Techno is a form of electronic dance music (EDM) that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s. Many styles of techno now exist, but Detroit techno, a genre in its own right, is seen as the foundation upon which a number of subgenres have been built.^[1] Electro, short for electro funk (also known as robot hip hop and Electro hop) is an electronic style of hip hop directly influenced by Kraftwerk and funk records (unlike earlier rap records which were closer to disco). ... Industrial music is a loose term for a number of different styles of experimental music, especially but not necessarily electronic music. ... Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument. ... Electronic music has existed, in various forms, for more than a century. ... Chicago house is a style of house music. ... Detroit redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Piano, a well-known instance of keyboard instruments A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a musical keyboard. ... Synth redirects here. ... A Boss DR-202 Drum Machine A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums and/or other percussion instruments. ... In the field of electronic music, a sequencer was traditionally a device or piece of software that allows the user to record, play back and edit musical patterns. ... An AKAI MPC2000 sampler Playing a Yamaha SU10 Sampler A sampler is an electronic music instrument closely related to a synthesizer. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Statistical regions of Europe as delineated by the United Nations (UN definition of Eastern Europe marked red):  Northern Europe  Western Europe  Eastern Europe  Southern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current borders: Russia (dark orange), other countries formerly part of the USSR... Intelligent dance music (commonly IDM) is a genre of electronic music derived from dance music of the 1980s and early 1990s which puts an emphasis on novel processing and sequencing. ... Trance is a style of electronic music that developed in the 1990s. ... For the 1994 novel by Irvine Welsh, see The Acid House. ... Problems playing the files? See media help. ... Contemporary dance music includes many different styles or music genres, such as: Ambient House Ambient dub Ambient Goa Chillout Dark ambient Dronology Illbient Lowercase Psybient Sub Dub Breakbeat/Breaks Baltimore breaks Big beat Breakcore Brokenbeat Cut & paste Florida breaks Grime Nu skool breaks Progressive breaks Raggacore Downtempo/IDM Acid jazz... ACID TECHNO RULES Acid techno is the term used to describe a style of techno that originated in the London squat party scene in the mid 1990s. ... Ambient music is a loosely defined musical genre that incorporates elements of a number of different styles - including jazz, electronic music, new age, rock and roll, modern classical music, reggae, traditional, world and even noise. ... Minimal techno, a minimalist sub-genre of techno music, is characterized by a stripped-down[1], glitchy sound, a fairly steady rhythm (usually around 120-135 BPM), repetition of short loops, and subtle changes. ... Wonky techno is a style of techno music that is based around breaking from a formulaic 4-4 beat structure and experimenting with new sounds and rhythms. ... This article is about music. ... Two of the heavy hitters of the genre DJ Funk (l) DJ Assault (r). ... Tech house is a fusion of house and techno music. ... Tech-trance, or Tek-Trance, is a subgenre of trance. ... Techstep (also referred to as tech) is a major subgenre of drum and bass, characterized by a dark, sci-fi mood, near-exclusive use of synthesised or sampled sound sources, and influences from industrial and techno music at the forefront. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Nortec (from the combination of norteño and techno) is an electronic musical genre from Tijuana (a border city in Baja California, Mexico) that first gained popularity in the late 1990s. ... Schranz [] is the name given to European (especially German) hard techno, a style of techno typically around 140-150 BPM and based around massively bass-heavy kick drums, driving percussion and distorted, looping synth noises. ... Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass or Yorkshire Techno was a short-lived and very localised musical movement centred on the northern English cities of Bradford & Leeds in West Yorkshire and Sheffield in South Yorkshire in 1989-1991. ... JTEK® is a Registered Trademark under JTEK Machinery, Inc Stafford, Texas Sources: http://tarr. ... Telharmonium, created by Thaddeus Cahill 1897 Luigi Russolo and his assistant Ugo Piatti with their Intonarumori, 1913 Léon Theremin and his Theremin, 1919 Trautonium, 1928 An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces its sounds using electronics. ... Computer music is music generated with, or composed with the aid of, computers. ... This is a list of notable electronic music record labels: 12 Inch Records 12k 3 Beat Music 4-Sight Records 8bitpeoples Accidental Music AD Music Ad Noiseam ADP Records Additive Records A Different Drum Alex Tronic Records Alfa Matrix All Around The World A-Musik Anjunabeats Anjunadeep Ant-Zen Architecture... A rave party, more often called a rave, is an all-night dance event where DJs and other performers play electronic dance music and rave music. ... A free party is a party free from the restrictions of the legal club scene. ... Paris Teknival, May 2005 Teknivals (the word is a portmanteau of the words tekno and festival) are free parties which take place worldwide. ... The Fixer is a name used by two villainous fictional characters in the Marvel Comics universe. ... Electronic dance music is a broad set of percussive music genres that largely inherit from 1970s disco music and, to some extent, the experimental pop music of Kraftwerk. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For the gay mens lifestyle magazine, see Genre (magazine). ...

