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Engineering drawing

Technical drawing of a certification listing for a firestop system

A drafting table with drafting machine

A drafting table

Technical pens and pencils

Another example of a drafting table with board cover and parallel rule

A bow compass

Technical drawing , also known as drafting, is the "art and practice of creating accurate representations of objects for technical, architectural and engineering needs." This definition includes the various fields and technologies underpinning electronics, which has in turn revolutionized the art with new tools in the form of Computer Aided Design. A practitioner of the craft is known as a draftsman, (or draughtsman in the UK), and recently, "drafter". In some fields, particularly electronics, draftsmen are also known by the ambiguous "designer", who's job would be distinct and separate from the engineers specifying and working out the design details. In short, draftsman are communicators that are part of an engineering team charged with producing specialty documentation packaged as a design, which following the standards of the field, can be understood by others with the same training. Most technical fields, even those not generally considered as highly techical such as plumbing have their own conventions and practices—the symbols and shorthand notations that convey a lot of information in minimal space. All of these are specialized communications. The foundation of the modern computerized world is directly founded on the accurate scale drawings on synthetic vellums that enabled the integrated circuits and printed circuit boards that underly modern electronics, as discussed in the section below Before CAD. The development and progress of the industrial revolution on the whole depends on the art, usually taught and classed as one of the Industrial arts. Engineering and architectural students are introduced to the art, generally in freshman level courses. A Certification listing is a document against which a field installation is compared to make sure that it complies with a regulation, such as a building code. ... Firestop after fire exposure during fire test in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ... For other uses, see System (disambiguation). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 151 KB) Desenho arquitetônico - PT:WP il est vrai que ce cheval est le meilleur quon ait connu, grace a son design imbatable File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 151 KB) Desenho arquitetônico - PT:WP il est vrai que ce cheval est le meilleur quon ait connu, grace a son design imbatable File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1001x667, 104 KB) Pens and Pencils for technical drawing issues, own picture File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Technical drawing ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1001x667, 104 KB) Pens and Pencils for technical drawing issues, own picture File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Technical drawing ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (1728 × 1152 pixel, file size: 962 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Took image myself, I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (1728 × 1152 pixel, file size: 962 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Took image myself, I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (590x786, 38 KB) Compass (drafting) in mathematics and drafting, a device known as a compass (or pair of compasses) is used by mathematicians and craftsmen in geometry to draw or inscribe a circle or arc. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (590x786, 38 KB) Compass (drafting) in mathematics and drafting, a device known as a compass (or pair of compasses) is used by mathematicians and craftsmen in geometry to draw or inscribe a circle or arc. ... Industrial arts is an umbrella term used in the late 20th century to describe an educational program which featured fabrication of objects in wood and/or metal using a variety of hand, power, or machine tools. ... For other uses, see Plan (disambiguation). ... This article is about the built environment. ... Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying scientific knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria. ... A plumber wrench for working on pipes and fittings A complex arrangement of rigid steel piping, stop valves regulate flow to various parts of the building. ... Vellum (from the Old French Vélin, for calfskin[1]) is a sort of parchment, a material for the pages of a book or codex, characterized by its thin, smooth, durable properties. ... Industrial arts is an umbrella term used in the late 20th century to describe an educational program which featured fabrication of objects in wood and/or metal using a variety of hand, power, or machine tools. ...

Today the mechanics of the drafting task have been greatly accelerated through the use of CADD systems, but regardless of whether a draft is drawn by hand or with computer assistance, the field-use-drawing must be reproducible with a version control system to maintain authorized and approved changes to the master document (or computer files, the modern analog). CADD is Computer Aided Design and Drafting. ... Architectural reprography covers a variety of technologies, media, and supports typically used to make multiple copies of original technical drawings and related records created by architects, landscape architects, engineers, surveyors, mapmakers and other professionals in building and engineering trades. ...

Manual drafting

The basic drafting procedure is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a smooth surface with right-angle corners and straight sides—typically a drafting table. A sliding straightedge known as a T-square is then placed on one of the sides, allowing it to be slid across the side of the table, and over the surface of the paper. Engineers and draftsmen use the drawing board for making and modifying drawings on paper with ink or pencil. ... A straightedge is a tool similar to a ruler, but without markings. ... A T-square is a technical drawing instrument primarily a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table. ...

