Coordinates: 33°46′45″N, 72°53′15″E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Taxila*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Panorama at Jaulian - Ancient Buddhist Monastery, Taxila
State Party	Pakistan
Type	Cultural
Criteria	iii, vi
Reference	139
Region†	Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription	1980  (4th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Taxila (Urdu: ٹیکسلا, Sanskrit: तक्षशिला Takṣaśilā, Pali:Takkasilā) is an important archaeological site in Pakistan containing the ruins of the Gandhāran city of Takshashila (also Takkasila or Taxila) an important Vedic/Hindu^[1] and Buddhist^[2] centre of learning from the 6th century BCE^[3] to the 5th century CE.^{[4] [5]} In 1980, Taxila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with multiple locations.^[6] A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2919x700, 431 KB) Summary Ancient Buddhist Monastery at Jaulian, Taxila. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2919x700, 431 KB) Summary Ancient Buddhist Monastery at Jaulian, Taxila. ... As of 2006, there are a total of 830 World Heritage Sites located in 138 State Parties. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Asia, Australia and the Pacific (Australasia). ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Urdu ( , , trans. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Pali (IAST: ) is a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or prakrit. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Rocky landscape with ruins, by Nicolaes Berchem, ca. ... Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ... For other uses, see Vedanta (disambiguation). ... Hinduism is a religious tradition[1] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... BCE is a TLA that may stand for: Before the Common Era, date notation equivalent to BC (e. ... BCE redirects here. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State...

Historically, Taxila lay at the crossroads of three major trade routes: the royal highway from Pāṭaliputra; the north-western route through Bactria, Kāpiśa, and Puṣkalāvatī (Peshawar); and the route from Kashmir and Central Asia, via Śrinigar, Mānsehrā, and the Haripur valley^[7] across the Khunjerab pass to the Silk Road. A trade route is a commonly used path of travel for those (e. ... Patna (Hindi: पटना) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. ... Bactria, about 320 BC Bactria (Bactriana, Bākhtar in Persian, also Bhalika in Arabic and Indian languages, and Ta-Hia in Chinese) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (Oxus); its capital, Bactra or Balhika or Bokhdi (now... Pushkalavati is an ancient site situated in Peshawar valley in Sarhad, Pakistan. ...   (Urdu: پشاور; Pashto: پښور) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... ... Mansehra (Urdu: مانسہرہ) is city located in Mansehra District of northwestern Pakistan. ... Location of Haripur District (highlighted in red) within the North West Frontier Province. ... Khunjerab Pass from Pakistani side Snow leopard, an endangered species, is found in the Khunjerab National Park The Khunjerab Pass is a high mountain pass on the northern border of Pakistan with the Peoples Republic of China. ... For other uses, see Silk Road (disambiguation). ...

Taxila is situated 35 km to the west of Islamabad Capital Territory—and to the northwest of Rawalpindi in Punjab—just off the Grand Trunk Road. For the capital of Pakistan, see Islamabad. ...   (Urdu: راولپنڈی) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistans capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. ... This article is about the Pakistani province. ... The Grand Trunk Road (abbreviated to GT Road in common usage) is one of South Asias oldest and longest major roads. ...

History

See also: Taxila (satrapy)

Taxila is in western Punjab, and was an important city during Alexander's campaign in ancient India.

A coin from 2nd century BCE Taxila.

The Indo-Greek king Antialcidas ruled in Taxila around 100 BCE, according to the Heliodorus pillar inscription.

Jaulian, a World Heritage Site at Taxila.

Jaulian silver Buddhist reliquary, with content. British Museum.

