NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Taurine

Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic acid. It is also a major constituent of bile, and can be found in lower amounts in the tissues of many animals including humans. ^[1]^[2] Taurine is a derivative of the sulfur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino acid, cysteine. Taurine is the only known naturally occurring sulfonic acid.^[3] The plimsoll symbol as used in shipping In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals exactly). ... An organic acid is an organic compound that is an acid. ... Bile (or gall) is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. ... In organic chemistry, a sulfhydryl group or thiol group is a functional group composed of a sulfur and a hydrogen atom (-SH). ... This article is about the class of chemicals. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... It has been suggested that Sulfonic acid/Temp be merged into this article or section. ...

Taurine is named after the Latin taurus, which means bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by Austrian scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. It is often called an amino acid, even in scientific literature,^[4]^[5]^[6] but as it lacks a carboxyl group it is not strictly an amino acid.^[7] It does contain a sulfonate group and may be called an amino sulfonic acid. Small polypeptides have been identified which contain taurine but to date no aminoacyl tRNA synthetase has been identified as specifically recognizing taurine and capable of incorporating it onto a tRNA.^[8] Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... Bile (or gall) is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. ... Friedrich Tiedemann (August 23, 1781 - January 22, 1861) was a German anatomist and physiologist. ... Leopold Gmelin (August 2, 1788 - April 13, 1853) was a German chemist. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid The 3D structure of the carboxyl group A space-filling model of the carboxyl group Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. [1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted... It has been suggested that Sulfonic acid/Temp be merged into this article or section. ... An aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (abbreviated aaRs) is an enzyme that catalyzes the binding of a specific amino acid to a tRNA to form an aminoacyl-tRNA. The synthetase hydrolyzes ATP to bind the appropriate amino acid to the 3 hydroxyl of the tRNA molecule. ...

Physiological roles

Taurine is conjugated via its amino terminal group with the bile acids chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid to form the bile salts sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate (see bile). The low pKa (1.5) of taurine's sulfonic acid group ensures that this moiety is negatively charged in the pH ranges normally found in the intestinal tract and thus improves the surfactant properties of the cholic acid conjugate. Taurine has also been implicated in a wide array of other physiological phenomena including inhibitory neurotransmission,^[9] long-term potentiation in the striatum/hippocampus, membrane stabilization, feedback inhibition of neutrophil/macrophage respiratory bursts, adipose tissue regulation, and calcium homeostasis. Conjugate can be: in mathematics in terms of complex numbers, the complex conjugate; more generally see conjugate element (field theory). ... Chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid, a white crystalline substance insoluble in water. ... Cholic acid Cholic acid is a bile acid, a white crystalline substance insoluble in water. ... Bile (or gall) is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. ... In chemistry and biochemistry, acid dissociation constant, the acidity constant, or the acid-ionization constant () is a specific type of equilibrium constant that indicates the extent of dissociation of hydrogen ions from an acid. ... In organic chemistry, functional groups (or moieties) are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ... Surfactants, also known as tensides, are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between two liquids. ... Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. ... Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the persistent increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse. ... Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia, the striatum and pallidum globus pallidus: external segment (GPe), subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus: internal segment (GPi), and substantia nigra (SN). ... The hippocampus is structurally located inside the medial temporal lobe of the brain. ... Look up cell membrane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Neutrophil granulocytes (commonly referred to as neutrophils) are a class of white blood cells and are part of the immune system. ... A macrophage of a mouse stretching its arms to engulf two particles, possibly pathogens Macrophages (Greek: big eaters, from makros large + phagein eat) are cells within the tissues that originate from specific white blood cells called monocytes. ... Respiration can refer to: Cellular respiration, which is the use of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules. ... Adipose tissue is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. ... Homeostasis is the property of either an open system or a closed system, especially a living organism, which regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition. ...

Prematurely born infants who lack the enzymes needed to convert cystathionine to cysteine may become deficient in taurine. Thus, taurine is a dietary essential nutrient in these individuals and is often added to many infant formulas as a measure of prudence. There is also evidence that taurine in adult humans reduces blood pressure.^[10] Cystathionine is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... A sphygmomanometer, a device used for measuring arterial pressure. ...

Obese mice demonstrate reduced blood levels of taurine, which may promote further weight gain, and taurine supplementation prevented obesity in mice fed a high-fat, low-taurine diet.^[11] Recent studies have also shown that taurine can influence (and possibly reverse) defects in nerve blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity, and nerve sensory thresholds in experimental diabetic neuropathic rats.^[12]^[13] Taurine levels were found to be significantly lower in vegans than in a control group on a standard American diet. Plasma taurine was 78% of control values, and urinary taurine 29%.^[14] Hens kept in cramped conditions â€” the avoidance of animal suffering is the primary motivation of people who become vegans A vegan is a person who avoids the ingestion or use of animal products. ...

