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Standardization or standardisation, in the context related to technologies and industries, is the process of establishing a technical standard among competing entities in a market, where this will bring benefits without hurting competition. It can also be viewed as a mechanism for optimising economic use of scarce resources such as forests, which are threatened by paper manufacture. As an example, all of Europe now uses 230 volt 50 Hz AC mains grids and GSM cell phones, and (at least officially) measures lengths in metres. The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ...
City lights viewed in a motion blurred exposure. ...
Type F Mains power plug & socket The term “mains†usually refers to the general purpose AC electrical power supply (as in “Ive connected the appliance to the mainsâ€). The term is not usually used in the United States and Canada. ...
Not to be confused with Get Some Mates The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. ...
Motorola T2288 mobile phone A mobile phone is a portable electronic device which behaves as a normal telephone whilst being able to move over a wide area (compare cordless phone which acts as a telephone only within a limited range). ...
Weights and measures is a term used by legal authorities in English speaking countries such as the United Kingdom for a function related to units of measurement in trade. ...
The metre, or meter (U.S.), is a measure of length. ...
Common use of the word standard implies that it is a universally agreed upon set of guidelines for interoperability. However, the plurality of standards-issuing organizations means that in many cases, a document purporting to be a "standard" doesn't necessarily have the support of many parties. As Grace Hopper said, "The wonderful thing about standards is that there are so many of them to choose from". Grace Hopper Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and naval officer. ...
In the context of social criticism and social sciences, standardization often means the process of establishing standards of various kinds, and improving efficiency to handle people, their interactions, cases, and so forth. Examples include formalization of judicial procedure in court, and establishing uniform criteria for diagnosing mental disease. Standardization in this sense is often discussed along with (or synonymously to) such large-scale social changes as modernization, bureaucratization, homogenization, and centralization of society. The social sciences are groups of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ...
In the context of business information exchanges, standardization refers to the process of developing data exchange standards for specific business processes using specific syntaxes. These standards are usually developed in voluntary consensus standards bodies such as the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT), the World Wide Web Consortium W3C, and the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS). The United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, (UN/CEFACT) has a mission to improve the ability of business, trade and administrative organizations, from developed, developing and transitional economies, to exchange products and relevant services effectively - and so contribute to the growth of global commerce. ...
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a consortium that produces standards—recommendations, as they call them—for the World Wide Web. ...
The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) is a global consortium that drives the development, convergence and adoption of e-business and web service standards. ...
Standards can be de facto, which means they are followed for convenience, or de jure, which means they are used because of (more or less) legally binding contracts and documents. Government agencies often have to follow standards issued by official standardization organizations. Following such standards can also be a prerequisite for doing business on certain markets, with certain companies, or within certain consortia. De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without...
Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ...
A standard can be open or proprietary. Open Standards are publicly available and implementable standards. ...
Proprietary software is software that has restrictions on using and copying it, usually enforced by a proprietor. ...
There are many worldwide standards and drafts (for example, for the standardization of powercords) developed and maintained by the ISO, the IEC, or the ITU. A mains cable (International English) or power cord (American English) is cable that connects an electrical appliance to an electrical power source. ...
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from national standards bodies. ...
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international standards organization dealing with electrical, electronic and related technologies. ...
Monument in Bern, Switzerland. ...
Regional standards bodies also exist such as CEN, CENELEC, ETSI, and the IRMM in Europe, the Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT), the Pacific Area Standards Congress (PASC), the African Organization for Standardization (ARSO), the Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization (AIDMO), and others. CEN, the European Committee for Standardization, is a private non-profit organization whose mission is to foster the European economy in global trading, the welfare of European citizens and the environment by providing an efficient infrastructure to interested parties for the development, maintenance and distribution of coherent sets of standards...
CENELEC (French: Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique) is the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. ...
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is a standardization organization of the telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network operators) in Europe, with worldwide projection. ...
The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements or IRMM, located in Geel, Belgium, is one of the seven institutes of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), a Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC). ...
Sub-regional standards organizations also exist such as the MERCOSUR Standardization Association (AMN),the CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality (CROSQ), and the ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality (ACCSQ).