The initial take on techno arose from the melding of Eurocentric synthesizer-based music with various African American styles such as Chicago house, funk, electro, and electric jazz. Added to this was the influence of futuristic and fictional themes that were relevant to life in American late capitalist society: most particularly the novel Future Shock by Alvin Toffler. Techno music pioneer Juan Atkins cites Toffler's phrase "techno rebels" as inspiring him to use the word techno to describe the musical style he helped to create. This unique blend of influences aligns techno with the aesthetic referred to as AfroDiasporic Futurism.^[2] To producers such as Derrick May, the transference of spirit from the machine to the body is often a central preoccupation; essentially an expression of technological spirituality. In this manner: "techno dance music defeats what Adorno saw as the alienating effect of mechanisation on the modern consciousness".^[3] Eurocentrism is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing emphasis on European (and, generally, Western) concerns, culture and values at the expense of those of other cultures. ... Synth redirects here. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Chicago house is a style of house music. ... For other uses, including related musical genres, see Funk (disambiguation). ... Electro, short for electro funk (also known as robot hip hop and Electro hop) is an electronic style of hip hop directly influenced by Kraftwerk and funk records (unlike earlier rap records which were closer to disco). ... Jazz fusion (or jazz-rock fusion or fusion) is a musical genre that merges elements of jazz with other styles of music, particularly pop, rock, folk, reggae, funk, metal, country, R&B, hip hop, electronic music and world music. ... Futurism was a 20th century art movement. ... Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately owned, and capital is invested in the production, distribution and other trade of goods and services, for profit in a competitive free market. ... Future Shock is a controversial book written by the sociologist and futurologist Alvin Toffler in 1970. ... Alvin Toffler Alvin Toffler (born October 3, 1928) is an American writer and futurist, known for his works discussing the digital revolution, communications revolution, corporate revolution and technological singularity. ... Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962 in Detroit) is an American musician. ... Aesthetics (or esthetics) (from the Greek word αισθητική) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty. ... Afrofuturism, or afro-futurism, is an African diaspora subculture whose thinkers and artists see science, technology and science fiction as means of exploring the black experience and finding new strategies to overcome oppression. ... Derrick May, also known as Mayday and Rhythim is Rhythim, is an electronic musician from Detroit, Michigan U.S.. He was born in Detroit in 1963 and began to explore electronic music early in his life. ... Spirituality, in a narrow sense, concerns itself with matters of the spirit. ... Adorno (front right) and Horkheimer (front left); Habermas in back, right. ...

Music journalists and fans of techno are generally selective in their use of the term; so a clear distinction can be made between sometimes related but often qualitatively different styles, such as tech house and trance. "Techno" is also commonly confused with generalized descriptors, such as electronic music and dance music.^[4][5] Tech house is a fusion of house and techno music. ... Trance is a style of electronic music that developed in the 1990s. ... For other uses, see Electronic music (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

History

Detroit origins

The "Belleville Four"

The template for the Detroit techno sound was primarily developed by four individuals, Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson, Derrick May (the so-called Belleville Three), and Eddie Fowlkes, all of whom attended school together at Belleville High, near Detroit, Michigan. By the close of the 1980s, the four had operated under various guises: Atkins as Model 500, Flinstones, and Magic Juan; Fowlkes simply as Eddie "Flashin" Fowlkes; Saunderson as Reese, Keynotes, and Kaos; with May using the aliases Mayday, R-Tyme, and Rhythim Is Rhythim. There were also a number of joint ventures, the most commercially successful of which was the Atkins and Saunderson (with James Pennington) collaboration on the first Inner City single, Big Fun. Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962 in Detroit) is an American musician. ... Inner City (Kevin Saunderson and Paris Grey) Kevin Saunderson (born in Brooklyn, New York on May 9, 1964) is an American electronic music producer. ... Derrick May, also known as Mayday and Rhythim is Rhythim, is an electronic musician from Detroit, Michigan U.S.. He was born in Detroit in 1963 and began to explore electronic music early in his life. ... Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician. ... Rhythim is Rhythim is a pseudonym of Techno innovator Derrick May, releases include Nude Photo, Strings of Life and The Beginning. ... James Pennington, also known as Suburban Knight, is an artist and DJ/Producer with Underground Resistance (UR), an independent record label based in Detroit, USA. James made a break through when his music was featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto - Vice City. ... The term inner-city is often applied to the poorer parts at the centre of a major city. ...