Legend has it that Taksha, an ancient Indian king who ruled in a kingdom called Taksha Khanda (Tashkent) founded the city of Takshashila.^{[citation needed]} The word Takshashila, in Sanskrit means "belonging to the King Taksha". Taksha was the son of Bharata and Mandavi, characters who appear in the Indian epic Ramayana. Taxila was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1117x1391, 272 KB) Map of Alexanders campaigns in India. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1117x1391, 272 KB) Map of Alexanders campaigns in India. ... The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Graeco-Indian Kingdom[2]) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent from 180 BCE to around 10 CE, and was ruled by a succession of more than thirty Hellenic and Hellenistic kings,[3] often in conflict with each other. ... Image File history File links Taxila coin. ... Image File history File links Taxila coin. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 386 pixel Image in higher resolution (2859 × 1381 pixel, file size: 554 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Coin of Antialcidas. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 386 pixel Image in higher resolution (2859 × 1381 pixel, file size: 554 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Coin of Antialcidas. ... Maximum extent of Indo-Greek territory circa 175 BCE. The Indo-Greeks (or sometimes Greco-Indians) designate a series of Greek kings, who invaded and controlled parts of northwest and northern India from 180 BCE to around 10 BCE. They are the continuation of the Greco-Bactrian dynasty of Greek... Silver tetradrachm of King Antialcidas (r. ... (Redirected from 100 BCE) Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 105 BC 104 BC 103 BC 102 BC 101 BC - 100 BC - 99 BC 98 BC 97... The Heliodorus pillar was erected around 110 BCE in central India at the site of Vidisha, by Heliodorus, a Greek ambassador of the Indo-Greek king Antialcidas to the court of the Sunga king Bhagabhadra. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 424 KB) Summary M. Robichaud, taken by author in July 2004 in Taxila, Pakistan. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 424 KB) Summary M. Robichaud, taken by author in July 2004 in Taxila, Pakistan. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 761 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,106 × 872 pixels, file size: 109 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 761 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,106 × 872 pixels, file size: 109 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... London museum | name = British Museum | image = British Museum from NE 2. ... Tashkent (Uzbek: , Russian: ) is the capital of Uzbekistan and also of the Tashkent Province. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... In the Hindu epic Ramayana, Bharata (Sanskrit: भरत, IAST Bharata) was the second brother of the main protagonist Lord Rama, and the son of Emperor Dasaratha and Kaikeyi of the Solar Dynasty. ... In the Hindu epic Ramayana, Mandavi was the daughter of Kushadvaja, a brother of King Janaka of Mithila and hence a cousin of Sita. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ...

In the Indian epic Mahābhārata, the Kuru heir Parikṣit was enthroned at Taxila.^[8] Mahabharat redirects here. ... The position of the Kuru kingdom in Iron Age Vedic India. ... Parikshita is in the Mahabharata epic the successor of Yudhisthira to the throne of Hastinapura. ...

According to tradition The Mahabharata was first recited at Takshashila.

Ahmad Hasan Dani and Saifur Rahman Dar trace the etymology of Taxila to a tribe called the Takka.^[9] According to Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, "Taxila" is related to "Takṣaka," which means "carpenter" and is an alternative name for the Nāga.^[10] Ahmad Hassan Dani (born 1920) is a Pakistani archaeologist and linguist, and is considered to be one of the foremost authorities on South Asian archaeology and history. ... Etymologies redirects here. ... Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi (1907–1966) was an Indian historian, mathematician, physicist, Marxist philosopher, numismatist and Peace activist. ... For other uses, see Carpenter (disambiguation). ... Nagas were a group who spread throughout India during the period of the epic Mahabharata. ...

• c. 518 BCE^[11] – Darius the Great annexes the North-West of the Indian-Subcontinent (modern day Pakistan), including Taxila, to the Persian Achaemenid Empire.^[12]
• 326 BCE^[13] – Alexander the Great receives submission of Āmbhi,^[14] king of Taxila, and afterwards surrender to Porus at the Jhelum River.^[15]
• c. 317 BCE – In quick succession, Alexander's general Eudemus and then the satrap Peithon withdraw from India.^[16]
• 321BCE-317 BCE Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan empire in eastern India, makes himself master of the northern and northwestern India, including Punjab. Chandragupta Maurya's advisor Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) was a teacher at Taxila.
• During the reign of Chandragupta's grandson Aśoka, Taxila became a great Buddhist centre of learning. Nonetheless, Taxila was briefly the center of a minor local rebellion, subdued only a few years after its onset.^[17]
• 185 BCE^[18] – The last Maurya emperor, Bṛhadratha, is assassinated by his general, Puṣyamitra Śunga, during a parade of his troops.^[19]
• 183 BCE^[20] – Demetrios conquers Gandhāra, the Punjab and the Indus valley.^[21] He builds his new capital, Sirkap, on the opposite bank of the river from Taxila.^[22] During this new period of Bactrian Greek rule, several dynasties (like Antialcidas) likely ruled from the city as their capital. During lulls in Greek rule, the city managed profitably on its own, managed independently and controlled by several local trade guilds, who also minted most of the city's autonomous coinage.
• c. 90 BCE^[23] – The Indo-Scythian chief Maues overthrows the last Greek king of Taxila.^[24]
• c. 25 CE^[25] – Gondophares, founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, conquers Taxila and makes it his capital.^[26].
• 76^[27] – The date of and inscription found at Taxila of 'Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, the Kushana' (maharaja rajatiraja devaputra Kushana).^[28]
• c. 460–470^[29] – The Ephthalites sweep over Gandhāra and the Punjab; wholesale destruction of Buddhist monasteries and stūpas at Taxila, which never again recovers.^[30]

