Taxicabs are regulated throughout the United Kingdom, but the regulation of taxicabs in London is especially rigorous both with regard to mechanical integrity and driver knowledge. An official report observed that: "Little however is known about the regulation by anyone outside the trade. The Public Carriage Office, who regulate and license taxis and private hire (commonly known as minicabs) was transferred from the Metropolitan Police to become part of Transport for London in 2000."^[1] Taxicabs are regulated throughout the United Kingdom, but the regulation of taxicabs in London is especially rigorous both with regard to mechanical integrity and driver knowledge. ... Taxicabs are regulated throughout the United Kingdom, but the regulation of taxicabs in London is especially rigorous both with regard to mechanical integrity and driver knowledge. ... Metropolitan Police redirects here. ... Transport For London (TfL) is a local government body responsible for most aspects of the transport system throughout Greater London in England. ...

London Black Cab

Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...

Types of taxicabs

• Hackney carriages ('Black cabs') can be hailed in the street or hired from a taxicab rank.

• Private hire ('Minicabs') are passenger vehicles which are either saloons that carry up to four passengers or MPVs that are licensed for up to six or seven passengers. These cannot be hailed in the street and must be pre-booked by telephone.

• Chauffeur cars are a sub-set of private hire; generally a higher value of car such as a Mercedes or BMW where the passenger pays a premium but in return receives a higher level of comfort and courtesy from the driver who may at times wear a uniform.

In the United Kingdom, the name hackney carriage refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office in London (for the area within the M25 motorway) or by the local authority (non-metropolitan district councils or unitary authorities) in other parts of England, Wales, and Scotland, or by the...

Hackney carriages ('Black cabs')

Only black cabs can pick up passengers on the street, and both black cabs and minicabs are also radio- or computer-dispatched. Black cabs, also known as hackney carriages or hackney cabs, are particularly famous on account of the specially constructed vehicles and the extensive training course (The Knowledge) required for fully licensed drivers; unlike many other cities, the number of taxicab drivers in London is not limited. London's cab drivers are even well-known for having developed an especially big hippocampus, a region of the brain where, among other things, information about locations is stored (this is likely the case with many other taxicab drivers, as well, not just those of London).^[2] Taxicabs are regulated throughout the United Kingdom, but the regulation of taxicabs in London is especially rigorous both with regard to mechanical integrity and driver knowledge. ... Driving is the controlled operation of a vehicle, which is usually a motor vehicle such as a truck, bus, or car. ... The hippocampus is structurally located inside the medial temporal lobe of the brain. ... Italic text // ahh addiing sum spiice iin hurr`` For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ...

Private hire ('Minicabs')

UK minicab with company name and telephone number on each side

In the United Kingdom, the term minicab is often used to refer to a private hire car or in other words a car with a driver available for hire on a pre booked basis. A minicab may be pre-booked by telephone, internet or by visiting a minicab office. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 510 pixels Full resolution (2122 × 1353 pixel, file size: 449 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) UK Minicab - note name and phone number on the side of the Ford Mondeo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 510 pixels Full resolution (2122 × 1353 pixel, file size: 449 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) UK Minicab - note name and phone number on the side of the Ford Mondeo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete... Taxicabs are regulated throughout the United Kingdom, but the regulation of taxicabs in London is especially rigorous both with regard to mechanical integrity and driver knowledge. ...

Since 2001 minicabs have been regulated in London and many other local authorities in the UK. London Minicabs are now licensed by the same body as the London black taxicabs, the Public Carriage Office. All vehicles driven by London minicab drivers during their working hours must also hold a Public Carriage Office licence showing they are fit for the purpose. This is updated twice a year after checks at licensed garages who issue permits for the vehicle. Local governments are administrative offices of an area smaller than a state. ... Taxicabs are regulated throughout the United Kingdom, but the regulation of taxicabs in London is especially rigorous both with regard to mechanical integrity and driver knowledge. ...