Prior to achieving notoriety, the budding musicians, "mix" tape traders, and aspiring DJs^[6] found inspiration in Midnight Funk Association, an eclectic five-hour late-night radio program hosted on various Detroit radio stations, including WCHB, WGPR, and WJLB-FM from 1977 through the mid-1980s by DJ Charles "The Electrifying Mojo" Johnson.^[7] Mojo's show featured heavy doses of electronic sounds from the likes of Giorgio Moroder, Kraftwerk, and Tangerine Dream alongside the funk of Parliament and the new wave sounds of the B-52s.^[8] Atkins has noted that: A DJ mix or DJ set is a sequence of musical tracks typically mixed together to appear as one continuous track. ... The Midnight Funk Association was an eclectic, 5-hour, late-night radio program hosted by The Electrifying Mojo on various Detroit, Michigan radio stations including WCHB, WGPR, and WJLB-FM from 1977 through the mid-1980s. ... WCHB is an American AM radio station licensed to Taylor, Michigan, at 1200 kHz, and serving the Detroit market. ... WGPR is a U.S. radio station founded in 1964 in Detroit, Michigan. ... Charles The Electrifying Mojo Johnson was a Detroit, USA radio disc jockey from the 1970s through the 1990s, whose on-air journey of musical and social development shaped a generation of music-lovers in Detroit and throughout southeastern Michigan and Canada, and was of paramount importance to the development of... Giorgio Moroder (born Giovanni Giorgio Moroder on April 26, 1940 in Ortisei, Italy) is an Academy Award-winning Italian record producer, songwriter and performer, whose groundbreaking work with synthesizers during the 1970s was a significant influence on new wave, techno and electronic music in general. ... Kraftwerk (pronounced , German for power station) is a Grammy award nominated, electronic music band from Düsseldorf, Germany. ... Tangerine Dream is a German electronic music group founded in 1967 by Edgar Froese. ... Parliament was originally The Parliaments, a doo-wop group based out of George Clintons Plainfield, New Jersey barber shop. ... For the rock band, see The B-52s For the long range strategic bomber, see B-52 Stratofortress This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Despite the short-lived disco boom in Detroit, it had the effect of inspiring many individuals to take up mixing, Juan Atkins among them. Subsequently, Atkins taught Derrick May how to mix records, and in 1980 the pair started working together as a DJ duo called Deep Space Soundworks,^[11] or just Deep Space. In 1980 or 1981 they met with Mojo and proposed that they provide mixes for his show, which they did end up doing the following year.^[10] This article is about the band. ...

The music was initially conceived as party music that was played on daily mixed radio programs and played at high school club parties in Detroit. Late 1970s/early 1980s high school clubs such as Brats, Charivari, Ciabattino, Comrades, Gables, Hardwear, Rafael, Rumours, Snobs, and Weekends^[12] created the incubator in which techno was grown. These young promoters developed and nurtured the local dance music scene by both catering to the tastes of the local audience of young people and by marketing parties with new DJs and their music. As these local clubs grew in popularity, groups of DJs began to band together to market their mixing skills and sound systems to the clubs in order to cater to the growing audiences of listeners. Locations like local church activity centers, vacant warehouses, offices, and YMCA auditoriums were the early locations where underage crowds gathered and the musical form was nurtured and defined.^[13] A sound system is a group of DJs and engineers contributing and working together as one, often playing and producing one particular kind of music. ... Not to be confused with YWCA. This article is about the association. ...

Clear, Cybotron's 1983 electro classic

Of the four individuals responsible for establishing techno as a genre in its own right, it is Juan Atkins who is recognized as the originator. Indeed, in 1995 American music technology publication Keyboard Magazine honored Atkins as one of "12 Who Count" in the history of keyboard music. At that time, Detroit techno was still relatively unknown in the United States despite its notoriety in Europe. In the early 1980s Atkins began recording with musical partner Richard "3070" Davis (and later with a third member, Jon-5) as Cybotron. This trio released a number of electro-inspired tunes, the best known of which is "Clear." According to a recent bio on MySpace, Atkins "...coined the term techno to describe their music, taking as one inspiration the works of Futurist and author Alvin Toffler, from whom he borrowed the terms 'cybotron' and 'metroplex.' Atkins has used the term to describe earlier bands that made heavy use of synthesizers, such as Kraftwerk, although many people would consider Kraftwerk's music and Juan's early music in Cybotron as electro."^[14] Clear (1990) Cybotron was a techno group formed in 1980 by Juan Atkins and Richard 3070 Davis in Detroit, Michigan. ... Electro, short for electro funk (also known as robot hip hop and Electro hop) is an electronic style of hip hop directly influenced by Kraftwerk and funk records (unlike earlier rap records which were closer to disco). ... Keyboard Magazine Keyboard Magazine is a Music Magazine covering the Electronic Music Instrument commondly called the Keyboard. ... Richard Dean (Rick or Ricky) Davis (born November 24, 1958 in Denver, Colorado and grew up in Claremont, California) is a retired American soccer midfielder, and former captain of the U.S. National Team for much of the 1980s. ... Clear (1990) Cybotron was a techno group formed in 1980 by Juan Atkins and Richard 3070 Davis in Detroit, Michigan. ... Electro, short for electro funk (also known as robot hip hop and Electro hop) is an electronic style of hip hop directly influenced by Kraftwerk and funk records (unlike earlier rap records which were closer to disco). ... For other meanings of this term, see Futurists (disambiguation). ...