In general, each country or economy has a single recognized National Standards Body (NSB). Examples include ABNT, ANSI, BSI, DGN, DIN, IRAM, JISC, KATS, SABS, SAC, SCC, SIS, SNZ. An NSB is likely the sole member from that economy in ISO. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit standards organization that produces industrial standards in the United States. ...
Look up din in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The Standards Council of Canada is a Crown corporation based in Ottawa, Ontario, and is Canadas member body of the International Organization for Standardization. ...
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from national standards bodies. ...
NSBs may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the two. For example, the three NSBs of Canada, Mexico and the United States are respectively the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the General Bureau of Standards (Dirección General de Normas, DGN), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SCC is a Canadian Crown Corporation, DGN is a governmental agency within the Mexican Ministry of Economy, and ANSI is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization with members from both the private and public sectors. The determinates of whether an NSB for a particular economy is a public or private sector body may include the historical and traditional roles that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or the development stage of that economy. The Standards Council of Canada is a Crown corporation based in Ottawa, Ontario, and is Canadas member body of the International Organization for Standardization. ...
The American National Standards Institute or ANSI (pronounced an-see) is a nonprofit organization that oversees the development of standards for products, services, processes and systems in the United States. ...
In Commonwealth countries a Crown corporation is a state-controlled company or enterprise (a public corporation). ...
501(c)(3) is a provision of the US tax code that provides exempt status, for Federal income tax purposes, for some non-profit organizations in the United States (see 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3)). The term refers to: Section 501. ...
Many specifications that govern the operation and interaction of devices and software on the Internet are de facto standards. To preserve the word "standard" as the domain of relatively disinterested bodies such as ISO, the W3C, for example, publishes "Recommendations", and the IETF publishes "Requests for Comments" (RFCs). These publications are often informally referred to as being standards. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a consortium that produces standards—recommendations, as they call them—for the World Wide Web. ...
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is charged with developing and promoting Internet standards. ...
In internetworking and computer network engineering, Request for Comments (RFC) documents are a series of memoranda encompassing new research, innovations, and methodologies applicable to Internet technologies. ...
In a military context, standardization is defined as: The development and implementation of concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs to achieve and maintain the required levels of compatibility, interchangeability or commonality in the operational, procedural, materiel, technical and administrative fields to attain interoperability. The term compatibility has the following meanings: In telecommunication, the capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference. ...
In telecommunication, an interchangeability is a condition which exists when two or more items possess such functional and physical characteristics as to be equivalent in performance and durability, and are capable of being exchanged one for the other without alteration of the items themselves, or of adjoining items, except for...
In telecommunication, the term commonality has the following meanings: 1. ...
Note: the three levels of standardization in ascending order are: compatibility, interchangeability and commonality. The term compatibility has the following meanings: In telecommunication, the capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference. ...
In telecommunication, an interchangeability is a condition which exists when two or more items possess such functional and physical characteristics as to be equivalent in performance and durability, and are capable of being exchanged one for the other without alteration of the items themselves, or of adjoining items, except for...
In telecommunication, the term commonality has the following meanings: 1. ...
In statistics, standardization refers to conversion to standard scores. A graph of a bell curve in a normal distribution showing statistics used in educational assessment, comparing various grading methods. ...
Compares the various grading methods in a normal distribution. ...
In test theory, standardization refers to measurements or assessments conducted under exact, specified, and repeatable conditions.
In supply chain management, standardization refers to approaches for increasing commonality of either part, process, product or procurement. Such change will enable delayed making of manufacturing or procurement decisions, thus reducing variability found in having many non-standard components. Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible. ...
From a modern economics point of view, standardization process starts with a social problem knowed as "coordenation dilema". Standards, as "voluntary norms", serve to falicitate the resolution of coordination dilemmas and realize mutual gains; then standard refer also to a kind of social dilemma solution. New institutional economics (NIE) may be characterized as a new perspective in economics. ...
In game theory, the Nash equilibrium (named after John Nash) is a kind of optimal strategy for games involving two or more players, whereby the players reach an outcome to mutual advantage. ...
See also
Look up standardization, standardisation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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