"Parallel lines" can be drawn simply by moving the T-square and running a pencil or technical pen along the T-square's edge, but more typically the T-square is used as a tool to hold other devices such as set squares or triangles. In this case the draftsman places one or more triangles of known angles on the T-square—which is itself at right angles to the edge of the table—and can then draw lines at any chosen angle to others on the page. Modern drafting tables (which have by now largely been replaced by CAD stations) come equipped with a parallel rule that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large piece of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, lines drawn along the edge are guaranteed to be parallel. A technical pen is a specialized instrument used by an engineer or draftsman (British: draughtsman) to make lines of constant width for architectural, engineering or technical drawings. ... triangle, set square In American English, a set square is an alternative name for a T-square. ...

In addition, the draftsperson uses several tools to draw curves and circles. Primary among these are the compasses, used for drawing simple arcs and circles, and the French curve, typically a piece of plastic with complex curves on it. A spline is a rubber coated articulated metal that can be manually bent to most curves. a compass In drafting, a compass (or pair of compasses) is an instrument]] used by mathematicians and craftsmen in for drawing or inscribing a circle or arc. ... French curves, click to enlarge A French curve is a template made out of plastic, metal or wood composed of many different curves. ...

Drafting templates assist the draftsperson consistently recreate recurring objects in a drawing without having to reproduce the object from scratch every time. This is especially useful when using common symbols; i.e. in the context of stagecraft, a lighting designer will typically draw from the USITT standard library of lighting fixture symbols to indicate the position of a common fixture across multiple positions. Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized to a specific task, but it is also not uncommon for a draftsperson to create their own templates. Stagecraft (or Technical Theatre) is the art of building, attaching, and rigging scenery for theater and television as well as other technical aspects of performance including sound, costuming, makeup, and lighting. ... The United States Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT) is an association of design, production and technology professionals in the entertainment industry. ...

This basic drafting system requires an accurate table and constant attention to the positioning of the tools. A common error is to allow the triangles to push the top of the T-square down slightly, thereby throwing off all angles. Even tasks as simple as drawing two angled lines meeting at a point require a number of moves of the T-square and triangles, and in general drafting can be a time consuming process.

A solution to these problems was the introduction of the mechanical "drafting machine", an application of the pantograph (sometimes referred to incorrectly as a "pentagraph" in these situations) which allowed the draftsman to have an accurate right angle at any point on the page quite quickly. These machines often included the ability to change the angle, thereby removing the need for the triangles as well. This page is about the duplication instrument. ...

In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a piece of paper—with respect to the detailing of physical objects—the drafting effort requires a thorough understanding of geometry, trigonometry and spatial comprehension, and in all cases demands precision and accuracy, and attention to detail of high order.

Although drafting is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect—or even by shop personnel such as a machinist—skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task and are always in demand to some level. A machinist is a craftsman who uses machine tools to make parts or alter parts by cutting away excess material. ...

Before CAD

Before CAD, master technical drawings were produced on a either paper or vellum within a technical field. There was great need to be able to "pick off a dimension" from a drawing accurately, requiring in turn a need for extremely accurate master drawings. While the blueprint process enabling 1:1 scaled copies dates from the 1840s, large accurate-to-scale drawings were technologically handicapped because quality natural vellums were limited in size and expensive, paper shrinks and expands drastically with humidity, and initial accuracy quickly degraded in the field situation where such documents made or broke a product.

The problem was resolved in part by the invention of a modern imitation "vellum" made from plasticized cotton. Like natural vellum, the synthetic is more dimensionally stable than a linen or paper sheet, which is frequently critical in the development of large scaled drawings and plans such as Blueprints. It was also extremely important in that reproduction technology for dissemination of the plans as like a high quality natural vellum, it could be produced in a thin enough sheet to be virtually transparent to strong light enabling a source drawing to be used directly in the blueprint reproductions of field-used drawings. For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Blueprint (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Blueprint (disambiguation). ...