Eventually, Atkins started producing his own music under the pseudonym Model 500, and in 1985 he established the record label Metroplex. In the same year, he released a seminal work entitled "No UFOs," one of the first Detroit techno productions to receive wider attention and an important turning point^[15] for the music. Of this time, Atkins has said: Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician. ... Metroplex is a techno record label in Detroit, founded in 1985 by techno pioneer Juan Atkins. ...

The music soon attracted enough attention to garner its own weekend club, the Music Institute (MI), which opened at 1315 Broadway in downtown Detroit in mid-1988. The venue was secured by George Baker and Alton Miller. D. Wynn and Derrick May were the regular Friday night DJs, and Baker and Chez Damier played to a mostly gay crowd on Saturday nights. The club closed on November 24, 1989, with Derrick May playing "Strings of Life" along with a recording of clock tower bells.^[16] Though short-lived, MI was known internationally for its all-night sets, its sparse white rooms, and its juice bar stocked with "smart drinks" (the Institute never served liquor). is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Smart drinks, also known as nootropic drinks, are beverages made from a mix of fruit juices, vitamins and any number of amino acid supplements. ...

Relatively quickly, techno began to be seen by its originators and up-and-coming producers as an expression of Future Shock post-industrial angst.^{[citation needed]} It also took on increasingly high-tech and science fiction-oriented themes. Alvin Toffler Alvin Toffler (born October 3, 1928) is an American writer and futurist, known for his works discussing the digital revolution, communications revolution, corporate revolution and technological singularity. ... A post-industrial society is a society in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy, a diffusion of national and global capital, and mass privatization. ... For other uses, see Angst (disambiguation). ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ...

Cover for the 1988 release. Techno! The New Dance Sound of Detroit

Following the release in 1988 of an album compiled by Neil Rushton (an A&R scout for 10 Records)^[17] and Derrick May, titled Techno! The New Dance Sound Of Detroit,^[18] the music press began to characterize techno as Detroit's relatively high-tech, mechanical brand of house music, as it retained the same basic structure as the soulful, minimalist post-disco styles that were forged in Chicago and New York City at the start of the decade. The music's producers, especially May and Saunderson, admit to having been fascinated by the Chicago club scene and influenced by house in particular.^[19][20] May's 1987–88 hit "Strings of Life" (released under the nom de plume Rhythm Is Rhythm), for example, is considered a classic in both the house and techno genres.^[21][22][23] At the same time, there is evidence that the Chicago house sound developed as a result of Frankie Knuckles' using a drum machine he bought from Derrick May. Juan Atkins claims that: In the music industry, Artists and Repertoire (A&R) is the division of a record label company that is responsible for scouting and artist development. ... House music is a style of electronic dance music that was developed by dance club DJs in Chicago in the early to mid-1980s. ... This article is about the music genre. ... Chicago house is a style of house music. ... New York house, also known as New York garage, US garage or just garage, is a style of house music born in the Paradise Garage nightclub in New York City, USA in the early 1980s. ... Frankie Knuckles (born January 18, 1955, in New York City) is a DJ, producer and remix artist. ...

Atkins also believes that the first acid house producers, seeking to distance house music from disco, emulated the techno sound.^[24] For the 1994 novel by Irvine Welsh, see The Acid House. ... This article is about the music genre. ...

Detroit sound

George Clinton: Computer Games (1982)

In merging a European synth-pop aesthetic with the sensibilities of soul, funk, house, and electro, the early producers pushed dance music into unchartered terrain. The initial pioneers of the emerging genre melded the beat-centric styles of their Motown predecessors with the music technology of the time to create characteristically intense grooves and percussive basslines. The resulting Detroit sound exerted an influence on widely differing styles of electronic music but also maintained an identity as a genre in its own right, one commonly referred to as "Detroit techno." Derrick May famously described the sound of techno as something that is "...like Detroit... a complete mistake, it's like George Clinton and Kraftwerk are stuck in an elevator with only a sequencer to keep them company."^[25] For other persons named George Clinton, see George Clinton (disambiguation). ... Synthpop is a style of popular music in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument. ... For other uses, see Soul music (disambiguation). ... For other uses, including related musical genres, see Funk (disambiguation). ... House music is a style of electronic dance music that was developed by dance club DJs in Chicago in the early to mid-1980s. ... Electro is either (a) a prefix used to indicate a relationship to electricity, as in electro-mechanical, or electro-magnet, or (b) a stand-alone word. ... Motown Records, Inc. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other persons named George Clinton, see George Clinton (disambiguation). ... Kraftwerk (pronounced , German for power station) is a Grammy award nominated, electronic music band from Düsseldorf, Germany. ...