Before the fall of these invader-kings, Taxila had been variously a capital for many dynasties, and a centre of Vedic and Buddhist learning, with a population of Buddhists, Classical Hindus, and possibly Greeks that may have endured for centuries.^[31] Seal of Darius I, showing the king hunting on his chariot, and the symbol of Ahuramazda Darius the Great (Pers. ... Look up Persian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Founder of empires: Cyrus, The Great is still revered in modern Iran as he was in all the successor Persian Empires. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC - 320s BC - 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 331 BC 330 BC 329 BC 328 BC 327 BC - 326 BC - 325 BC 324 BC 323... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... Taxiles (in Greek Tαξίλης or Ταξίλας; lived 4th century BC) was the Greek chroniclers name for a prince or king who reigned over the tract between the Indus and the Hydaspes Rivers in the Punjab at the period of the expedition of Alexander the Great, 327 BC. His real name was... King Porus (also Raja Puru), was the King of Pauravaa, The state falls with in the territory of Trigata Kingdom of Katoch Rulers i. ... The Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of the Punjab province of Pakistan, and passes through Jhelum City. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 322 BC 321 BC 320 BC 319 BC 318 BC 317 BC 316 BC 315 BC 314... Eudemus (in Greek EυδημoÏ‚; died 316 BC) was one of Alexander the Greats generals, who was appointed by him to the command of the troops left in India. ... Look up satrap in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Peithon, son of Agenor (?-312 BCE) was an officer in the expedition of Alexander the Great to India, who became satrap of the Indus from 325 to 316 BCE, and then satrap of Babylon, from 316 to 312 BCE, until he died at the Battle of Gaza in 312 BCE... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 322 BC 321 BC 320 BC 319 BC 318 BC 317 BC 316 BC 315 BC 314... Allegiance: Maurya Dynasty Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Bindusara Maurya Reign: 322 BC-298 BC Place of birth: Indian subcontinent Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य; Romanized Greek: Sandrakottos), whilst often referred to as Sandrakottos outside India, is also known simply as Chandragupta (born c. ... The Mauryan empire (321 to 185 BCE), at its largest extent around 230 BCE. The Lion Capital of Asoka, erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... Chanakya (c. ... Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Dasaratha Maurya Reign: 273 BC-232 BC Place of birth: Pataliputra, India Battles/Wars Kalinga War Emperor Ashoka the Great (Devanagari: अशोक(:); IAST transliteration: , pronunciation: ) (304 BC–232 BC) (Imperial Title:Devanampiya Piyadassi ie He who is the beloved of the Gods who, in... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... (Redirected from 185 BCE) Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC - 180s BC - 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC Years: 190 BC 189 BC 188 BC 187 BC 186 BC - 185 BC... Brihadrata was the last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty. ... Pusyamitra Sunga (also Pushyamitra Shunga) was the founder of the Indian Sunga dynasty (185-78 BCE). ... (Redirected from 183 BCE) Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC - 180s BC - 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC Years: 188 BC 187 BC 186 BC 185 BC 184 BC - 183 BC... Silver tetradrachm depicting the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius (r. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ... The main road at Sirkap Sirkap is the name of an archeological site on the bank opposite to the city of Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan. ... The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom covered the areas of Bactria and Sogdiana, comprising todays northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. The expansion of the Greco-Bactrians into northern India from 180 BCE established the Indo-Greek Kingdom... Silver tetradrachm of King Antialcidas (r. ... A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade. ... For other uses, see Mint (disambiguation). ... This article is about monetary coins. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC - 90s BC - 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC Years: 95 BC 94 BC 93 BC 92 BC 91 BC - 90 BC - 89 BC 88 BC 87... The Indo-Scythian King of Kings Azes II (c. ... Silver tetradrachm of Maues. ... Gondophares (Parthian: Vindapharna, lit. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were an Indo-European and quite possibly an Eastern Iranian nomadic people who ruled across western China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwest India in the fourth through sixth centuries AD. The term Hephthalite derives from Greek, supposedly a rendering of Hayathelite (from... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...