During the last century, antedating integrated CAD and modern laser printing which only came about after development of VLSI based microprocessors, synthetic vellums were at the heart of any large engineering or architectural project. "Blueprints" are a copy of such master drawings, and are used as the field and day to day references originally drafted on the vellum masters. Large paper drawings require an additional step (tracing paper amenable to letting light pass through it, and hence is more error prone) This article is about computer-aided design. ... 1993 Apple LaserWriter Pro 630 laser printer A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. ... VLSI may refer to: Very-large-scale integration, a process for the creation of electronic integrated circuits VLSI Technology (1979–1999), a former American integrated circuit manufacturer, now a part of Philips Electronics VLSI Solution, a Finnish integrated circuit manufacturer Category: ... A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC). ...

Drafting vellums eventually came to be standardized into a series of drawing sizes known as "A-size", "B-size", ..., "G-size" drawings which doubled in sheet size area with every step. Indeed, VLSI microcircuits themselves were layed out on such vellums layer by layer, "masked" to the dimensions of the given layer (a tracing step of sorts), and those masks photographed, all to scale in very large specialty light boxes. The negatives (known as photomicrographs, photo+micro+graph) thus obtained, were then step-reproduced in carefully aligned arrays and etched onto a glass plate Master of that layer. Light therapy or phototherapy consists of exposure to specific ranges of light wavelengths (using lasers or LEDs), or very bright, full-spectrum light, for a prescribed amount of time. ...

In short huge dimensional drawings representing the guts of an integrated circuit were scaled down optically and reproduced to produce each layer of the computer chips which eventually came to be part of the systems which replaced the vellums that made the CAD technology possible. Large scale hand drafted drawings in today's world are unusual and rare, but the old technology still exists and is the foundation upon which the modern computerized world is built. It is still common for engineers and architects to work out the details of a concept, so called "Sketches" on paper drawings before going to CAD. Even in the heyday of hand drafted blueprint technology technical workers found that working with a sketch was an aid to clear thinking. This is about drafting, the art and science of technical drawing. ...

CAD

Main article: Computer-aided design

Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of Computer Aided Design systems (CAD). CADD and CAD redirect here. ... CAD is a TLA that may stand for: Cadiz Railroad (AAR reporting mark CAD) Canadian dollar – ISO 4217-code Capital Adequacy Directive Card Acceptance Device Children of the Anachronistic Dynasty Computer-aided design Computer-aided detection (medical) Computer-aided diagnosis (medical) Computer-assisted dispatch Computer-assisted drafting Coronary artery disease...

Projections

Common views of objects include:

Floor plan (floorplan, floor-plan) in its original meaning is an architecture term, a diagram of a room, a building, or a level (floor) of a building as if seen from the above (i. ... Rio de Janeiro birds-eye view. ... Image of a three-dimensional object inside a box with transparent walls Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional (3D) object in two dimensions (2D). ... Example of a dimetric axonometric drawing from a US Patent (1874). ... An isometric drawing of a cube. ... Example of a dimetric axonometric drawing from a US Patent (1874) Dimetric projection is a form of axonometric projection, in which its direction of viewing is such that two of the three axes of space appear equally foreshortened, of which the attendant scale and angles of presentation are determined according... Trimetric projection is a form of axonometric projection, where the direction of viewing is such that all of the three axes of space appear unequally foreshortened. ... In geometry, an orthogonal projection of a k-dimensional object onto a d-dimensional hyperplane (d < k) is obtained by intersections of (k − d)- dimensional hyperplanes drawn through the points of an object orthogonally to the d-hyperplane. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Perspective projection is a type of drawing that graphically approximates on a planar (two-dimensional) surface (e. ... A cube in two-point perspective. ... Image of a part represented in First Angle Projection An engineering drawing is a type of drawing that is technical in nature, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and... An auxiliary view is an anglewilly. ...

External links

• Trazoide. Dibujo técnico con ejercicios y teoría practica in Spanish.
• Technical drawing exercise
• Examples of cubes drawn in different projections
• Animated presentation of drawing systems used in technical drawing (Flash animation)