With time, the sound became more refined, and was given added sophistication with the addition of jazz-tinged colors. Arguably, it was Manchester (UK)-based techno act 808 State that fueled this development, with tracks such as Pacific and Cobra Bora, taken from the 1989 release Ninety. In Detroit, a producer heavily influenced by said jazz sensibilities at this time was Detroit's Mike Banks, a demonstration of which can be found on the influential Underground Resistance release Nation 2 Nation (1991). By 1993 Detroit acts such as Model 500 and UR had made explicit references to the genre, with the tracks Jazz is the Teacher (1993) and Hi-Tech Jazz (1993), the latter from the groundbreaking EP Galaxy 2 Galaxy. This lead was followed by a number of techno producers in the UK who were evidently influenced of both jazz and UR, Dave Angels' Seas of Tranquility EP (1994) being a case in point.^[26] For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... For the American state with the area code 808, see Hawaii. ... Ninety is the second full-length album and first on ZTT Records by British house music pioneers 808 State, released in 1989. ... Mike Mad Mike Banks is the co-founder, along with Jeff Mills, of US record label Underground Resistance. ... Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR) are a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America. ... Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician. ... Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR) are a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America. ... // Extended play (EP) is the name typically given to vinyl records or CDs which contain more than one single but are too short to qualify as albums. ... Jeff Mills and Mike Banks had an idea that Jazz music and musicians could operate with the same man machine doctrine that was seen in Kraftwerks music. ... For other uses, see Ur (disambiguation). ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

Proto-techno

Kraftwerk: Computer World (1981)

Some commentators who believe things are not so clear-cut have attempted to redefine the origins of techno by incorporating musical precursors to the Detroit sound as part of a historical survey of the genre. This essentially removes any chronologically distinct point of origination. To support this view, they point to examples such as "Sharevari" (1981) by A Number of Names,^[27] the earliest compositions by Cybotron (1981), Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder's "I Feel Love" (1977), Moroder's "From Here to Eternity" (1977), and the more dance floor-oriented selections from Kraftwerk's repertoire (1977–83).^{[citation needed]}Juan Atkins has acknowledged that his earliest enthusiasm was for Kraftwerk and Giorgio Moroder, particularly Moroder's work with Donna Summer and the producer's own album E=MC2. Atkins also mentions that "...around 1980 I had a tape of nothing but Kraftwerk, Telex, Devo, Giorgio Moroder and Gary Numan, and I'd ride around in my car playing it."^[10] Derrick May has also identified the influence of Kraftwerk and other European synthesizer music in commenting that "it was just classy and clean, and to us it was beautiful, like outer space. Living around Detroit, there was so little beauty... everything is an ugly mess in Detroit, and so we were attracted to this music. It, like, ignited our imagination!" ^[28] Kraftwerk (pronounced , German for power station) is a Grammy award nominated, electronic music band from Düsseldorf, Germany. ... Clear (1990) Cybotron was a techno group formed in 1980 by Juan Atkins and Richard 3070 Davis in Detroit, Michigan. ... Donna Summer (born LaDonna Adrian Gaines on December 31, 1948) is an American singer, songwriter, and artist, best known for a string of dance hits in the late 1970s that earned her the title Queen Of Disco and as one of the few disco-based artists to have longevity on... Giorgio Moroder (born Giovanni Giorgio Moroder on April 26, 1940 in Ortisei, Italy) is an Academy Award-winning Italian record producer, songwriter and performer, whose groundbreaking work with synthesizers during the 1970s was a significant influence on new wave, techno and electronic music in general. ... Kraftwerk (pronounced , German for power station) is a Grammy award nominated, electronic music band from Düsseldorf, Germany. ...

It seems apparent that certain electro-disco and European synth pop productions share with techno a dependence on machine-generated beats and dance floor popularity. However, for some, the comparisons remain contentious, as do the efforts to regress further into the past to find antecedents. The logical extension of this rationale entails a further regression to the sequenced electronic music of Raymond Scott, whose "The Rhythm Modulator," "The Bass-Line Generator," and "IBM Probe" are considered early examples of technolike music.^[29] It is also noteworthy that the possible influence of electronic music found in American sci-fi movie soundtracks, such as the work of Louis and Bebe Barron for the film Forbidden Planet, appears to be unconsidered. This article is about the music genre. ... Raymond Scott, 1937 Raymond Scott (born Harry Warnow, September 10, 1908 – February 8, 1994), was an American composer, orchestra leader, pianist, engineer, recording studio maverick, and electronic instrument inventor. ... Sci-fi is an abbreviation for science fiction. ... Louis (1920-1989) and Bebe Barron (b. ... This article is about the 1956 film. ...