Glasgow and Edinburgh

Taxicab rank outside Liverpool Lime Street railway station

In Glasgow and Edinburgh there are numerous specially decorated taxicabs that are often covered with advertisements. One of the most abundant advertisements is for Scotland's favourite soft drink, Irn-Bru. The taxicabs are usually in the style of the regular black cab type, but are decorated in different colours and patterns. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 699 × 599 pixels Full resolution (1987 × 1704 pixel, file size: 687 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photograph taken in March 2007 of a taxicab rank outside Liverpool Lime Street railway station. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 699 × 599 pixels Full resolution (1987 × 1704 pixel, file size: 687 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photograph taken in March 2007 of a taxicab rank outside Liverpool Lime Street railway station. ... The main entrance to Liverpool Lime Street Station Liverpool Lime Street railway station on Lime Street is the mainline railway station serving Liverpool, England. ... Glaswegian redirects here. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic)1 Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic, Scots Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II... Irn Bru Irn Bru is the most popular caffeinated soft drink in Scotland. ...

Leeds

In Leeds hackney carriage taxicabs (but not private hire), unlike the usual black livery seen in taxicabs in many other cities in Britain, are painted in white with black bumpers, a black bonnet and a black boot/hatch.^[3] There are a number of taxis which feature advertising for various companies. Leeds is a major city in West Yorkshire, England. ...

Luton

Luton is reported to have the highest number of taxicabs per head of population in the United Kingdom.^[4] For other uses, see Luton (disambiguation). ...

London

History

Horse-drawn hackney carriages began providing taxicab service in the early 17th century. In 1636, the number of carriages was set at 50 - an early example of taxicab regulation. In the same year, the owner of four hackney carriages established the first taxicab stand in The Strand. In the early 19th century, cabriolets (cabs for short) replaced the heavier and more cumbersome hackney carriages. Battery-operated taxis appeared briefly at the end of the 19th century, but the modern taxicab service took off with the appearance of petrol-powered, metered taxis in the early 1900s. Today, taxicab service in London is provided by the famous black cabs (the distinctive FX4 depicted in the photo above) and by minicabs. In the United Kingdom, the name hackney carriage refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office in London (for the area within the M25 motorway) or by the local authority (non-metropolitan district councils or unitary authorities) in other parts of England, Wales, and Scotland, or by the... Strand, May 2001 St. ... Original meaning A cabriolet was a light, two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage with a folding calash top, seating two persons behind the drivers box. ... Main article: Taxicab The FX4 is the classic London Black Cab. ... In the United Kingdom, the term minicab is often used to refer to a cheap and unregulated taxi service. ...

The Knowledge

The taxicab driver is required to be able to decide routes immediately in response to a passenger's request or traffic conditions, rather than stopping to look at a map or ask a controller by radio. Consequently, The Knowledge is the in-depth study of London street routes and places of interest that taxicab-drivers in that city must complete to obtain a licence to operate a black cab. It was initiated in 1851, and has changed little since. The Knowledge, one of the many spin-offs of Horrible Histories, is a UK book series written by many different writers. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Taxicab, short forms taxi or cab, is a type of public transport for a single passenger, or small group of passengers, typically for a non-shared ride. ... In the United Kingdom, the name hackney carriage refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office in London (for the area within the M25 motorway) or by the local authority (non-metropolitan district councils or unitary authorities) in other parts of England, Wales, and Scotland, or by the...

It is the world's most demanding training course for taxicab-drivers; and applicants will usually need at least 12 'Appearances' (attempts at the final test), after preparation averaging 34 months, to pass the examination.^[5]

Course details

The 320 main (standard) routes, or 'runs', through central London of The Knowledge are contained within the 'Blue Book' (officially known as the 'Guide to Learning the Knowledge of London'), produced by the Public Carriage Office which regulates licensed taxis in London. In all some 25,000 streets within a six mile radius of Charing Cross are covered along with the major arterial routes through the rest of London. Central London is a much-used but unofficial and vaguely defined term for the most inner part of London, the capital of England. ... Taxicabs are regulated throughout the United Kingdom, but the regulation of taxicabs in London is especially rigorous both with regard to mechanical integrity and driver knowledge. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Norwegian/Swedish mil. ... The Victorian Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross The name Charing Cross, now given to a district of central London in the City of Westminster, comes from the original hamlet of Charing, where King Edward I placed a memorial to his wife, Eleanor of Castile. ...