The British archaeologist Sir John Marshall conducted excavations over a period of twenty years in Taxila.^[32] Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... John Hubert Marshall was an English archaeologist, excavator of the prehistoric city of Taxila in the Himalayas, in todays Pakistan, and of other sites throughout India. ...

Ancient centre of learning

The Dharmarajika stupa, Taxila.

Takshashila was an early center of learning dating back to at least the 5th century BCE.^[33] There is some disagreement about whether Takshashila can be considered a university. While some consider Taxila to be an early university ^{[34] [5] [35] [36]} or centre of higher education,^[37] others do not consider it a university in the modern sense, ^{[38] [39] [40]} in contrast to the later Nalanda University.^[40][4][41] Takshashila is described in some detail in later Jātaka tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century CE.^[42] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Dharmarajika is a large Buddhist stupa in the area of Taxila, modern Pakistan. ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ... This article is about the ancient town and university. ... The Jātaka Tales (Sanskrit जातक, and Pali) are a voluminous body of folklore and mythic literature, concerned with previous births (jāti) of the Buddha. ...

Stupa base at Sirkap, decorated with Hindu, Buddhist, and Greek temple fronts.

Takshashila is considered a place of religious and historical sanctity by Hindus and Buddhists. The former do so not only because, in its time, Takshashila was the seat of Vedic learning, but also because the strategist, Chanakya, who later helped consolidate the empire of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, was a senior teacher there. The institution is very significant in Buddhist tradition since it is believed^{[citation needed]} that the Mahāyāna sect of Buddhism took shape there. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Chānakya (Sanskrit: चाणक्य) (c. ... An emperorrefers to Nick Herringshaw, a title, empress may only indicate the wife of an emperor (empress consort. ... Allegiance: Maurya Dynasty Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Bindusara Maurya Reign: 322 BC-298 BC Place of birth: Indian subcontinent Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य; Romanized Greek: Sandrakottos), whilst often referred to as Sandrakottos outside India, is also known simply as Chandragupta (born c. ... Mah is an ancient Persian god of the moon, one of the Yazatas. ... Buddhism is a variety of teachings described as a religion[1] or way of life. ...

Some scholars date Takshashila's existence back to the 6th century BCE^[3] or 7th century BCE.^[43] It became a noted centre of learning at least several centuries before Christ, and continued to attract students from around the old world until the destruction of the city in the 5th century CE. Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with Chanakya. The famous treatise Arthashastra (Sanskrit for The knowledge of Economics) by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself. Chanakya (or Kautilya),^[44] the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta^[45] and the Ayurvedic healer Charaka studied at Taxila.^[46] This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ... Look up Treatise in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Arthashastra (more precisely Arthaśāstra) is a treatise on statecraft and economic policy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya[1] and Viṣṇugupta,[2] who are traditionally identified with the Mauryan minister Cāṇakya. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... A representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which was erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ... Allegiance: Maurya Dynasty Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Bindusara Maurya Reign: 322 BC-298 BC Place of birth: Indian subcontinent Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य; Romanized Greek: Sandrakottos), whilst often referred to as Sandrakottos outside India, is also known simply as Chandragupta (born c. ... Ayurveda (आयुर्वेद Sanskrit: ayu—life; veda—knowledge of) or ayurvedic medicine is a more than 2,000 year old comprehensive system of medicine based on a holistic approach rooted in Vedic culture. ... For a village in Greece, see Charaka (Laconia), Greece Charaka, sometimes spelled Caraka, (perhaps 1st or 2nd century) is one of the founders of Ayurveda. ...

Generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen. The Vedas and the Eighteen Arts, which included skills such as archery, hunting, and elephant lore, were taught, in addition to its law school, medical school, and school of military science.^[46] Veda redirects here. ... Archery is the practice of using a bow to shoot arrows. ... This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. ... Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus † Elephas beyeri † Elephas celebensis † Elephas cypriotes † Elephas ekorensis † Elephas falconeri † Elephas iolensis † Elephas planifrons † Elephas platycephalus † Elephas recki † Stegodon † Mammuthus † Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea... // A law school is an institution where future lawyers obtain legal degrees. ... Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock, Texas, USA. A medical school or faculty of medicine is a tertiary educational institution — or part of such an institution — that teaches medicine. ... Military science concerns itself with the study of the diverse technical, psychological, and practical phenomena that encompass the events that make up warfare, especially armed combat. ...