Developments

UR Featured on the cover of The Wire, November 2007

As the original sound evolved it also diverged to such an extent that a wide spectrum of stylistically distinct musics was being referred to as techno. This ranged from overtly pop oriented acts such as Moby to the distinctly anti-commercial sentiments of the appropriately named Underground Resistance. By the late 1980s and early '90s, the original techno sound had garnered a large underground following in the UK, Belgium, and Germany. Its popularity in Europe was largely due to the growth of a free party scene, known as rave, and a thriving club culture. In America, apart from regional scenes in Detroit, New York, and Chicago, interest was limited. Producers from Detroit, frustrated by the lack of opportunity in their home country, looked to Europe for their future livelihood. This so-called first wave was soon joined by a number of up-and-coming artists, including Carl Craig, Jay Denham, Kenny Larkin, and Stacey Pullen, with UR's Jeff Mills, Mike Banks, and Robert Hood pushing their own unique sound. A number of New York producers were also making an impression at this time, notably Frankie Bones, Lenny Dee, and Joey Beltram. In the same period, close to Detroit (Windsor, Ontario), Richie Hawtin, with business partner John Acquaviva, launched the influential imprint Plus 8 Records. Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR) are a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America. ... The Wire is a British avant garde music magazine. ... Moby (born Richard Melville Hall, September 11, 1965) is an American songwriter, musician and singer. ... Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR) are a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America. ... For other uses, see Rave (disambiguation). ... This article is about the state. ... Carl Craig is a Detroit-based producer of techno music, and is considered to be one of the most important names[1] in the Detroit second generation of techno producers and DJs. ... Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR) are a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Mike Mad Mike Banks is the co-founder, along with Jeff Mills, of US record label Underground Resistance. ... Robert Hood is an American electronic music producer and DJ. He is best known for producing hard minimal techno. ... Frankie Bones Frankie Bones (born Frank Mitchell) is an American techno and house music disc jockey from New York City. ... Joey Beltram (born November 6, 1971) is an American DJ and record producer, known best for the pioneering techno music recordings Energy Flash and Mentasm, with which he was supposedly trying to emulate the hard-edged energetic style of his heroes Led Zeppelin. ... Nickname: Motto: The river and the land sustain us. ... Richard (Richie) Hawtin (born June 4, 1970, Banbury, Oxfordshire, England) is a English-Canadian electronic musician and internationally-touring DJ who was an influential part of Detroit technos second wave of artists in the early 1990s. ... Heycos 23:26, 16 April 2006 (UTC) Category: ... Canadian Techno record label, based in Windsor, Ontario and founded in 1990 by DJs Richie Hawtin and John Acquaviva. ...

Arguably, it was developments in American-produced techno between 1990 and '92 that fueled the expansion and eventual divergence of techno in Europe, particularly in Germany. In Berlin, following the closure of a free party venue called UFO, the club Tresor opened in 1991. The venue was, for a time, a standard bearer for techno in Europe and played host to many of the leading Detroit producers, some of whom relocated to Berlin. There were a number of other techno producers building on the Detroit sound at this time, but there was also an abundance of EDM derivatives beginning to emerge. Some drew heavily upon the Detroit aesthetic, while others fused components of preceding dance music forms. This led to the appearance (in the UK, initially) of what was inventive new music, much of which bore little, if any, relation to the original techno sound—Breakbeat hardcore and the initial jungle (drum and bass) excursions being primary examples. This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Tresor (German for safe or vault) is an underground techno nightclub and record label. ... Breakbeat hardcore (popularly known as rave music, originally referred to as simply hardcore in the United Kingdom, with old school hardcore a common term in the 21st century) is a style of electronic music that primarily uses breakbeats for its rhythm lines. ... Oldschool jungle is the name given to a style of electronic music that incorporates influences from genres including breakbeat hardcore, techno, rare groove and reggae/dub/dancehall. ... Drum and bass (commonly abbreviated to d&b, DnB, dnb, dnb, drum n bass and drum & bass) is a type of electronic dance music also known as jungle. ...

As EDM continued to transmute a number of Detroit producers began to question the trajectory techno was taking. One response came in the form of so-called minimal techno (a term producer Daniel Bell found difficult to accept, finding minimalism in the artistic sense of the word, too "arty".^[30] Another Detroit based producer credited with ushering the emergence of the minimal strain is one time member of UR, Robert Hood.^[31] Hood describes the situation in the early 1990's as one where techno had become too "ravey", with increasing tempos leading to the emergence of gabber. Such trends saw the demise of the soul infused techno that typified the original Detroit sound leading Hood and others to redefine the music as a basic stripped down, raw sound. Just drums, basslines and funky grooves and only what's essential. Only what is essential to make people move.^[32] Hood explains that Minimal techno, a minimalist sub-genre of techno music, is characterized by a stripped-down[1], glitchy sound, a fairly steady rhythm (usually around 120-135 BPM), repetition of short loops, and subtle changes. ... Daniel Bell Daniel Bell (born 10 May 1919) is a sociologist and professor emeritus at Harvard University. ... For other uses, see Rave (disambiguation). ... Gabber (IPA pronunciation: ), gabba, or hardcore, is a style of electronic music and a subgenre of hardcore techno. ... For other uses, see Soul music (disambiguation). ...