A taxicab-driver must learn these, as well as the 'points of interest' along those routes including streets, squares, clubs, hospitals, hotels, theatres, government and public buildings, railway stations, police stations, courts, diplomatic buildings, important places of worship, cemeteries, crematoria, parks and open spaces, sports and leisure centres, places of learning, restaurants and historic buildings. This is a list of places in London, the capital city of the United Kingdom. ... This is a list of streets, roads and intersections in London, England. ... The following is a partial list of currently operating hospitals in England, United Kingdom. ... This article describes the hotels in London, England. ... This is a partial list of entertainment venues in London. ... The National Rail network of the United Kingdom does not have one main London railway station in London, England. ...

The Knowledge includes such details as the order of theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, or the names and order of the side streets and traffic signals passed on a route. Shaftesbury Avenue is a major London street, named after Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, that runs in a north-easterly direction from Piccadilly Circus to New Oxford Street, crossing Charing Cross Road at Cambridge Circus. ...

There are separate shorter courses, for suburban London, with 30 to 50 'runs' depending on the sector.^[6]

"Knowledge boys"

During training would-be cabbies usually follow these routes around London on a moped, and can be identified by the map holder fixed to the front of the bike, which earns them the name knowledge boys (or girls). In order to pass The Knowledge applicants must have a clean driving licence and no criminal record, then first pass a written test; which qualifies them to make an 'appearance'. At appearances, knowledge boys must, without looking at a map, identify the quickest and most sensible route between any two points in metropolitan London that their examiner chooses. For each route the applicants must recite the names of the roads used, when they cross junctions, use roundabouts, make turns, and what is 'alongside' them at each point.^[7] A picture of several mopeds from a ride sponsored by the Moped Army. ... Driving licences within the European Union are subdivided in different categories. ... A criminal record or rap sheet, is a compilation of an individuals identification, arrest, conviction (law), incarceration, legal status, sex offender registration, warrant information, and other relevant criminal history. ...

In research, film and literature

A humorous 1979 film about this learning experience, called The Knowledge, was written by Jack Rosenthal for ITV, and was in 2000 voted number 83 in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute. Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. ... Jack Rosenthal, CBE (8 September 1931 - 29 May 2004) , was a playwright, who wrote several early episodes of the ITV soap opera Coronation Street and a number of successful plays and films. ... It has been suggested that Channel 3 (UK) be merged into this article or section. ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 100 Greatest British Television Programmes was a list compiled in 2000 by the British Film Institute (BFI) chosen by a poll of industry professionals, to determine what were the greatest British television programmes of any genre ever to have been screened. ... The British Film Institute (BFI) is a charitable organisation established by Royal Charter to encourage the development of the arts of film, television and the moving image throughout the United Kingdom, to promote their use as a record of contemporary life and manners, to promote education about film, television and...

Knowledge Boys/Girls and their online learning communities have recently been the subject of academic research, including a Ph.D. dissertation by Drew A. R. Ross at Oxford University. The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ...

There is evidence that training for The Knowledge can result in measurable physical changes in the brain of a trainee cab driver; as reported by BBC News^[8] and Scientific American Frontiers^[7]. The current BBC News logo BBC News and Current Affairs is a major arm of the BBC responsible for the corporations newsgathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Scientific American Frontiers is an American television program primarily focused on informing the public about new technologies and discoveries in science and medicine. ...

The Knowledge and it's "Runs", and to a certain extent the role of the PCO, form the basis for a "religion" in Will Self's "The Book Of Dave^[9].