According to some animal studies, taurine produced an anxiolytic-like effect in mice and may act as a modulator or anti-anxiety agent in the central nervous system.^[15]

In recent years, taurine has become a common ingredient in energy drinks. Taurine is often used in combination with bodybuilding supplements such as creatine and anabolic steroids, partly due to recent findings in mice that taurine alleviates muscle fatigue in strenuous workouts and raises exercise capacity.^[16] Taurine is also used in some contact lens solutions. A variety of energy drinks are available; the skinny bullet can shape is popular. ... For the use of creatine to enhance athletic performance, please see Creatine supplements. ... Crystal structure of human sex hormone-binding globulin, transporting 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone. ...

Taurine has also been shown in diabetic rats to decrease weight and decrease blood sugar.^[17]

Taurine and cats

Taurine is essential for cat health, as a cat cannot synthesize the compound. The absence of taurine causes a cat's retina to slowly degenerate, causing eye problems and (eventually) irreversible blindness. This condition is called central retinal degeneration (CRD).^[18]^[19] In addition, taurine deficiency can cause feline dilated cardiomyopathy, and supplementation can reverse left ventricular systolic dysfunction. However, the vegetarian lioness Little Tyke survived for years in captivity without imbibing the normal required dose of taurine.^[20]^[21] Taurine is now a requirement of the AAFCO and any dry or wet food product labeled approved by the AAFCO should have a minimum of 0.1% taurine.^[22] Listen to this article Â· (info) This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2005-07-19, and may not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... AAFCO or the Association of American Feed Control Officials is a commercial enterprise which attempts to regulate the quality and safety of fodder and pet food in the United States. ...

Synthesis and Production

In 1993, approximately 5,000–6,000 t of taurine (synthetic and natural) were produced; 50% for pet food manufacture, 50% in pharmaceutical applications.^[3] Synthetic taurine is obtained from isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite.^[23] Another approach is the reaction of aziridine with sulfurous acid. This leads directly to taurine. Isethionic acid is a short chain alkane sulfonic acid containing hydroxy group, is a water soluble liquid used in the manufacture of mild, biodegradable and high foaming anionic surfactants which provides gentle cleansing and soft skin feel. ... â€œOxiraneâ€ redirects here. ... Sodium hydrogen sulfite or sodium bisulfite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaHSO3. ... Aziridine parent compound Aziridines are a group of organic compounds sharing the aziridine functional group which is a three membered heterocycle with one amine group and two methylene groups 1,2. ... Sulfurous acid (or sulphurous acid in British spelling) is a name given to aqueous solutions of sulfur dioxide. ...

Energy drinks

Taurine is an ingredient in many energy drinks and energy products. Energy drinks are beverages which contain legal stimulants, vitamins, and minerals, including caffeine, guarana, taurine, various forms of ginseng, maltodextrin, carnitine, creatine, and ginkgo biloba. ... Energy products are products including energy drinks and candy that give the consumer a burst of energy. ...

Despite its presence in many energy drinks, taurine has not been shown to be energy-giving. A study of mice hereditarily unable to transport taurine suggests that it is needed for proper maintenance and functioning of skeletal muscles.^[24] AMP is an energy drink produced and distributed by PepsiCo under the Mountain Dew soft drink brand. ... For other uses, see Full Throttle. ... Monster Energy (usually simply known as Monster) is a brand of energy drink manufactured by Monster Beverage Company of Corona, California, which is owned and operated by Hansen Beverage Company. ... NOS Energy Drink is an energy drink in a can designed to look like a NOS (Nitrous Oxide Systems) cartridge. ... For other uses, see Red Bull (disambiguation). ... Original 16 fl. ... This article is about a brand of drink. ... V logo A 250ml can of V V is an energy drink brand produced by Frucor since August 1997. ... Von Dutch energy drink, black label. ... A top-down view of skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle, usually attached to the skeleton. ...

It is also present in the alcoholic drinks Sparks, Spykes, VK blue, V2 Vodka and Mobius Infused Lager and in Foosh Energy Mints, and is one of the main ingredients in the Indonesian energy powder Extra Joss. Sparks is an energy drink, one of the first such beverages also to contain alcohol. ... Spykes is a brand of flavored malt liquor sold by Anheuser-Busch in colorful, 2-ounce bottles. ... VK may stand for: Australia, in ham radio. ...

It is also found in Vitamin Water, in particualar the Power-c Dragonfruit (25mg).