As the mid-1990's approached, the term "intelligent dance music" (IDM) had gained common usage in an attempt to differentiate the increasingly sophisticated takes on EDM^[33] from two other strands of techno that had emerged: one being a harder, faster, industrial sounding variant known as Schranz; and the other, an overtly commercial strain that was simply referred to as "cheese." The Warp Records compilation Artifical Intelligence^[34] is credited as the record that ushered the rise of IDM and electronica. Of this time, Warp founder and managing director Steve Beckett has said that Intelligent dance music (commonly IDM) is a genre of electronic music derived from dance music of the 1980s and early 1990s which puts an emphasis on novel processing and sequencing. ... Schranz [] is the name given to European (especially German) hard techno, a style of techno typically around 140-150 BPM and based around massively bass-heavy kick drums, driving percussion and distorted, looping synth noises. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Warp Records is a pioneering independent UK record label, founded in Sheffield in 1989, notable for discovering some of the most enduring artists in electronic music. ... Artificial Intelligence is a series of albums by Warp Records released in the early 1990s to exhibit the capabilities and sounds of electronic music. ... Electronica refers to a wide range of contemporary electronic music designed for a wide range of uses, including foreground listening, some forms of dancing, and background music for other activities; but unlike electronic dance music, is not specifically focused on the dance floor. ...

Divergence

With an increasing diversification (and commercialisation) of dance music, the collectivist sentiment prominent in the early rave scene diminished, each new faction having its own particular attitude and vision of how dance music (or in certain cases, non-dance music) should evolve. Some examples are ambient techno, trance, industrial techno, breakbeat hardcore, gabber, acid techno, happy hardcore, and minimal techno. Less well-known styles related to techno or its subgenres include the primarily Sheffield (UK)-based bleep techno, a regional variant that had some success between 1989 and 1991, and a scene that was responsible for putting Warp Records on the map (largely as a result of its fifth release, LFO's self-titled 12″). More recent offshoots are nortec, wonky techno, and ghettotech (a style that combines some of the aesthetics of techno with hip-hop and house music). Other niche scenes include nu jazz, speedcore, breakcore, broken beat, digital hardcore, glitch, and so-called no-beat techno.^[36] For other uses, see Rave (disambiguation). ... Ambient music is a loosely defined musical genre that incorporates elements of a number of different styles - including jazz, electronic music, new age, rock and roll, modern classical music, reggae, traditional, world and even noise. ... Trance is a style of electronic music that developed in the 1990s. ... Industrial techno is a cross between power noise, traditional industrial, and techno . ... Breakbeat hardcore (popularly known as rave music, originally referred to as simply hardcore in the United Kingdom, with old school hardcore a common term in the 21st century) is a style of electronic music that primarily uses breakbeats for its rhythm lines. ... Gabber (IPA pronunciation: ), gabba, or hardcore, is a style of electronic music and a subgenre of hardcore techno. ... ACID TECHNO RULES Acid techno is the term used to describe a style of techno that originated in the London squat party scene in the mid 1990s. ... Happy hardcore is a form of dance music typified by a very fast tempo (usually around 165-180 BPM), often coupled with male or female vocals, and sentimental lyrics. ... Minimal techno, a minimalist sub-genre of techno music, is characterized by a stripped-down[1], glitchy sound, a fairly steady rhythm (usually around 120-135 BPM), repetition of short loops, and subtle changes. ... Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass or Yorkshire Techno was a short-lived and very localised musical movement centred on the northern English cities of Bradford & Leeds in West Yorkshire and Sheffield in South Yorkshire in 1989-1991. ... LFO is an English techno group on the Warp Records label. ... Nortec (from the combination of norteño and techno) is an electronic musical genre from Tijuana (a border city in Baja California, Mexico) that first gained popularity in the late 1990s. ... Wonky techno is a style of techno music that is based around breaking from a formulaic 4-4 beat structure and experimenting with new sounds and rhythms. ... Two of the heavy hitters of the genre DJ Funk (l) DJ Assault (r). ... Hip-Hop music is a style of popular music. ... House music is a style of electronic dance music that was developed by dance club DJs in Chicago in the early to mid-1980s. ... Nu-jazz (sometimes electro-jazz) was coined in the late 1990s to refer to styles which combine jazz textures and sometimes jazz instrumentation with electronic music. ... Speedcore is a form of hardcore techno that is typically identified by its high rate of beats per minute and aggressive themes. ... Breakcore is a genre of electronic dance music which uses rearranged, cut-up breakbeats to create extreme sounds. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Digital hardcore is a music genre or style that was first defined by Alec Empire. ... Glitch (also known as Clicks and Cuts from a representative compilation series by the German record label Mille Plateaux) is a genre of electronic music that became popular in the late 1990s with the increasing use of digital signal processing, particularly on computers. ...