Public Carriage Office

The Public Carriage Office (PCO) is the body responsible for licensing taxicabs within Greater London. The PCO is part of Transport for London and is responsible for licensing the familiar London taxicab or "black cab" and is also in the process of licensing private hire or minicab services. As from 30 March 2007 the doors of the Public Carriage Office technical department will close and black cabs will no longer be licensed there. Transport for London have decided to outsource the licensing of these vehicles to SGS, the private company who are responsible for the licensing of minicabs/private hire vehicles in London. It is the end of an era. How to obtain a amature radio licence differs from country to country. ... Taxicab, short forms taxi or cab, is a type of public transport for a single passenger, or small group of passengers, typically for a non-shared ride. ... Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. ... Transport For London (TfL) is a local government body responsible for most aspects of the transport system throughout Greater London in England. ... In the United Kingdom, the name hackney carriage refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office in London (for the area within the M25 motorway) or by the local authority (non-metropolitan district councils or unitary authorities) in other parts of England, Wales, and Scotland, or by the...

History

PCO licence plate, as seen on the back of all licenced hackney carriages (September 2006)

Since 1600 public carriages for hire have been a feature of London life. The discarded coaches of aristocratic families, complete with their coat of arms, were among the first hackney carriages to ply for hire. They were the forerunners of the French hackney carriage or cab (cabriolet) which first appeared in London around 1820. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... // Original meaning and etymology The original meaning of the term coach was: a horse-drawn vehicle designed for the conveyance of more than one passenger — and of mail — and covered for protection from the elements. ... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... In the United Kingdom, the name hackney carriage refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office in London (for the area within the M25 motorway) or by the local authority (non-metropolitan district councils or unitary authorities) in other parts of England, Wales, and Scotland, or by the... Original meaning A cabriolet was a light, two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage with a folding calash top, seating two persons behind the drivers box. ...

The first horseless cab, the Bersey electric powered vehicle, appeared in 1897, followed by the first internal combustion engine cab in 1903. At that time London still had more than 11,000 horse drawn cabs. The last horse drawn cab was removed from service in 1947. There are now over 20,000 licensed vehicles on London's roads.

Regulation of the trade passed to the Metropolitan Police in 1850 and was undertaken by the Public Carriage Office, which was originally located in an annex to New Scotland Yard in Whitehall called "the Bungalow". It moved to 109 Lambeth Road in 1919, remaining there until 1966, when it moved to its present home, 15 Penton Street, Islington. Metropolitan Police redirects here. ... Alternative meanings: Scotland Yard (band), Scotland Yard board game New Scotland Yard, London New Scotland Yard, often referred to as simply Scotland Yard or The Yard, is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, responsible for policing Greater London (although not the City of London itself). ... Whitehall, London, looking south towards the Houses of Parliament. ...

Present role

On the formation of Transport for London on 3 July 2000, the licensing authority changed, however the day to day licensing function remained with the Public Carriage Office. July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

With the introduction of the Private Hire Vehicles (London) Act 1998 the role of the PCO has extended to include the licensing of private hire operators, drivers and vehicles, bringing the capital in line with the rest of England and Wales. The purpose of regulation is to give passengers confidence, when they use a licensed private hire operator, that they are dealing with an honest, professional organisation with reliable drivers and safe vehicles.

Implementation of the legislation has been phased, with operator licensing near completion and driver licensing at the end of a consultation process. Over 2,000 operators have applied and It is estimated that there are about 40,000 drivers and a similar number of vehicles.

To cope with the additional volume a new integrated taxicab and private hire information technology system (TAPITS) has been developed. Alongside this, are plans to develop a computer-based Knowledge of London testing system that will interface with the proposed integrated system.

In November 2005, in the report Where to, Guv’?, the London Assembly's Transport Committee reported on a review of the Public Carriage Office and made some key recommendations.^[1]

Cabmen's Shelter Fund

A London Cabman's Shelter in Russell Square

The Cabmen's Shelter Fund was established in London in 1875 to run shelters for the drivers of hansom cabs and later hackney carriages (taxicabs).^[10] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixels Full resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixels Full resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ... Russell Square Russell Square is a large garden square in Bloomsbury, London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... A Hansom cab adding character to the filming of a costume drama. ... In the United Kingdom, the name hackney carriage refers to a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office in London (for the area within the M25 motorway) or by the local authority (non-metropolitan district councils or unitary authorities) in other parts of England, Wales, and Scotland, or by the... Taxicab, short forms taxi or cab, is a type of public transport for a single passenger, or small group of passengers, typically for a non-shared ride. ...