References

^ Bouckenooghe T, Remacle C, Reusens B (2006). "Is taurine a functional nutrient?". Curr Opin Clin Nutr 9 (6): 728-733.
^ Brosnan J, buffalo bill Brosnan M (2006). "The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview.". J Nutr 136 (6 Suppl): 1636S-1640S. PMID 16702333.
^ ^a ^b Tully, Paul S. Sulfonic Acids. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online 2000. doi:10.1002/0471238961.1921120620211212.a01
^ Stapleton, PP; L O'Flaherty, HP Redmond, and DJ Bouchier-Hayes (1998). "Host defense--a role for the amino acid taurine?". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 22 (1): 42–48. Retrieved on 2006-08-19.
^ Weiss, Stephen J.; Roger Klein, Adam Slivka, and Maria Wei (1982). "Chlorination of Taurine by Human Neutrophils". Journal of Clinical Investigation 70 (3): 598–607. Retrieved on 2006-08-19.
^ Kirk, Kiaran; and Julie Kirk (1993). "Volume-regulatory taurine release from a human heart cancer cell line". FEBS Letters 336 (1): 153–158. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81630-I.
^ Carey, Francis A. [1987] (2006). Organic Chemistry, 6th ed., New York: McGraw Hill, 1149. ISBN 0-07-282837-4. “Amino acids are carboxylic acids that contain an amine function.”
^ Lahdesmaki, P (1987). "Biosynthesis of taurine peptides in brain cytoplasmic fraction in vitro.". Int J Neuroscience 37 (1-2): 79–84.
^ Olive MF. Interactions between taurine and ethanol in the central nervous system. Amino Acids 2002;23(4):345-57
^ Militante, J. D.; J. B. Lombardini (November 2002). "Treatment of hypertension with oral taurine: experimental and clinical studies". Amino Acids 23 (4): 381–393. doi:10.1007/s00726-002-0212-0. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
^ Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, Nobuyo; Chikako Shozawa, Kayo Sano, Yasutomi Kamei, Seiichi Kasaoka, Yu Hosokawa and Osamu Ezaki (2006). "Taurine (2-Aminoethanesulfonic Acid) Deficiency Creates a Vicious Circle Promoting Obesity". Endocrinology 147 (7): 3276–3284. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1007. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
^ Li F, Abatan OI, Kim H, Burnett D, Larkin D, Obrosova IG, Stevens MJ (2006 Jun). "Taurine reverses neurological and neurovascular deficits in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.". Neurobiology of Disease 22 (3). PMID 16624563.
^ Pop-Busui R, Sullivan KA, Van Huysen C, Bayer L, Cao X, Towns R, Stevens MJ (2001 Apr). "Depletion of taurine in experimental diabetic neuropathy: implications for nerve metabolic, vascular, and functional deficits.". Exp Neurol. 168 (2). PMID 11259114.
^ Laidlaw S, Shultz T, Cecchino J, Kopple J (1988) "Plasma and urine taurine levels in vegans." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 47, pp. 660-663.
^ Kong WX, Chen SW, Li YL, et al (2006). "Effects of taurine on rat behaviors in three anxiety models". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 83 (2): 271–6. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.02.007. PMID 16540157.
^ U. Warskulat, U. Flogel, C. Jacoby, H.-G. Hartwig, M. Thewissen, M. W. Merx, A. Molojavyi, B. Heller-Stilb, J. Schrader and D. Haussinger (2004). "Taurine transporter knockout depletes muscle taurine levels and results in severe skeletal muscle impairment but leaves cardiac function uncompromised". FASEB J.: 03-0496fje. doi:10.1096/fj.03-0496fje.
^ "Taurine improves insulin sensitivity in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (1): 54-58.
^ Taurine And Its Importance In Cat Foods. Iams Cat Nutrition Library (2004). Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
^ Nutrient Requirements of Cats. Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition, 1986 (1986). Retrieved on 2006-09-10.
^ The Vegetarian Lioness.
^ Pion et al 1988
^ AAFCO
^ Kurt Kosswig. Sulfonic Acids, Aliphatic. in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, 2000. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_503
^ U. Warskulat, U. Flogel, C. Jacoby, H.-G. Hartwig, M. Thewissen, M. W. Merx, A. Molojavyi, B. Heller-Stilb, J. Schrader and D. Haussinger (2004). "Taurine transporter knockout depletes muscle taurine levels and results in severe skeletal muscle impairment but leaves cardiac function uncompromised". FASEB J.: 03-0496fje. doi:10.1096/fj.03-0496fje. PMID 14734644.