Commercial exposure

Underworld during a live performance

Whilst techno and its derivatives only occasionally produce commercially successful mainstream acts—Underworld and Orbital being two better known examples—the genre has significantly affected many other areas of music. In an effort to appear relevant, many established artists, for example Madonna and U2, have dabbled with dance music, yet such endeavors have rarely evidenced a genuine understanding or appreciation of techno's origins.^[37] The mainstream music industry has been responsible for the growth of a huge remix industry. This is largely a drive to gain exposure for artists that are not identified with club styles such as house, techno, and drum & bass. Many club acts and dance DJs have made very successful careers out of remixing alone, Armand Van Helden being a good example. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Underworld is the principal name under which British electronic music duo Karl Hyde and Rick Smith have recorded since the late 1980s. ... Underworld is the principal name under which British electronic music duo Karl Hyde and Rick Smith have recorded since the late 1980s. ... Orbital was an English techno duo from 1989 until 2004, consisting of brothers Paul and Phil Hartnoll. ... This article is about the American entertainer. ... This article is about the Irish rock band. ... A remix is an alternative version of a song, different from the original version. ... Armand Van Helden (born 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a record producer and remixer whose biggest commercial successes came from his remixes of the 1996 Tori Amos song Professional Widow, which reached the top of the UK Singles Chart, and his own track U Dont Know Me which was...

More recently, contemporary R&B has taken a significant foray into the dance genre, thanks largely to club scene remixes such as Freemasons' recent interpretations of Beyoncé and Kelly Rowland, and whilst some criticise this as indicative of the music industry's seeking greater exposure for its big-act roster, it can also be viewed as a natural part of the process of musical evolution. One R&B artist, Missy Elliott, inadvertently exposed the popular music audience to the Detroit techno sound when she featured material from Cybotron's Clear on her 2006 release "Lose Control"; this resulted in Juan Atkins' receiving a Grammy Award nomination for his writing credit. Elliott's 2001 album Miss E... So Addictive also clearly demonstrates the influence of club culture. Contemporary R&B is a music genre of American popular music, the current iteration of the genre that began in the 1940s as rhythm and blues music. ... A nightclub (often dance club or club, particularly in the UK) is an entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark. ... A remix is an alternative version of a song, different from the original version. ... Freemasons are a Dance/House/Electronica production team from Brighton, England. ... Beyoncé in 2004 with her five Grammys. ... Kelendria Trene Rowland (born February 11, 1981) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress, who rose to fame as one of the founding members of the successful R&B girl group Destinys Child, one of the best-selling female band of all time, according to the... Missy Elliott (born Melissa Arnette Elliott July 1, 1971 in Portsmouth, Virginia), is a five-time Grammy Award-winning American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. ... Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962 in Detroit) is an American musician. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In recent years, the publication of relatively accurate histories by authors Simon Reynolds (Generation Ecstasy aka Energy Flash) and Dan Sicko (Techno Rebels), plus mainstream press coverage of the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, have helped to diffuse the genre's more dubious mythology.^[38] Even the Detroit-based company Ford Motors eventually became savvy to the mass appeal of techno, noting that "...this music was created partly by the pounding clangor of the Motor City's auto factories. It became natural for us to incorporate Detroit techno into our commercials after we discovered that young people are embracing techno." With a marketing campaign targeting under-35s, Ford would choose Model 500's "No UFO's" to underpin its November 2000 MTV television advertisement for the Ford Focus.^[39][40][41] In attempting to sum up the changes since the heyday of Detroit techno, Derrick May has since revised his famous quote in stating that “Kraftwerk got off on the third floor and now George Clinton’s got Napalm Death in there with him. The elevator’s stalled between the pharmacy and the athletic wear store.”^[42] The Detroit Electronic Music Festival (DEMF) is an electronic dance music showcase held in Detroit each Memorial Day weekend from 2000 to 2006. ... 2002 Ford Fiesta in the UK. The Ford Motor Company (sometimes nicknamed Fords or FoMoCo, (NYSE: F) is an automobile maker founded by Henry Ford in Detroit, Michigan, and incorporated on June 16, 1903. ... This article is about the original U.S. music television channel. ... This article is about the North American Ford Focus. ...

Music production practice

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