Sekenenra Tao II, (also Seqenenra Taa), called "The Brave", was one of the last the local kinglets of the Theban region of Egypt in the Seventeenth Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. The dates of his reign are uncertain, but he may have rose to power in the decade ending in 1560 B.C. or in 1558 BC (based on the probable accession date of Ahmose I, the first ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty) (see Egyptian chronology). He is credited with starting the opening moves in the war of liberation against the Hyksos and was probably the son and successor to Senaktenre Tao I the Elder and Queen Tetisheri. Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Tao I the Elder was a Pharaoh of Egypt of teh Seventeenth dynasty based in Upper Egypt during the Second intermediate period. ... Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Seventeenth Dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Kamose was the last king of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... (Redirected from 1560 BC) Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1610s BC 1600s BC 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC - 1560s BC - 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC Events and Trends 1567 - Egypt: End of Fifteenth Dynasty, end of Sixteenth Dynasty... The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... This article is about the Egyptian god. ... The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... Queen Ahmose-Nefertari of Egypt was the sister-wife of Egypts Pharaoh King Ahmose I. She had two children-Amenhotep I and Aahhotep II, who wed each other and had the Princess Aahmes. ... Tetisheri was the matriarch of the Egyptian royal family of the late 17th Dynasty and early 18th Dynasty. ... Djeser-Djeseru – the focal point of the complex Deir el-Bahri (Arabic دير البحري dayr al-baḥrī, literally meaning, “The Northern Monastery”) is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. ... Thebes For the ancient capital of Boeotia, see Thebes, Greece. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Seventeenth Dynasty. ... The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt once again fell into disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. ... Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1610s BC 1600s BC 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC - 1560s BC - 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC Events and Trends 1567 - Egypt: End of Fifteenth Dynasty, end of Sixteenth Dynasty, end of Seventeenth Dynasty... (Redirected from 1558 BC) Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1600s BC 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC - 1550s BC - 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC 1500s BC Events and Trends The city of Mycenae, located in the northeast Peloponnesus, came... nomen or birth name Ahmose I (also known as Amosis I) was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty. ... The Eighteenth Dynasty was founded by Ahmose, the brother of Kamose, the last ruler of the Seventeenth Dynasty. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Hyksos (Egyptian heka khasewet meaning foreign rulers, Greek ) were an ethnically mixed group of Southwest Asiatic or Semitic people who appeared in the eastern Nile Delta during the Second Intermediate Period. ... Tao I the Elder was a Pharaoh of Egypt of teh Seventeenth dynasty based in Upper Egypt during the Second intermediate period. ... Tetisheri was the matriarch of the Egyptian royal family of the late 17th Dynasty and early 18th Dynasty. ...

Later New Kingdom literary tradition has brought Sekenenra Tao II into contact with his Hyksos contemporary in the north, Aawoserra Apopi. The tradition took the form of a tale in which the Hyksos king Apopi sent a messenger to Sekenenra in Thebes to demand that the Theban hippopotamus pool be done away with, for the noise of these beasts was such that he was unable sleep in far-away Avaris. Perhaps the only historical information that can be gleaned from the tale is that Egypt was a divided land, the area of direct Hyksos control being in the north, but the whole of Egypt paying tribute to the Hyksos kings. Some general facts about Apepi I, Aauserra Apepi: his reign was during the Fifteenth dynasty as part of the Second Intermediate Period he probably ruled for more than 40 years time He had at least one daughter Categories: | ... Avaris, thought to be located at Tell el-Daba (some still argue for different locations), was the ancient capital of the Hyksos dynasties in Egypt. ...

Sekenenra Tao II participated in active diplomatic posturing, which consisted of more than simply exchanging insults with the Asiatic ruler in the North. He seems to have led military skirmishes against the Hyksos, and judging from the vicious head wound on his mummy in the Cairo Museum, he may have died during one of them. His son and successor Wadj-kheper-re Kamose, the last ruler of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes, is credited with the launching a successful campaign in the Theban war of liberation against the Hyksos. The war was finally resolved under Tao's son Ahmose I. nomen or birth name Kamose was the last king of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Ahmose I (also known as Amosis I) was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty. ...

Monumental construction

The relatively short length of his reign did not allow for the construction of much in the way of monumental structures, but it is known that he built a new palace made of mud brick at Deir el-Ballas. On an adjacent hillside overlooking the river were found the foundations of a building that was almost certainly a military observation post.^[2]

Interestingly, a relatively large amount of pottery known as Kerma-ware was found at the site, indicating that a large number of Kerma Nubians were resident at the site. It is thought that they were there as allies of the pharaoh in his wars against the Hyksos.^[3]

