals

The ambitious project was launched to combat the slow decline of the empire that had seen its borders shrink, and was growing weaker in comparison to the European powers.

Reforms

It began under Sultan Mahmud II. On November 3rd, 1839, Sultan Abdülmecid issued an organic statute for the general government of the empire named the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (the imperial garden where it was first proclaimed). It is also called the Tanzimat Fermanı. In this very important document, the Sultan stated that he wished "to bring the benefits of a good administration to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire through new institutions", and that these institutions would principally refer to: The stylized signature of Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Abdülmecid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول ‘Abdü’l-MecÄ«d-i evvel) (April 23, 1823 – June 25, 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. ... In United States administrative law, an organic statute is a statute enacted by Congress that creates an administrative agency, and defines its authorities and responsibilities. ... The Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane was an 1839 proclamation by Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I that launched the Tanzimat period of reforms and reorganization. ...

• guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property
• introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes (1840)
• reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service (1843–44)
• adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag (1844)
• reorganization of the finance system according to the French model
• reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model
• establishment of the Meclis−i Maarif−i Umumiye (1845), the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament (1876)
• institution of a council of public instruction (1846)
• establishment of the first modern universities and academies (1848)
• abolition of the capitation tax on non−Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes (1856)
• non−Muslims were allowed to become soldiers (1856)
• various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce

The edict was followed up with the Hatt-ı Hümayun of 1856 which promised full legal equality for citizens of all religions, and the Nationality Law of 1869 that created a common Ottoman citizenship irrespective of religious or ethnic divides. In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية; Ottoman Turkish cizye) is a per capita tax imposed on able bodied non-Muslim men of military age. ... The Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Edict, Imperial Reform Edict or Rescript of Reform) was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms. ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Nationality law is the branch of a countrys legal system wherein legislation, custom and court precedent combine to define the ways in which that countrys nationality and citizenship are transmitted, acquired or lost. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Effects

Tanzimat reforms had far reaching effects. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and other progressive leaders and thinkers of the Republic of Turkey and of many other former Ottoman states in the Balkans, the Middle East and North Africa were educated in the schools established during the Tanzimat period. This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic North Africa, including the UN subregion North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided politically from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...

The reforms peaked in 1876 with the implementation of an Ottoman constitution checking the autocratic powers of the Sultan. The details of this period are covered under the First Constitutional Era. While the new Sultan Abdülhamid II signed the first constitution, he quickly turned against it. 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Graphical timeline The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of a Basic Law by Abdülhamid II on 23 November 1876 until 13 February 1878 when the constitution was suspended. ... Sultan Abdul Hamid II Abd-ul-Hamid II also Abdulhamid, Abdülhemit, Abdul Hamid, Abd al-Hamid II, or Abdul-Hamid (Arabic: عبد الحميد الثاني) (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from August 31, 1876 – April 27, 1909. ...

State institutions were reorganized; laws were updated according to the needs of the changing world; modern education, clothing, architecture, arts, and lifestyle were encouraged.

Land reforms, and especially the change in land ownership structure, allowed Russian Jews to buy land in Palestine, thus enabling them to immigrate there, starting the first Aliya and signaling the beginning of Zionism. Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... Aliyah is a Hebrew term, literally meaning ascent, widely used to mean Jewish immigration to the Russia in 1882, are known as aliyot (the plural of aliyah). ... Zionism is a political movement that supports a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, where Jewish nationhood is thought to have evolved somewhere between 1200 BCE and late Second Temple times,[1][2] and where Jewish kingdoms existed up to the 2nd century CE. Zionism is...

The Armenian National Constitution (Turkish: "Nizâmnâme−i Millet−i Ermeniyân") of 1863 was approved by the Ottoman government. The "Code of Regulations" consisted of 150 articles which were drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia and defined the powers of the Armenian Patriarch (position in the Ottoman Millet System) and the newly formed "Armenian National Assembly".^[1] Armenian National Constitution or Regulation of the Armenian Nation (Turkish:Nizâmnâme-i Millet-i Ermeniyân) (1863) was Ottoman Empire approved form of the Code of Regulations composed of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia (Dr. Nahabed Rusinian, Dr. Sevichen, Nigoghos Balian, Krikor Odian and Krikor Margosian... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Armenian National Assembly was the governing body of the Armenian Millet established by Armenian National Constitution of 1863 under Ottoman Empire. ...

References

• History of Ottoman Turks (1878)
• LAFI (Nora), Une ville du Maghreb entre ancien régime et réformes ottomanes. Genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie (1795–1911), Paris: L'Harmattan, 2002, 305 pp.
• LAFI (Nora), Municipalités méditerranéennes. Les réformes municipales ottomanes au miroir d'une histoire comparée, Berlin: K. Schwarz, 2005.

Further reading

• Lewis, Bernard (2003). What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East, Reprint edition, Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0060516055.