By law, cab drivers could not leave the cab stand while their cab was parked there. This made it very difficult for them to obtain hot meals and could be unpleasant in bad weather. If they drove to a pub to buy food then they would have to pay somebody to look after their cab while they were inside, otherwise it was likely to be stolen. The Earl of Shaftesbury and other worthies therefore took it upon themselves to set up a charity to construct and run shelters at major cab stands. A taxi stand (also called taxi rank, cab stand, or hack stand) is a queue area on a street or on private property where taxicabs line up to wait for passengers. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (1801–1885), styled Lord Ashley from 1811 to 1851, was an English politician and philanthropist, one of the best-known of the Victorian era. ... A charitable organization (also known as a charity) is a trust, company or unincorporated association established for charitable purposes only. ...

These shelters were small green huts, which were not allowed to be larger than a horse and cart, as they stood on the public highway. Between 1875 and 1914, 61 of these buildings were built around London. Most were staffed by an attendant who sold food and (non-alcoholic) drink to the cabbies and were provided with a kitchen in which the attendant could cook this food and also food provided by the cabbies themselves. The attendant was not generally paid, but was expected to make an income from these sales. The shelters were also provided with seats and tables and books and newspapers, most of them donated by the publishers or other benefactors. Most could accommodate ten to thirteen men. Gambling, drinking and swearing were strictly forbidden. 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Thirteen of the shelters still exist and are still run by the Cabmen's Shelter Fund. All are now Grade II listed buildings. They are located at: Buckingham Palace, a Grade I listed building. ...

• Chelsea Embankment SW3 - close to junction with Albert Bridge
• Embankment Place WC2 - close to the Players Theatre
• Grosvenor Gardens SW1 - to the west side of the north gardens
• Hanover Square, London W1 - on the north side of the central gardens
• Kensington Park Road W11 - outside numbers 8-10
• Kensington Road W8 - close to the junction of Queens Gate SW7
• Pont Street SW1 - close to the junction of Sloane Avenue
• Russell Square WC1 - Western Corner (relocated to here from Leicester Square)
• St George's Square, Pimlico SW1 - on the north side
• Temple Place WC2 - opposite side of the road from the Howard Hotel
• Thurloe Place, Kensington SW7 - in the middle of the road opposite the Victoria & Albert Museum
• Warwick Avenue W9 - centre of the road, by Warwick Avenue tube station
• Wellington Place NW8 - handy for Lords Cricket Ground

Chelsea Embankment is part of the Thames Embankment, a road and walkway along the north bank of the River Thames in central London. ... Hanover Square, London, is a square in Mayfair, London,W1, England, just to the south west of the junction of Oxford Street and Regent Street. ... Kensington Road is a short section of road in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea forming part of the A315. ... Russell Square Russell Square is a large garden square in Bloomsbury, London. ... Warwick Avenue tube station is a London Underground station near Little Venice. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Where to, Guv?", London Assembly Transport Committee report into the Public Carriage Office, November 2005
2. ^ The History of the Black Taxi
3. ^ Taxi, Flickr.com, Paul Holloway
4. ^ "Luton South", UK Polling Report
5. ^ "The Knowledge", Public Carriage Office, Transport for London
6. ^ "Applicants for a Taxi Driver’s Licence - The ‘Knowledge of London' Examination System", Public Carriage Office, Transport for London
7. ^ ^{a b} "The Knowledge Boys", Scientific American Frontiers
8. ^ "Taxi drivers' brains 'grow' on the job" BBC News
9. ^ ""The Book Of Dave"" "The Book Of Dave"
10. ^ "Cabman's shelters, London - Victorian survivors on London's streets", Urban75, April 2006

External links

• Transport for London's Public Carriage Office Website. The PCO section of this article is a modified version of their webpages and was made with their permission
• Department For Transport:London minicab regulation
• PCO Office Check
• London hackney coach regulations, 1819