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External links

Categories: Amines | Sulfonic acids A dietary supplement is intended to supply nutrients, (vitamins, minerals, fatty acids or amino acids) that are missing or not consumed in sufficient quantity in a persons diet. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... Many supplements come in capsule form. ... A variety of energy drinks are available; the skinny bullet can shape is popular. ... An energy bar is a dietary supplement often consumed by athletes or other physically active people to maintain their caloric needs in light of their strenuous physical activity. ... Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that cannot be constructed within an organism from other components (generally all references are to humans) by any known chemical pathways; and therefore must be obtained from the diet. ... Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts. ... mccall is cooool Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. ... Probiotics are dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial bacteria or yeasts. ... Retinol (Vitamin A) For the record label, see Vitamin Records A vitamin is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism. ... Whole food supplements comprise a unique class within the food supplement industry. ... Retinol (Vitamin A) For the record label, see Vitamin Records A vitamin is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism. ... mccall is cooool Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. ... The structure of retinol, the most common dietary form of vitamin A Vitamin A is an essential human nutrient. ... The B vitamins are eight water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. ... For the similarly spelled nucleic acid, see Thymine Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is one of the B vitamins. ... Riboflavin (E101), also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in animals. ... Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell. ... Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life (essential nutrient). ... Pyridoxine Pyridoxal phosphate Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin. ... Vitamin H redirects here. ... Folic acid and folate (the anion form) are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9. ... Cyanocobalamin is a compound that is metabolized to a vitamin in the B complex commonly known as vitamin B12 (or B12 for short). ... This article is about the nutrient. ... Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. ... Tocopherol, or Vitamin E, is a fat-soluble vitamin in eight forms that is an important antioxidant. ... Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone). ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... Choline is an organic compound, classified as an essential nutrient and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... REDIRECT [[ Insert text]]EWWWWWWWWWWWWW YO General Name, symbol, number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... Distinguished from fluorene and fluorone. ... For other uses, see Iodine (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... General Name, symbol, number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 54. ... General Name, Symbol, Number molybdenum, Mo, 42 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 95. ... General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... For other uses, see Selenium (disambiguation). ... For sodium in the diet, see Edible salt. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) found in connective tissue and the nervous system, normally attached to a protein core. ... Capsules of Cod Liver Oil Cod liver oil, as its name suggests, is an oil extracted from cod livers. ... Copper gluconate is the copper salt of D-gluconic acid. ... For the use of creatine to enhance athletic performance, please see Creatine supplements. ... Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the digestive system, absorbing water and making defecation easier. ... Elemental calcium is a term that is in common use in the context of dietary supplements. ... Ephedra in medicine. ... Fish Oil is oil derived from fishes. ... Folic acid and folate (the anion form) are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9. ... Not to be confused with ginger. ... Glucosamine (C6H13NO5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. ... Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ... Iron supplements are supplements that can be prescribed by a doctor for a medical reason. ... Binomial name Thunb. ... Krill oil is made from krill. ... Species L. acidophilus L. brevis L. delbrueckii subsp. ... Binomial name (Curtis) P. Karst LÃngzhÄ« (traditional Chinese: éˆèŠ; simplified Chinese: çµèŠ; Japanese: reishi; Korean: yeongji, hangul: ì˜ì§€) is the name for one form of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, and its close relative Ganoderma tsugae, which grows in the northern Eastern Hemlock forests. ... Flax oil (in bottles) and coconut oil (in jars in the middle) Linseed oil, also known as flax seed oil, is a yellowish drying oil derived from the dried ripe seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum, Linaceae). ... Dried grain red yeast rice Red yeast rice (Chinese: ç´…éº´ç±³, çº¢æ›²ç±³; pinyin: hÃ³ng; lit. ... Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of the larvae. ... Saw palmetto extract is an extract of the fruit of Serenoa repens. ... Species Spirulina is the common name for human and animal food supplements produced primarily from two species of cyanobacteria: Arthrospira platensis, and Arthrospira maxima. ... Extracting wheatgrass juice with a manual juicing machine. ... Species Lycium barbarum L. Lycium chinense Mill. ... Yohimbine, also known under the outdated names quebrachin, aphrodin, corynine, yohimvetol and hydroergotocin, is the principal alkaloid of the bark of the West-African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre (formerly Corynanthe yohimbe), family Rubiaceae (Madder family). ... Zinc gluconate is the salt of gluconate and zinc II. It is an ionic compound consisting of two moles of gluconate for each mole of zinc. ... The Codex Alimentarius (Latin for food code or food book) is a collection of internationally recognized standards, codes of practice, guidelines and other recommendations relating to foods, food production and food safety under the aegis of consumer protection. ... Enzyte is an herbal nutritional supplement manufactured by Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals of Cincinnati, Ohio. ... Metabolife is an American corporation which manufactures dietary supplements. ... Hadacol was a patent medicine marketed as a vitamin supplement. ... Nutraceutical is a portmanteau of [Nutrition] and [pharmaceutical] and refers to foods thought to have a beneficial effect on human health. ... A multivitamin is any preparation containing more than a single vitamin. ...

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