Mummy

Drawing of the mummified head of Tao II, from Gaston Maspero's History of Egypt

Tao II's mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri cache, revealed in 1881. He was interred along with those of other, later 18th and 19th dynasty leaders Ahmose I (likely his son), Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II, and Ramesses IX, as well as the 21st dynasty pharaohs Psusennes I, Psusennes II, and Siamun. Image File history File links TaoII-mummy-head. ... Image File history File links TaoII-mummy-head. ... Gaston Camille Charles Maspero (June 23, 1846 - June 30, 1916), French Egyptologist, was born in Paris, his parents being of Lombard origin. ... Djeser-Djeseru – the focal point of the complex Deir el-Bahri (Arabic دير البحري dayr al-baḥrī, literally meaning, “The Northern Monastery”) is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. ... nomen or birth name Djeserkare Amenhotep I (d. ... Aakheperkare Great is the manefestation of the soul of Re Nomen Thutmose Thoth is born Horus name Kanekhet meri maat Mighty Bull, Beloved of Maat Nebty name Kham neseret aa pehet Crowned with the royal serpent, Great of power Golden Horus Nefer Reneput Sankhibu Good of Years, Making Hearts to... Aakheperenre Great is the manefestation of Re Nomen Thutmose Thoth is born Horus name Ka Nekhet User Pekhet The strong bull, the great one of power Nebty name Neter Nesyt Divine of kingship Golden Horus Sekhem Kheperu Powerful of Forms Consort(s) Hatshepsut, Aset Issues Thutmose III, Neferure, Meritre Father... Menkheperre Lasting is the Manifestation of Re Nomen Thutmose Neferkheperu Son of Ra, Thutmose, beautiful of forms Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset Horus Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes Nebty name Wahnesytmireempet He of the Two Ladies, Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven Golden Horus Sekhempahtydsejerkhaw Horus of Gold Powerful of... nomen or birth name Menpehtyre Ramesses I (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the founding Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 19th dynasty. ... Menmaatre Eternal is the Justice of Re Nomen Sety Merenptah Man of Set, beloved of Ptah Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset-Seankhtawy Nebty name Wehemmesut Sekhemkhepesh Derpedjetpesdjet Golden Horus Wehemkhau Weserpedjutemtawnebu[1] Consort(s) Queen Tuya Issues Ramesses II Father Ramesses I Mother Queen Sitre Died 1279 BC Burial KV17 Major... Usermaatre-setepenre The Justice of Re is Powerful, Chosen of Re Nomen Ramesses (meryamun) Born of Re, (Beloved of Amun) Horus name Kanakht Merymaa Nebty name Mekkemetwafkhasut Golden Horus Userrenput-aanehktu Consort(s) Isetnofret, Nefertari Maathorneferure Issues Bintanath, Khaemweset, Merneptah, Amun-her-khepsef Meritamen Father Seti I Mother Queen Tuya... Tomb Interior of Ramesses IX Neferkare Ramesses IX (also written Ramses and Rameses) (1124 BC – 1106 BC) was the eighth king of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. ... Gold burial mask of King Psusennes I, discovered 1940 by Pierre Montet. ... nomen or birth name Tyetkheperre Psusennes II [Greek Ψουσέννης], or Hor-Pasebakhaenniut II [Egyptian ḥr-p3-sb3-ḫˁỉ-<n>-nỉwt], is the final king of the Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt. ... Neterkheperre-setepenamun Siamun was the Sixth pharaoh of Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty. ...

The mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on June 9, 1886. A vivid description by Gaston Maspero provides an account of the damage that was done to the pharaoh at his death: Gaston Camille Charles Maspero (June 23, 1846 - June 30, 1916), French Egyptologist, was born in Paris, his parents being of Lombard origin. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ...

...it is not known whether he fell upon the field of battle or was the victim of some plot; the appearance of his mummy proves that he died a violent death when about forty years of age. Two or three men, whether assassins or soldiers, must have surrounded and despatched him before help was available. A blow from an axe must have severed part of his left cheek, exposed the teeth, fractured the jaw, and sent him senseless to the ground; another blow must have seriously injured the skull, and a dagger or javelin has cut open the forehead on the right side, a little above the eye. His body must have remained lying where it fell for some time: when found, decomposition had set in, and the embalming had to be hastily performed as best it might. The hair is thick, rough, and matted; the face had been shaved on the morning of his death, but by touching the cheek we can ascertain how harsh and abundant the hair must have been. The mummy is that of a fine, vigorous man, who might have lived to a hundred years, and he must have defended himself resolutely against his assailants; his features bear even now an expression of fury. A flattened patch of exuded brain appears above one eye, the forehead is wrinkled, and the lips, which are drawn back in a circle about the gums, reveal the teeth still biting into the tongue.^[4]

It has been convincingly argued that Seqenenra Taa's wound across the forehead was caused by an axe, similar to examples that have been found in Tell el-Dab'a. Egyptian axes of the same period are distinctly different in shape and would not have caused a similar wound. Given the angle of the neck wound, possibly caused by a dagger, it is most likely that the pharaoh was prone or lying down when the fatal blows were struck.^[5] In addition, the absence of wounds to the arms or hands (which would be expected if the victim were actively defending himself) indicates that the first blow must have incapacitated Seqenenra Taa. The popular theory is that he died in a battle against the Hyksos, though the wounds would also be consistent with someone who was killed while he slept.

His is the earliest royal mummy on display in the recently revamped (2006) Royal Mummies Hall at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.^[6] Main entrance of the Egyptian Museum The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to the most extensive collection of pharaonic antiquities in the world. ... Cairos location in Egypt Coordinates: Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area    - City 210 km²  - Metro 1,492 km² Population    - City (2005) 7,438,376  - Density 35,420/km²  - Urban 10,834,495  - Metro 15,200,000 Time zone EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC+3) Cairo (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) comes from...

References

December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Other References

• Gardiner, Sir Alan. Egypt of the Pharaohs. (Oxford, 1964).
• Hayes, William C. Egypt: From the Death of Ammenemes III to Sequenenre II," in Volume 2, Chapter 2 of the "Cambridge Ancient History", Revised Edition (Cambridge, 1965).
• Pritchard, James B. (Editor). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Third Edition, with Supplement. (Princeton, 1969).