Taxila today

Archaeological artifacts from the Indo-Greek strata at Taxila (John Marshall "Taxila, Archeological excavations"). From top, left:
* Fluted cup (Bhir Mound, stratum 1) * Cup with rosace and decoratice scroll (Bhir Mound, stratum 1) * Stone palette with individual on a couch being crowned by standing woman, and served (Sirkap, stratum 5) * Handle with double depiction of a philosopher (Sirkap, stratum 5) * Woman with smile (Sirkap, stratum 5) * Man with moustache (Sirkap, stratum 5)

Present day Taxila is one of the seven Tehsils (sub-district) of Rawalpindi District. It is spread over an undulating land in the periphery of the Pothohar Plateau of the Punjab. Situated just outside the capital Islamabad's territory and communicating with it through Tarnol pass of Margalla Hills, Taxila is a mix of posh urban and rustic rural environs. Urban residential areas are in the form of small neat and clean colonies populated by the workers of heavy industries, educational institutes and hospitals that are located in the area. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (613x613, 183 KB) Indo-Greek artifacts from Taxila. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (613x613, 183 KB) Indo-Greek artifacts from Taxila. ... Maximum extent of Indo-Greek territory circa 175 BCE. The Indo-Greeks (or sometimes Greco-Indians) designate a series of Greek kings, who invaded and controlled parts of northwest and northern India from 180 BCE to around 10 BCE. They are the continuation of the Greco-Bactrian dynasty of Greek... John Hubert Marshall was an English archaeologist, excavator of the prehistoric city of Taxila in the Himalayas, in todays Pakistan, and of other sites throughout India. ... Indo-Greek stone palette representing an Hellenistic Nereid goddess riding a Ketos sea-monster, 2nd century BCE, Sirkap. ... The main road at Sirkap Sirkap is the name of an archeological site on the bank opposite to the city of Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... For other uses, see Smile (disambiguation). ... Edgar Allan Poe grew a moustache later in his life. ... The equivalent terms tehsil, tahsil, tahasil, taluka, taluk, and taluq refer to a unit of government in some countries of the Indian subcontinent. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the Pakistani province. ... Location within Pakistan Coordinates: , Country Pakistan Province Constructed 1960s Union Council 40 UC (District Govt. ... The Margalla Hills National Park is in Pakistan at the foothills of the Himalayas and is a beautiful park. ... For the town in the Republic of Ireland, see Hospital, County Limerick. ...

The industries include heavy machine factories and industrial complex, ordnance factories of Wah Cantt and cement factory. Heavy Industries Taxila is also based here. Small, cottage and household industries include stoneware, pottery and footwear. People try to relate the present day stoneware craft to the tradition of sculpture making that existed here before the advent of Islam. Wah Cantt (Urdu: واہ) is a cantonment city located in the Punjab province of Pakistan. ... History: Heavy Industries Taxila is backbone of Pakistan army its a combination of multiple industries that has grown into a large military complex since 1980. ... A Staffordshire stoneware plate from the 1850s with transferred copper print - (From the home of JL Runeberg) Stoneware is a category of clay and a type of ceramic distinguished primarily by its firing and maturation temperature (from about 1200°C to 1315 °C). ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... High-heeled shoe Footwear consists of garments worn on the feet. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...

In addition to the ruins of Gandhara civilization and ancient Buddhist/Hindu culture, relics of Mughal gardens and vestiges of historical Grand Trunk Road, which was built by Emperor Sher Shah Suri in 15th-16th centuries, are also found in Taxila region. Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ... // Mughal garden The term Mughal gardens is used to describe the gardens made in India during the period of the Mughal Empire. ... The Grand Trunk Road (abbreviated to GT Road in common usage) is one of South Asias oldest and longest major roads. ... For the recipient of the Victoria Cross, see Sher Shah (VC). ...

Taxila Museum, dedicated mainly to the remains of Gandhara civilization, is also worth visiting. A hotel of the tourism department offers reasonably good services and hospitality to the tourists. Taxila Museum is located 35 km from Islamabad on the Grand Trunk Road to Peshawar. ... Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ... For other uses, see Hotel (disambiguation). ...

Taxila has many educational institutes including University of Engineering and Technology (UET). University of Engineering and Technology is located at Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan. ...

References

A Taxila coin, 200-100 BCE. British Museum.